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PubMed2000

Older boyfriends and girlfriends increase risk of sexual initiation in young adolescents.

PURPOSE: To explore the prevalence and impact of older boyfriends or girlfriends on sexual behavior in sixth graders (mean age 11.5 years). METHODS: Students in 19 ethnically diverse middle schools in an urban area were surveyed (n = 2829, response rate 68%). Instrument measured demographics, age of oldest boyfriend or girlfriend, unwanted sexual advances, peer norms, and sexual behavior. Students with older, same-age, or no boyfriend or girlfriend were compared on demographic and psychosocial variables using analysis of variance. Separate multivariate logistic regressions for both boys and girls were used to predict sexual behavior from demographics, psychosocial variables, and age categories of boyfriend or girlfriend. RESULTS: One-half of the respondents (56%) had never had a serious boyfriend or girlfriend, 35% reported that their oldest boyfriend or girlfriend was <2 years older than they, and 8.5% reported a partner > or =2 years older. Those reporting an older boyfriend or girlfriend were more likely to be Hispanic, were less acculturated, reported more unwanted sexual advances and more friends who were sexually active, and, among girls, were more likely to have experienced menarche. Overall, 4% of students reported ever having had sex. Students with an older boyfriend or girlfriend were over 30 times more likely than those with no boyfriend or girlfriend ever to have had sex (odds ratio = 33.8 for boys and 44.2 for girls). In the multivariate logistic regressions, peer norms about sexual behavior, having experienced unwanted sexual advances, and having a boyfriend or girlfriend were strongly associated with having had sex. CONCLUSIONS: Having an older boyfriend or girlfriend, although rare, is associated with early sexual onset and unwanted sexual activity in this population of sixth graders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Dating violence: a comparison of rural, suburban, and urban teens.

This study analyzed rural, suburban, and urban differences in teen dating violence using the 1996 Teen Assessment Project data. Teens in rural school districts were more likely to be victims of dating violence than their suburban and urban counterparts; males reported being slapped, hit, or kicked more frequently than females. The findings of this study indicate that students in rural school districts are at greater risk for participating in dating violence than suburban and urban students, with rural female students at greatest risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

History of family dysfunction and perpetration of dating violence by adolescent boys: a longitudinal study.

PURPOSE: To examine whether there is a direct or a mediated association between dysfunctional parental behavior in later childhood and involvement in dating violence in a sample of low socioeconomic-status boys during mid-adolescence. METHODS: Subjects were 717 boys who participated in a longitudinal study. Data collected at six time periods, beginning at age 10 years and covering a span of 8 years, were analyzed. Dysfunctional parental behavior patterns were defined as perceived harsh parenting practices, laxness of monitoring, and interparental conflict witnessed by the subject. Perpetrated psychological and physical abuse in dating, measured at ages 16 and 17 years, and delinquency, measured at age 15 years, served as dependent measures. All instruments were self-report questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis was used in data analysis. RESULTS: Only two variables contributed independently to dating violence. Boys who perceived laxness of monitoring from their parents in their late childhood and reported antisocial behavior at age 15 years, such as delinquency and substance abuse, were at risk of becoming involved in violent dating relationships at age 16 years. Harsh parenting practices from ages 10 to 12 years were also predictors of dating violence. CONCLUSIONS: A direct relationship was found between harsh parenting and antisocial behavior and later dating violence. No support was found for the mediation hypothesis of antisocial behavior, but an indirect influence was noted in association with monitoring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Personal and social contextual correlates of adolescent dating violence.

PURPOSE: To examine the association of dating violence with personal and social contextual factors among a sample of 12- to 17-year-olds enrolled in managed care health plans. METHODS: A sample of 444 youth (45% male; 80% African-American; 38% aged 12-13 years) agreed to participate in an alcohol risk-prevention randomized controlled trial, and completed a survey. Cross-tabulations and calculation of odds ratios were performed to assess associations between dating violence and sociodemographics, religious service attendance, personal alcohol use, peer-drinking exposures and parental monitoring. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify the significant predictors of dating violence. RESULTS: Seven percent of youth reported recent dating violence. In a logistic regression model, peer-drinking exposures was associated with dating victimization (OR = 3.24; CI = 1.04-10.15). Religious service attendance (OR =0.40; CI = 0.17-0.91) and parental monitoring (OR = 0.41; CI = 0.17-0.99) were protective against dating violence. CONCLUSIONS: Religious service attendance and frequent parental monitoring were associated with a lower prevalence of recent dating violence. Conversely, being in places where one's friends are drinking alcohol was associated with an increased risk of victimization. It may be that dating violence is, in part, mediated by adolescents' important social contacts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Efficacy of a dating violence prevention program on attitudes justifying aggression.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a five-session dating violence prevention curriculum in terms of its effect on attitudes justifying the use of dating violence. METHODS: The curriculum was implemented in all health classes in a Long Island, New York, school. A total of 193 students participated (boys, n = 106; girls, n = 87). A quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate change in attitudes justifying dating violence, with health classes randomly assigned to the treatment or no-treatment conditions. RESULTS: Pre- to postprogram assessments indicated that there were significant decreases in overall attitudes justifying the use of dating violence as a means to resolve conflict among students exposed to the curriculum material, whereas those who were not exposed did not show attitude change from pre- to postprogram evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The curriculum shows promise as an effective tool for changing attitudes condoning dating violence. Future research is needed to determine whether the observed attitude change is also linked to reduction in aggressive behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Negotiation of HIV preventive behaviors in divorced and separated women reentering the sexual arena.

