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PubMed1995

Gender and knowledge about HIV, risky sexual behavior, and safer sex practices.

The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in knowledge about HIV, the reported incidence of risky sexual behavior, and comfort with safer sexual practices among young adults. The conceptual framework was social role theory, which argues for the influence of gender roles on beliefs and social behaviors. Participants were 141 female and 131 male college students who responded to questions regarding their knowledge of HIV, risk-taking behaviors with respect to HIV, and comfort with safer sexual behaviors. Overall, respondents had accurate knowledge about HIV. However, men reported engaging in significantly more risky behaviors than women. More men reported that intercourse without a condom occurred in unplanned, spontaneous situations, while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or with a person not well known. More women reported that intercourse without a condom occurred in long-term relationships. Women were significantly more comfortable abstaining from sexual intercourse and asking partners about their sexual history while men were significantly more comfortable buying condoms. Both men and women reported comfort using condoms. Gender roles help to explain why men are willing to take more risks, and in what situations risk taking is apt to occur.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Pharmacokinetics-activity relationships of a new non-hormonal antifertility agent: 3-(2-ethylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1, 2,4-triazole, in the rat and the hamster.

The pharmacokinetic profiles of a new non-hormonal anti-fertility agent, DL 111-IT, were studied in rats and hamsters given the 14C labelled compound parenterally dissolved in aqueous or oily vehicles. In both species, DL 111-It was rapidly metabolized and excreted when given intravenously or subcutaneously in aqueous vehicles (half-lives = 15-45 min.), whereas the kinetics were prolonged when it was administered in oily formulations (half-lives = 7-10 h). Binding studies revealed a high affinity of DL 111-IT for rat serum albumin (Ka = 6 X 10(5) 1/mole). The radioactivity concentrations in different tissues of pregnant rats appeared to be uniform with the excretory organs and lungs being the main target tissues. At the site of action, the utero-placental complex, the levels of total 14C were comparable to those in plasma, whereas the concentration of unchanged DL 111-IT was higher and remained so for a longer time. A comparison between the kinetic profiles and the activity data after single or multiple dose administration in different formulations, clearly indicates a close relationship between activity and plasma and tissue (utero-embryo placental complex) levels of DL 111-IT, and also makes clear the influence of the formulation and of the treatment schedule on the anti-fertility activity of the compound.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Development of miltefosine as an oral treatment for leishmaniasis.

Miltefosine was originally formulated and registered as a topical treatment for cutaneous cancers. For this indication and in subsequent development for leishmaniasis, a large body of non-clinical data has been generated. The gastrointestinal organ is the main site of toxicity, in both animal and in human studies. The testis and retina were identified as target organs in rats, although corresponding changes were not observed in clinical studies in humans. In terms of pharmacokinetics, the terminal elimination half-life is long (84h and 159h in rats and dogs respectively). Miltefosine is widely distributed in body organs and not metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. The drug is embryotoxic and fetotoxic in rats and rabbits, and teratogenic in rats but not in rabbits. It is therefore contraindicated for use during pregnancy, and contraception is required beyond the end of treatment in women of child-bearing age.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

History of sexually transmitted diseases infection, drug-sex behaviors, and the use of condoms among midwestern users of injection drugs and crack cocaine.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study describes self-reported histories of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) with respect to gender and ethnicity and examines the factors that influence the use of condoms among heterosexual users of injection drugs and/or crack cocaine. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was used to interview 1046 active users of illicit drugs living in Columbus and Dayton, Ohio. RESULTS: STD was common among 29% of the white men, 53.6% of the black men, 55.9% of the white women, and 64.7% of the black women self-reporting previous infection. Among women, stepwise logistic regression showed that cohabitating with a spouse or a sex partner (OR 0.28; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.77) and exchanging sex for drugs (OR 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.88) were associated negatively with always using a condom during vaginal sex in the previous month, whereas exchanging sex for money (OR 4.48; 95% CI, 1.88 to 10.95) was associated positively. Among men, cohabitating with a spouse or a sex partner (OR 0.13; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.31), having had an STD (OR 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.85), and currently using injection drugs (OR 0.52; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.84) were associated negatively with condom use. CONCLUSIONS: Users of illicit drugs are at high risk for the acquisition and transmission of STD. More research is needed to understand better the sex practices of users of injection drugs and crack cocaine so that appropriate interventions can be developed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Drug utilization in Hvalsö. An attempt to change the attitude of the population and physicians to drug use].

