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PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in adolescent cigarette-brand preference, 1989 to 1996.

OBJECTIVE: To understand changes in cigarette-brand choice by adolescents in the context of demographic differences and advertising. METHODS: Data from 3 nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of adolescents were analyzed. RESULTS: Marlboro, Camel, and Newport brand cigarettes accounted for over 80% of the cigarettes usually bought by adolescents in 1989, 1993, and 1996. Between 1989 and 1996, Marlboro and Camel market shares changed little, whereas preference for Newport doubled among white and Hispanic adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Brand preference among adolescents has been steadily concentrated among 3 brands. More attention may need to be focused on mentholated brands given the increase in Newport's market share.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Genetically engineered Mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species.

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. The Audubon Park Zoo, (New Orleans, Louisiana, USA) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed EMCV vaccine with mixed results. This paper reports an attempt at vaccination against EMCV using a genetically engineered, live attenuated Mengo virus (vMC0) at the Audubon Park Zoo and Miami Metro Zoo, (Miami, Florida, USA) from December 1996 to June 1997. Several species of animals were vaccinated with vMC0, which is serologically indistinguishable from the field strain of EMCV. Serum samples were taken at the time of vaccination and again 21 days later, then submitted for serum neutralization titers against EMCV. The vaccinate species included red capped mangebey (Cercocebus torquatus), colobus (Colobus guereza), angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis), ruffed lemur (Lemur variegatus ruber and Lemur variegatus variegatus), back lemur (Lemur macaco), ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), siamang (Hylobates syndactylus), diana guenon (Cercopithicus diana), spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), talapoin monkey (Cercopithecus talapoin), Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii), Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), gerenuk (Litocranius walleri), guanaco (Lama glama guanicoe), black duiker (Cephalophus niger), Vietnamese potbellied pig (Sus scrofa), babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa), collard peccary (Tayass tajacu), and African crested porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis). The vaccine response was variable, with high virus neutralizing antibody titer responses in some primate species and mixed to poor responses for other species. No ill effects were seen with vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The seroprevalence of cystic hydatidosis in Oman.

The presence of antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus in sera from 306 humans and 390 camels in Oman was investigated by indirect haemagglutination assays. Only one of the human and five of the camel sera gave positive reactions. The reactivities of the human sera were confirmed by ELISA. These results, together with isolated reports of hydatid cysts, indicate that E. granulosus is endemic in Oman, although with a low prevalence.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Seasonal abundance of Ornithodoros (O.) savignyi and prevalence of infection with Borrelia spirochetes in Egypt.

The seasonal dynamics of Ornithodoros (O.) savignyi and infection with Borrelia sp. in the tick, domestic animals and man were investigated in the village of Dahshore, Giza governorate from August 1996 through July 1997. The tick population densities of adults and immatures were high during the period from June to October with maximum levels in August and September respectively. Adults predominated (58.6%-80.0%) in October to May with the highest abundance in January while immatures prevailed (51.3%-65.8%) during the rest of the year reaching a peak in September. Of 1202 tick examined, the spirochetes were detected in 427 (35.5%). The annual infection rate in adults and immatures varied from 34.4%-36.9% with no significant difference among larvae, nymphs, males and females. Of 1396 sera from man and 553 sera from host animals tested, 309 (22.1%) and 157 (28.4%), respectively, were reactive for antibody to Borrelia sp. antigen with the highest infection rate in camel (47.8%), followed by sheep (23.8%), goat (18.0%) and cow (16.0%), then the least in buffalo (10.9%). Changes in prevalence of Borrelia infection in the tick population correlated positively with changes in antibody prevalence in man and camel and with changes in the tick population density. The four events were lowest in winter and early spring and increased afterward to reach maxima during summer or the early fall (July-September).

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Epidemiological and clinical aspects echinococcosis in East Iran.

Three hundred and fifty two cases of hydatid disease were diagnosed in a three year study in Eas Iran, where the disease is found frequently in rural areas. Camel meat is consumed in this region. The offal is given to domestic carnivorous animals, for example sheep dogs, and in these circumstances camels could contribute to the cyclozoonotic spread of the disease. Clinical symptoms are briefly mentioned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Hemoconcentration and erythrocyte fragility in chickens exposed to heat and dehydration.