The purpose of this study was to understand divorced and separated women's experience of negotiating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preventive behaviors when resuming sexual activity following long-term monogamous relationships. A little-studied but large group, these women are at risk for sexually transmitted diseases, have low rates of protective behaviors, and have not been targeted for prevention education. Seven women entering a sexual milieu altered by the presence of HIV after at least a 10-year period of monogamy comprised the sample. A descriptive phenomenologic methodology incorporating Colaizzi's method for data analysis revealed four themes: (a) keeping the magic, (b) Am I an adolescent or an adult? (c) holding on to self, and (d) gender perspectives. These women's words help to illuminate their issues regarding HIV prevention, guiding further nursing research and HIV preventive educational interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Maltreatment and trauma: tracking the connections in adolescence.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is one of the most common and often prolonged consequences of childhood maltreatment. In this article the authors consider theories of trauma continuity, with emphasis on a relational path to maladjustment that links childhood maltreatment to elevated trauma symptomatology and intimate victimization in adolescent dating relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Date rape among adolescents and young adults.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents and young adults are four times more likely to be victims of sexual assault than women in all other age groups. In the vast majority of these cases, the perpetrator is an acquaintance of the victim. Date rape is a subset of acquaintance rape where nonconsensual sex occurs between two people who are in a romantic relationship. METHODS: We conducted a MEDLINE and Current Concepts search for articles relating to date rape and then systematically reviewed all relevant articles. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of date or acquaintance rape ranges from 13% to 27% among college-age women and 20% to a high of 68% among adolescents. Demographic characteristics that increase vulnerability to date rape include younger age at first date, early sexual activity, earlier age of menarche, a past history of sexual abuse or prior sexual victimization, and being more accepting of rape myths and violence toward women. Other risk factors include date-specific behaviors such as who initiated, who paid expenses, who drove, date location and activity, as well as the use of alcohol or illicit drugs such as flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). Alcohol use that occurs within the context of the date can lead to: the misinterpretation of friendly cues as sexual invitations, diminished coping responses, and the female's inability to ward off a potential attack. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal research designs are needed to further our understanding of sexual violence among adolescents and young adults and the most effective ways to eliminate it. Understanding and comparing research findings would be easier if consensus regarding the definitions of date rape, sexual aggression, and sexual assault was obtained. Finally, primary and secondary date and acquaintance rape prevention programs must be developed and systematically evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The partner preference paradigm: a method to study sexual motivation and performance of female rats.

Sexual behavior of the female rat consists of initiative, as well as receptive components. Previous studies on female sexual behavior have focused on the reflexive response to a male's mount, i.e., the lordosis reflex, whereas the initiative and soliciting gestures that are exhibited by the female during copulation were ignored by most researchers. This bias led to a misconception of the female's role in the sexual act, according to which the female is passive and submissive, whereas the male rat is sexually dominant or even aggressive. In this paper, we describe a procedure, the partner preference paradigm, designed to investigate and quantify sexual motivation, initiation and solicitation in female rats. In this paradigm, the female can control the sexual act because the mobility of her sexual partner is limited. This setting enables to measure a variety of soliciting behaviors that reflect the active seeking of sexual contact by an estrous female. In addition, this paradigm enables the evaluation of the females' motivation to engage in a sexual act, by measuring the preference for a sexually appropriate over an indifferent partner. Moreover, the partner preference paradigm may be easily adopted for studies in male subjects, allowing the comparison of males' and females' responses to various experimental conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Genetics of sexual isolation in females of the Drosophila simulans species complex.

Genetic analysis of hybrids between Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia shows that sexual isolation in females is caused by at least two genes, one on each major autosome, while the X chromosome has no effect. These results are similar to those of a previous study of hybrids between D. simulans and another sibling species, D. mauritiana. In this latter hybridization, each arm of the second chromosome carries genes causing sexual isolation in females, implying a total divergence of at least three loci. The genetic similarity between the D. simulans/D. mauritiana and D. simulans/D. sechellia hybridizations probably results from independent evolution and not phylogenetic artifacts, because the dominance relationships and behavioural interactions differ between the two hybridizations. The lack of an X-chromosome effect on sexual isolation contrasts with genetic studies of post-zygotic reproductive isolation, which invariably show strong effects of this chromosome.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Incidence and duration of romantic attraction in students progressing from secondary to tertiary education.