All of the prescriptions, a total of 1,876, issued by the five practitioners in Hvalsø in four chosen weeks in 1987/88 were copied. The prescribed drugs, a total of 3,177, were calculated for the individual groups of drugs and corrected for the age distribution among the population as a whole and in the individual doctor's practice. The main results from the following groups of drugs are presented here: hypnotics, drugs for neurosis, antibiotics, drugs for cardiac and circulatory disease, drugs for asthma, contraceptive pills and female sex hormones. By and large, considerably more medicine was prescribed for women than for men. For example, twice as much medicine for insomnia was prescribed for women. This is enough for every fourth woman over the age for 70 years to receive a daily dose of hypnotics. Women appear to commence using hypnotics at the age of 40 years and men at 60 years. Marked differences were found in the patterns of prescription between the individual practitioners and thei is apparently greatest as regards prescriptions for men while the more liberal prescription of hypnotics to women was observed for all of the practitioners. Two groups of drugs were, however, prescribed mostly for men, viz, asthma medicine for all age groups and cardiac and circulatory medicine for persons greater than 60 years. Where all of the groups of drugs were concerned, comparisons were undertaken between the prescription habits of the individual practitioners. The results of this investigation are employed in local health work among the population, in study circle work among the practitioners and as basic ideas for the county drug committee activities.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of community distribution programs in Bangladesh.

In Bangladesh, five high- and five low-performing nongovernmental organization-supported community distribution projects were studied to determine which management, supervisory, and field activities differed between the better and poorer performers. A total of 37 variables were studied, and differences between the higher- and lower-performing projects were noted for nearly all of the variables. In general, project effectiveness was associated with higher service quality, more proactive field supervision, and greater organizational clarity. No project performed all of the 37 activities well. No one or two variables predicted project success, and none of them was found to be a necessary condition for project success. Higher performance was associated with doing well on many of these variables.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Heavy legs, venous insufficiency of the legs and hormone substitution therapy].

The effects of estrogens and gestagens on veins and circulation have been studied since prescription of these hormones as oral contraception and description of related thromboembolic events. The identification of different receptors and the description of these receptors in venous walls have helped to understand some hormonal effects. However, the actual knowledge remains insufficient to explain the complexity of the actions of hormones on venous function. The distribution, the density and the receptor types vary with age, gender, hormonal status and vascular bed. Gestagens mainly reduce the tone of venous walls, whereas estrogens have various effects. Between 25% and 50% of European adults and even 80% or more in some risk groups complain about heavy legs, with or without chronic venous insufficiency. The number of women to whom hormonal substitution is or could be prescribed increases along with aging of populations and the better understanding of potential benefits. The need for a better understanding of vascular effects of sexual hormones is growing, since the incidence of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs increases with age. The life prognosis will not be affected by a deterioration of a chronic venous insufficiency. In contrast, the quality of life, morbidity and the cost of treatment will be expected to change. In addition, thromboembolic events have to be considered, as has been shown in recent studies. These findings outline the need for further studies on the relation between hormones and venous function and for some caution when prescribing hormonal substitution.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Menstrual patterns and fecundity among non-lactating and lactating cycling women in rural highland Bolivia: implications for contraceptive choice.

