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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Derived trail making test indices in a sample of alcohol abusers: demographic effects.

Derived indices on the Trail Making test (TMT), a test often used for screening cognitive impairments, were examined in a sample of alcohol abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample of 1000 subjects was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991-1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of demographic variables on derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of alcohol abusers. The variables of age, ethnicity, and education were statistically significant for the total (A + B), interaction (A x B/100), and difference score (B-A) derived indices of the TMT. The ratio score (B/A) was only significant for education.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Derived trail making test indices in a sample of marijuana abusers: demographic effects.

Derived indices on the Trail Making Test (TMT), a test often used for screening for cognitive impairment, were examined in a sample of marijuana abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed-race sample of 259 subjects was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991 to 1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of demographic variables on derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing Parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of marijuana abusers. The variables of age, ethnicity, and education were statistically significant for the total (A + B), and interaction (A x B/100) derived indices of the TMT. The difference score (B - A) was significant only for ethnicity and the ratio score (B/A) was not significant for any demographic variable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Derived trail making test indices in a sample of hallucinogen abusers: demographic effects.

Derived indices on the Trail Making test (TMT), a test often used for screening for cognitive impairment, were examined in a sample of hallucinogen abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample (N = 128) was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991 to 1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of demographic variables on derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing Parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of hallucinogen abusers. The variables of sex and age were not statistically significant for derived indices of the TMT. The variable of ethnicity was significant for the all derived indices except the ratio score (divide Part B by Part A) and the variable of education was significant for the interaction score (multiply Part A by Part B and divide by 100).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Derived Trail Making Test indices in a sample of amphetamine abusers: demographic effects.

Derived indices on the Trail Making Test (TMT), a test often used for screening for cognitive impairment, were examined in a sample of amphetamine abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample (N = 185) was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS), a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991 to 1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of demographic variables on derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing Parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of substance abusers. The variables of sex, age, ethnicity, and education were not statistically significant for selected derived indices of the TMT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Derived trail making test indices in a sample of sedative abusers: demographic effects.

Derived indices on the Trail Making test (TMT), a test often used to screen for cognitive impairment, were examined in a sample of 72 sedative abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991-1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of demographic variables on derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of substance abusers. The variables of sex, age, ethnicity, and education were not statistically significant for selected derived indices of the TMT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Derived trail making test indices in a sample of narcotic/other opiate abusers: demographic effects.

Derived indices on the Trail Making Test (TMT), a test often used to screen for cognitive impairment, were examined in a sample of 191 narcotic/other opiate abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991-1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of demographic variables on derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of substance abusers. The variables of age, ethnicity, and education were statistically significant for the total score (A + B) and interaction score (A x B/100) derived indices of the TMT. In addition, the difference score (B - A) was statistically significant for education. The ratio score (B/A) was not significant for any demographic variable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Trail making test and malingering among substance abusers.

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is often used for screening cognitive impairments in substance abusers. A possible limitation of the TMT in clinical settings is that substance abusers may malinger and give poor effort. In this study, previously validated cutting scores for malingering were applied to a sample of 7689 substance abusers (primary drug of abuse-number of subjects: Alcohol-1000, Marijuana-259, Hallucinogen-128, Cocaine/crack-4306, Heroin-1548, Narcotics/other opiates-191, Sedatives-72, Amphetamines-185) in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991-1993 in 96 programs in 11 cites in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the number of substance abusers that fell beyond the preset malingering cutting scores on the TMT in this very large sample of substance abusing patients in treatment settings. The TMT variables of seconds to complete Part A and Part B, and the ratio score of Part B divided by Part A (B/A), ranged from no subjects beyond the preset cutting score for Part B to 2.28% (175 of 7689 subjects) for Part A to 9.74% (749 of 7689 subjects) for the ratio score. Most substance abusers fell within preset cutting score ranges, a finding that suggests that their scores are valid. Another interpretation of the data, however, is that the cutoff scores were not particularly sensitive to biased responding. Further research is indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Trail making test cut-offs for malingering among cocaine, heroin, and alcohol abusers.