Chickens were exposed to heat and dehydration, and the effects on their erythrocytes were examined. As chicken and camel (Camelus dromedarius) erythrocytes are of similar shape, the erythrocytes of the exposed chickens were compared with those of the camel. The salient findings were that chickens kept at 35 C without drinking water remained visibly unaffected. Their blood, however, showed hemoconcentration and increased erythrocyte osmotic fragility. Hemoconcentration could lead to an increase in body temperature of chickens in increased environmental temperatures.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in meat-producing animals in Mongolia.

A survey of Sarcocystis infection was conducted in Mongolia between June 1998 and July 1999. Samples of muscle were taken from the diaphragm, heart, tongue, esophagus,and intercostal region of cattle, yak, hainag, sheep, horses, and camels. A muscle compress method was used to determine the prevalence of infection: cattle 90.0% (27/30), yak 93.3% (28/30), hainag 100% (30/30), sheep 96.9% (753/777), horses 75% (3/4) and camels 100% (5/5). Of the various muscles, heart was the most commonly infected in cattle (100%), yak (86.7%), and hainag (100%); tongue was most likly to be infected in sheep (100%) and horses (100%).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Motor vehicle collisions with large animals.

Motor vehicle collisions MVC with large animals are a worldwide problem. In this review, we aim to analyze the mechanisms and patterns of human injuries caused by MVC with large animals and various ways to prevent them. Reported studies on large animals that can cause such accidents include the moose, camels, deer, and kangaroos. The moose causes a typical rear-and downward deformity of the roof of the car. The camel falls on the roof of the car causing cervical and head injury to the occupants. Injuries caused by kangaroos and deer are usually mild. Injuries may be caused by direct collision with the animal or hitting another object when trying to avoid it. Alarming signs, underpasses or overpasses for animals, and reflectors that frighten the animals were all used to prevent the collisions. Roo-bars are used in Australia to reduce the car damage when hit by a kangaroo. Fencing has proven useful in United Arab Emirates. The mechanism of injury varies with the size and height of the animal and can be serious. Increased awareness of the effects of collision with large animals and ways to reduce it has to be promoted.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

Detection of genetic polymorphism among and within Echinococcus granulosus strains by heteroduplex analysis of a microsatellite from the U1 snRNA genes.

Polymerase chain reaction of a pentanucleotide microsatellite in the U1 snRNA gene complex generated a multiple band pattern due to the priming of paralogous sequences. Denaturation and slow renaturation of polymerase chain reaction products allow the formation of heteroduplex DNA that can be detected by its differential mobility in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Heteroduplex analysis was used to determine if the U1 snRNA microsatellite could be a useful genetic marker in Echinococcus granulosus. A U1 snRNA microsatellite fragment from E. granulosus was isolated and characterized by Southern blot and sequencing. Four E. granulosus strains were analyzed: sheep, Tasmanian sheep, cattle, and camel strains. The former two showed polymorphism and shared three of the six patterns found for sheep strain. The cattle strain displayed two patterns, and the camel strain was monomorphic. The electrophoretic profiles were used for statistical analysis in order to determine genetic distance and the relationship among strains. Heteroduplex analysis can be helpful in genotyping E. granulosus strains and is useful in detecting polymorphism within strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Histochemical and biochemical observations on milk-fat-globule membranes from several mammalian species.

A specific secretory product of the lactating mammary gland are triglyceride fat globules which are enveloped by a very complex membrane, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). In different mammalian species (man, rhesus monkey, horse, goat, sheep, cow, grey seal, camel, alpaka) the glycoproteins of this membrane have been analyzed by gel electrophoresis, Western blotting and lectin histochemistry. A remarkable intra- and interspecific variability of these glycoproteins has been detected pointing to so far unknown physiological adaptions, which may play a role in the intestine of the new born. High molecular weight glycoproteins, with a very high degree of glycosilation have been found only in primates, horse and camel; the MFGMs of the true ruminants (cow, sheep, goat) are characterized by specific glycoproteins of a lower molecular weight range.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Spinal release of immunoreactive Met-enkephalin by intraventricular beta-endorphin and its analogs in anesthetized rats.