There is increasing interest in the nature and biological significance of romantic love but few quantitative data are available for testing specific hypotheses. This paper describes the use of a survey instrument to assess incidence and duration of romantic attractions over a 2-year period amongst students (121 male; 162 female) progressing from school to university education. The results for males and females were similar and schooling single-sex or co-educational--had little effect. Students averaged 1.45 romantic episodes per year and 93% of students reported at least one episode over the survey period. Duration of attraction was around 9 weeks if never reciprocated and around 12 weeks if reciprocated. There was seasonal variation of onset of episodes with peak incidence over the summer or early autumn seasons. Collectively the results accord with the view that frequent, short-duration romantic episodes could have a role in selection of appropriate long-term reproductive partnerships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Physical stature and intelligence as predictors of the timing of baby boomers' very first dates.

The paper analyses to what extent the timing of the very first date of American adolescents in the 1960s correlated with their physical stature and cognitive ability. Using an event history approach, it was found that intelligence and a weight slightly above the average raised the odds of arranging a first rendezvous, whereas the effect of height was gender-specific. Tallness improved chances among boys, whereas girls whose height was slightly below the average had the highest odds. This pattern was mirrored by the adolescents' evaluation of their own physical stature. The fact that the estimated associations are remarkably similar to those observed in the literature on fertility and wages suggests that these attributes are selection criteria in situations of social interaction already among adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: a 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating.

The Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI; Simpson & Gangestad 1991) is a self-report measure of individual differences in human mating strategies. Low SOI scores signify that a person is sociosexually restricted, or follows a more monogamous mating strategy. High SOI scores indicate that an individual is unrestricted, or has a more promiscuous mating strategy. As part of the International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP), the SOI was translated from English into 25 additional languages and administered to a total sample of 14,059 people across 48 nations. Responses to the SOI were used to address four main issues. First, the psychometric properties of the SOI were examined in cross-cultural perspective. The SOI possessed adequate reliability and validity both within and across a diverse range of modem cultures. Second, theories concerning the systematic distribution of sociosexuality across cultures were evaluated. Both operational sex ratios and reproductively demanding environments related in evolutionary-predicted ways to national levels of sociosexuality. Third, sex differences in sociosexuality were generally large and demonstrated cross-cultural universality across the 48 nations of the ISDP, confirming several evolutionary theories of human mating. Fourth, sex differences in sociosexuality were significantly larger when reproductive environments were demanding but were reduced to more moderate levels in cultures with more political and economic gender equality. Implications for evolutionary and social role theories of human sexuality are discussed.

Argentina↗
PubMed1998

Factors associated with abusive relationships among maltreated and nonmaltreated youth.

This study sought to understand how experiences of maltreatment occurring prior to 12 years of age affect adolescent peer and dating relationships. A school-based sample of 15-year-olds was divided into maltreated (n = 132) and nonmaltreated (n = 227) subgroups based on self-reported maltreatment. These two groups were then compared on two theoretically determined dimensions of adjustment (i.e., interpersonal sensitivity/hostility; personal resourceS) and self- and teacher-report measures of peer and dating relationships. Findings supported the hypothesis that maltreated youths significantly differed from nonmaltreated youths in terms of adjustment problems as well as conflict with dating partners and close friends. Maltreated youths reported significantly more verbal and physical abuse both toward and by their dating partners, and were seen by teachers as engaging in more acts of aggression and harassment toward others. In regression analyses, the significant association between maltreatment and dating conflict for males was strengthened by including adjustment dimensions in the equation; for females, adjustment variables mediated the association between maltreatment and dating conflict. Results are discussed in relation to a maladaptive interpersonal trajectory for maltreated children, wherein a violent interactional dynamic in adolescent close relationships may be setting the stage for violence in intimate partnerships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Romantic relationships of young people with childhood and adolescent onset antisocial behavior problems.

Using prospective longitudinal data from the Christchurch Health and Development Study, this paper examines the extent to which early onset, life course persistent and adolescent limited antisocial behavior problems place young people at risk of violent and unsatisfactory romantic relationships in early adulthood. Results revealed the presence of clear linear associations between the developmental timing of antisocial behavior and later partnership risks, with these risks including partner violence perpetration and victimization, interpartner conflict, and increased ambivalence about the relationship. Young people with childhood onset antisocial behavior problems reported higher rates of partnership difficulties than young people with adolescent limited antisocial behavior problems, while those with adolescent limited antisocial behavior reported higher levels of partnership difficulties than young people without a history of antisocial behavior problems. These associations persisted even after extensive control for a range of social, family, and individual factors that were correlated with the timing of antisocial behavior. Results highlight the importance of distinguishing between early and late onset antisocial behavior, and provide further support for existing life course models of the development of antisocial behavior problems in children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Specificity of dating aggression and its justification among high-risk adolescents.

Ninety-five high-risk adolescents were studied to determine whether their dating aggression and its justification as a response to interpersonal problems were specific to the current partner, general to dating relationships, or part of a global age-mate (same-sex peers and opposite-sex dating partners) aggression problem. Approximately one-third of males and two-thirds of females reported physical aggression against their current dating partner. Males' aggression (and its justification) toward their current dating partner was part of a generalized pattern of dating aggression, whereas for females, physical aggression against a current dating partner (and its justification) was partner-specific and unrelated to aggression in other relationships. Findings are discussed with regard to intervention and future research on adolescent dating aggression.

Adolescent↗