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is frequently used to screen for cognitive impairments in substance abusers; however, an existing problem is that substance abusers may give poor effort and the TMT results may not be valid. In this study, cutting scores for malingering were developed from three samples drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS), a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991-1993 in 96 drug abuse treatment programs in 11 cities in the United States. The DATOS enrolled 7689 substance abusers. The three drawn samples were for subjects with primary drugs of abuse. Number of subjects were as follows: alcohol-1000, cocaine/crack-4306, heroin-1548. Data were analyzed to determine number of substance abusers that fell beyond the upper end of the distribution of TMT scores at the ten, five, and one percentiles. These percentiles were set for alcoholics, cocaine abusers, and heroin abusers. The proper use of the cut-off scores is to alert clinicians to the increasingly higher probability of poor effort when a substance abuser in one of the three groups scores beyond the one percent cut-off or his or her sample of primary drug of abuse. Clearly, the use of these cut-offs needs further empirical validation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Depression and trail making test scores in a sample of cocaine abusers.

Depression effects on the Trail Making test (TMT), a test often used for screening cognitive impairments, were examined in a sample of cocaine abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample of 4299 subjects was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991-1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of depression on the TMT scores A and B, and also derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of cocaine abusers. The variables of sex, age, ethnicity, and education were included in analyses to control for demographic effects. The TMT part A and the difference score were the least sensitive TMT scores to the effects of depression but all TMT R-squares were quite small.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Anxiety and trail making test scores in a sample of cocaine abusers.

Anxiety effects on the Trail Making test (TMT), a test often used for screening for cognitive impairments, were examined in a sample of cocaine abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample of 4306 subjects was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991-1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of anxiety on the TMT scores A and B, and also derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of cocaine abusers. The variables of sex, age, ethnicity, and education were included in analyses to control for demographic effects. The ratio derived score was the least sensitive TMT score to the effects of anxiety, but all TMT R-squares were quite small.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

PdbMotif--a tool for the automatic identification and display of motifs in protein structures.

A program PdbMotif, which automatically identifies protein motifs in a protein data bank file and generates a script file which can be read directly by the molecular rendering program RasMol, is described. PdbMotif accepts the standard PROSITE pattern syntax and will scan the PROSITE pattern database or a set of user defined patterns. Any motifs detected are automatically highlighted in the RasMol image.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

DNASTAT: a Pascal unit for the statistical analysis of DNA and protein sequences.

DNASTAT is a collection of Pascal routines for researchers who develop their own application programs for statistical analysis of DNA and protein sequences. Dynamic and file-based data structures allow users to process sets of sequences by simple loop control without limitations on the number of sequences and their individual sizes. This frees the programmer from potentially error-prone tasks like dynamic memory allocation and controlling array sizes. Sequences can be stored in databases along with biological and statistical attributes. Individual sequences can be accessed by column name and row number as with spread-sheets. DNASTAT allows large sets of sequences to be processed using a PC with standard configuration. Its small size, simplicity and free availability make it attractive to students of mathematical biology. Use of DNASTAT is illustrated by two sample programs that generate a database of coding regions from the GenBank entry of the tobacco chloroplast genome. A version of DNASTAT written in ANSI-C for PCs and Unix workstations is also available.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

MArray: analysing single, replicated or reversed microarray experiments.

UNLABELLED: MArray is a Matlab toolbox with a graphical user interface that allows the user to analyse single or paired microarray datasets by direct input of the raw data output file from image analysis packages, such as QuantArray or GenePiX. The application provides simple procedures to manually evaluate the quality of each measurement, multiple approaches to both ratio normalization (simple normalization, intensity dependent normalization) and evaluation of the reproducibility of paired experiments (using the techniques 'simple statistical method' and 'quality control ellipse' and 'significance analysis of microarrays'). Specifically, interactive spot evaluation functions are available in MArray and an online gene information database (NCBI UniGene) is linked. The application may provide a valuable aid in selecting and optimizing experimental procedures, as well as serving as an analytical tool for two-state biological comparisons, such as a study of single-dose activation. It is entirely platform independent, and only requires Matlab installed. AVAILABILITY: http://matrise.uio.no/marray/marray.html

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed2005

Resmap: automated representation of macromolecular interfaces as two-dimensional networks.