Choosing an appropriate contraceptive method, particularly one based on fertility awareness, depends in part upon the degree of a woman's cycling regularity. However, while the suppressive effect of lactation on ovarian function is well established, the potential influence of continued breastfeeding on menstrual patterns once post-partum cycling has resumed is largely unexamined. This longitudinal study in a population of non-contracepting Aymara women (n = 191 providing 665 non-truncated menstrual segments) identified conceptions and fetal loss via urine tests for hCG and classified segments accordingly to test the hypotheses that (1) cycles in lactating women are significantly different in length and regularity from those of non-lactating women, and (2) cycles in women living at high altitude are significantly different in length and regularity from those at lower altitudes. Analyses found that segments are significantly longer and regularity tends to be less common among lactating than non-lactating women; however, the rate of conception is twice as great among the former than the latter, and the distribution of conception outcomes does not differ between the two groups. Menstrual regularity is not the norm in this population, even among those who are not currently breastfeeding. High altitude per se does not appear to influence menstrual cycling as both regularity and segment length are comparable to other populations, hence women indigenous to high altitude are suitable candidates for a wide variety of contraceptive choices. In addition, these findings suggest that studies of fecundability limited to non-lactating women may be biased towards those of relatively lower fecundity.

Bolivia↗
PubMed2001

Maternal mortality at Sagamu, Nigeria--a ten year review (1988 - 1997).

A review of maternal deaths at the Ogun State University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria over a 10 year period is presented. During the period, there were 92 maternal deaths, those from abortion and ectopic pregnancy inclusive. The total deliveries were 5423 giving a maternal mortality ratio of 1700 per 100,000. Ruptured uterus was the most common cause followed by eclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage and complications of abortion in that order. Unbooked patients constituted about one third of the total (29. 1 %). Primipara and grandmultipara were the most at risk of maternal death and the risk of dying following operative delivery was six times that of vaginal delivery. Easy access to affordable antenatal care, good blood transfusion services, more widespread use of contraceptives and training of traditional birth attendants would help reduce the risk of maternal death.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

Trends in risk behavior and HIV seroprevalence in heterosexual injection drug users in San Francisco, 1986-1992.

We examine changes and stability in risk behaviors and HIV-1 seroprevalence among heterosexual injection drug users (IDUs) over 13 cross-sectional surveys, 1986-1992. Interviews (n = 5,956) were conducted with IDUs in street settings and drug detoxification clinics over 6.5 years, and respondents were tested for HIV-1 antibody. Trends in use of condoms and bleach and HIV seroprevalence were assessed using multiple logistic and linear regression analyses. The percentage of time condoms were reportedly used during intercourse among men increased from 4.5% to 31.0%. Among the declining population of IDUs who reported needle sharing, reported use of bleach increased from 3% to 89%. Significant changes in use of bleach 100% of the time were reported: 29.8% in 1988, 52.8% in 1990, and 40.0% in 1992. HIV seroprevalence doubled from 7% in 1986 to 14% in 1987. Post-1987 fluctuations in HIV seroprevalence were not significant. Significant changes in risk behaviors among IDUs were reported over the study period. These changes coincided with the implementation of HIV prevention in San Francisco, including outreach programs, HIV testing and counseling, bleach distribution, and syringe exchange. The moderate and stable rate of HIV seroprevalence beginning in 1987 parallels self-reported reductions in risk behavior.

Condoms↗
PubMed1976

An evaluation in rats of nutritional status and reproduction performance post oral contraceptive therapy.