UNLABELLED: To aid detailed comparison of a large number of macromolecular structures, Resmap imports Protein Data Bank files and represents subunit/domain interfaces as two-dimensional networks. AVAILABILITY: http://www.kumc.edu/biochemistry/resmap/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Default definitions and directions for graphically managing networks are available at the same website.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

affylmGUI: a graphical user interface for linear modeling of single channel microarray data.

SUMMARY: affylmGUI is a graphical user interface (GUI) to an integrated workflow for Affymetrix microarray data. The user is able to proceed from raw data (CEL files) to QC and pre-processing, and eventually to analysis of differential expression using linear models with empirical Bayes smoothing. Output of the analysis (tables and figures) can be exported to an HTML report. The GUI provides user-friendly access to state-of-the-art methods embodied in the Bioconductor software repository. AVAILABILITY: affylmGUI is an R package freely available from http://www.bioconductor.org. It requires R version 1.9.0 or later and tcl/tk 8.3 or later and has been successfully tested on Windows 2000, Windows XP, Linux (RedHat and Fedora distributions) and Mac OS/X with X11. Further documentation is available at http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/affylmGUI CONTACT: keith@wehi.edu.au.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed2003

Racial differences in mortality among Medicare recipients after treatment for localized prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer mortality is higher among black American men than among white American men. We investigated whether racial disparities in outcomes of clinically localized prostate cancer vary by treatment (surgery, radiation therapy, or nonaggressive treatment). METHODS: Merged Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) and Medicare files provided data (on treatment modality, age, race, cancer stage, tumor grade, census tract socioeconomic status, and date of death) on 5747 black and 38 242 white patients diagnosed at age 65-84 years with clinically localized prostate cancer between 1986 and 1996 in five SEER sites. Patients were followed through 1998. Racial differences in survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression models. RESULTS: The median survival time for black patients was 1.7 years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6 to 1.9 years) less than that for white patients. Median survival in black patients relative to white patients was 1.8 years (95% CI = 1.5 to 2.0 years) less among those who had surgery, 0.7 years (95% CI = 0.5 to 1.0 years) less among those who had radiation therapy, and 1.0 years (95% CI = 0.7 to 1.1 years) less among those who had nonaggressive treatment. Racial disparities were evident both in overall survival and in prostate cancer-specific survival, before and after statistical adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Black patients' poorer overall survival from localized prostate cancer varies by initial treatment, with the survival gap being largest among patients undergoing surgery. Investigating these treatment-specific differences may clarify the mechanisms underlying worse outcomes for black patients in the health care system.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

The impact of mothers' sense of empowerment on the metabolic control of their children with juvenile diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between mothers' sense of empowerment as a psychological resource and the level of adherence to treatment and metabolic control of their adolescent children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). METHODS: Eighty-eight mothers filled out the Family Empowerment Scale, the Mastery Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale, and the Demographic Questionnaire. Their children with IDDM filled out the Self-Care Behaviors Questionnaire. At the same time, the level of glycohemoglobin was retrieved from their medical files. RESULTS: Data analysis revealed that mothers' sense of empowerment contributes significantly to their children's adherence to treatment. Moreover, mothers' sense of empowerment and their education explain a significant proportion of the variance in their children's metabolic control. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the importance of developing and enhancing the parents' sense of empowerment toward better adherence and metabolic control of their children's IDDM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Causation of bias: the episcope.

A risk ratio or difference from a meta-analysis is as many as ten steps away from the unobservable causal risk ratios and differences in target populations. The steps are like lenses, filters, or other fallible components of the epidemiologist's "telescope" for observing populations. Each step is another domain where different biases can be caused. How biases combine across domains in the production of epidemiologic evidence can be quickly explained to nonepidemiologists by using a sequence of causal arrow diagrams with easy notation: (a) agent of interest, (b) background risk factors, (c) correlated causes, (d) diagnosis, (e) exposure measurement, (f) filing of data, (g) grouping of cohorts, (h) harvesting of cases and controls, (i) interpretations of investigators, (j) judgments of journals, and (k) knowledge of meta-analysts. For epidemiologists, this article serves as a review of ideas about confounding, information bias, and selection bias and underscores the need for routinely analyzing the sensitivity of study findings to multiple hypothesized biases.

Bias↗