Adult female rats were orally administered either 0.052, 0.26 mg of Enovoid E (OC) or the vehicle, propylene glycol. Thereafter they were mated six, thirteen or twenty-seven days after the discontinuation of the drug. Chemical analyses i.e. cholesterol levels in plasma, liver and adrenals; tocopherol levels in plasma and liver; fatty acid patterns of cholesteryl esters of plasma liver, and adrenals, and plasma lipoproteins distribution, were performed on the pre-breeding (post-OC) females, mothers (following weaning of the young) and young female progeny, 10 weeks after weaning. Weanlings derived from mothers previously exposed to OC weighed more than their counterparts from mothers who had not been given the drug. A slight decrease of the survival time of the young during lactation was also observed in groups treated with higher levels of OC. Liver weights were increased in mothers as a result of pregnancy and lactation. Observed elevations of plasma cholesterol levels and cholesteryl arachidonate in the livers of the progeny were probably due to prolonged exposure to the 15% corn oil diet. In addition, previously reported metabolic effects of OC, such as increases in liver cholesteryl oleate, decreases in plasma and adrenal cholesteryl arachidonate, decreases in the alpha/beta lipoprotein ratio and alpha-tocopherol levels in plasma were confirmed.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1998

Folate deficiencies and cardiovascular pathologies.

Although folates are widely distributed in foods, folate deficiencies may be more frequent than expected because their true availability may be impaired due to their lability under various food cooking and processing conditions. Folate deficiency is frequently observed in elderly people, smokers, alcoholics and oral contraceptive users. It is also associated with the mutation leading to the thermolabile variant of N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase which is observed in about 10% of the population. In addition to the essential role of the intracellular pool of polyglutamates in de novo biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides which allow cell growth and division, the reduced and methylated form of folate, N5-methyltetrahydrofolate, is required for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. By inhibiting this remethylation pathway, folate deficiency induces homocysteine efflux into the circulation. Many studies have shown a negative correlation between plasma folate, particularly N5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and circulating homocysteine levels. In addition, folate deficiency is a major cause of hyperhomocysteinemia which is fully recognised as an independent risk factor for atherothrombosis. Epidemiological and recent experimental studies have demonstrated that folate deficiency might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease by increasing circulating homocysteine levels. Thus, the clinical efficiency of folate supplementation, especially N5-methyltetrahydrofolate, in reducing homocysteine-dependent cardiovascular risk should be evaluated.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1996

Feasibility of a telephone follow-up on use of emergency contraceptive pills in a college health center.

The authors examined the feasibility and effectiveness of a telephone follow-up procedure on use of emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) at a college health center. They made 264 telephone calls to the 97 women who had received ECPs during one 16-week academic semester and were successful in reaching 65 (67%) of the women, who responded with information about their experiences with ECPs. The women demonstrated a high rate of adherence to the medical regimen and reported very few side effects from ECPs; a majority said that ECPs did not affect their ability to carry out daily activities. On weighing the relative absence of problems following ECP distribution against the time, effort, and cost required to reach just over two thirds of the women, the researchers concluded that an ECP telephone follow-up procedure was neither cost-effective nor particularly useful.

Contraceptives, Postcoital↗
PubMed1993

[Effect of a combination of gestoden-ethylene estradiol on the endometrium].

It has been long established that contraceptive steroid mixtures are highly effective due to the fact that they act simultaneously upon different levels of the pituitary-ovarian-genital tract axis. We hypothesized that the mixture of 30 mcg of ethynylestradiol plus 75 mcg of gestodene might be effective partly through the changes it induces in the histology and histochemistry of the endometrium. To test this hypothesis, 32 healthy patients willing to participate, aged 23 to 34 years, were treated with the above mentioned combination of steroids from day 1 through day 21 of the cycle for six consecutive cycles. They were previously proven to be fertile and ovulatory. In ten of them, selected at random, an endometrial biopsy was taken on the cycle previous to therapy and upon completion of the steroid treatment, for comparison. Tissues were processed for histologic evaluation with hematoxylin-eosin and with acridine orange for the histochemical demonstration of glycogen and ribonucleic acid under fluorescence microscopy. All pre-treatment endometria showed normal findings for ovulatory cycles, while the post-treatment tissues were typical of the steroid-treated endometria, i.e., they had a disrupted balance between glandular and stromal maturation, plus a diminished and abnormally distributed glycogen and ribonucleic acid. We conclude that the established working hypothesis was confirmed.

Adult↗