We have reported previously that i.v.t. beta-endorphin increases the release of immunoreactive Met-enkephalin but not Leuenkephalin or dynorphins from the spinal cord. To determine if the effect is specific to beta-endorphin, the present investigation tested i.v.t. beta-endorphin, its analogs and other opiate agonists with different opioid receptor activities for their ability to release Met-enkephalin using an intrathecal perfusion technique. Human beta-endorphin and its analogs, human beta-endorphin-(1-30), -(1-29) and -(1-28) which have an identical amino acid sequence in the NH2-terminus showed reduced stepwise potencies in releasing Met-enkephalin. The results correlated well with their analgesic potencies. Des-Met5-camel beta-endorphin (64 micrograms i.v.t.) which does not have a complete sequence of Met-enkephalin in its NH2-terminus but still retains 20% of camel beta-endorphin analgesic potency caused the spinal release of Met-enkephalin. Morphine (mu opioid receptor agonist, 40 micrograms), D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin (delta opioid receptor agonist, 80 micrograms) and U-50488H (kappa opioid receptor agonist, 160 micrograms) injected i.v.t. were unable to cause any release of Met-enkephalin. High-performance liquid chromatography after Sephadex G-50 gel chromatography indicated that the immunoreactive Met-enkephalin in the spinal perfusate released by i.v.t. beta-endorphin had a retention time identical to authentic Met-enkephalin. Intraventricular injection of Met-enkephalin, 4 nmol (2.3 micrograms), caused little increase of Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity in the spinal perfusate, whereas 4 nmol of i.v.t. beta-endorphin caused a marked increase of Met-enkephalin in the spinal perfusate. Inhibition of peptidase by i.v.t. aprotinin and bacitracin does not prevent the spinal release of Met-enkephalin induced by i.v.t. beta-endorphin. It is concluded that the release of Met-enkephalin was specific to beta-endorphin and the results were not due to cross-immunoreactivity of beta-endorphin or its metabolites.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

[Immunochemical characteristics of the ovine polymeric haptoglobin HpC].

It was found that haptoglobins of camel, cattle, horse, pig, rat, guinea pig and man form upon immunoelectrophoresis precipitation arcs with antibodies against polymeric sheep haptoglobin C, corresponding to alpha 2-globulins. The immunocrossreactivity of haptoglobins of man and various animal species towards antibody to sheep haptoglobin (100, 88.0, 75.2, 72.1, 56.3, 51.0, 41.3 and 28.0% for haptoglobin of sheep, camel, pig, cattle, man, rat, guinea pig and horse, respectively) was determined. The intensity of crossreactions between sheep haptoglobin and the proteins under study towards antibody to haptoglobin C reflects the similarity of their primary structure and, consequently, the immune homology of their molecules. Using quantitative titration, the antigenic valency values for human (6), sheep (5), cattle (4) and horse (3) haptoglobins were determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Sero-prevalence of agglutinins to Listeria monocytogenes in Nigerian domestic animals.

A survey using tube agglutination test was conducted to determine the antibody prevalence to Listeria monocytogenes serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 3a and 4b in 1,190 serum samples of 8 animals species from various sources in Kano and Kaduna states of Nigeria. Following absorption with Staphylococcus aureus antigen to remove cross-reacting agglutinins, 52 (68.4 p. 100) of the horse samples were positive. Twenty-six (36.1 p. 100) pig, 52 (20.8 p. 100) cattle, 50 (20.0 p. 100) goat, 20 (20.0 p. 100) dog, serum samples were also positive. Free-ranging chickens had an antibody prevalence of 18 (32.1 p. 100) while those intensively managed had 3 (6.8 p. 100), a difference found to be statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.01; X2). Sheep sera collected from Zaria abattoir had a prevalence of 30 (14.7 p. 100) while those from Ahmadu Bello University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital had 6 (13.0 p. 100) prevalence. The prevalence in camel was 4 (4.3 p. 100). Overall, of the 1,190 serum samples tested, 26 (21.9 p. 100) were sero-positive for L. monocytogenes agglutinins. Each species of animal tested for L. monocytogenes was positive for all five serotypes, except camel which was negative for serotype 3a. Fourty-four (53.0 p. 100) samples were positive at a titre of greater than or equal to 480 for serotypes 1/2a, 60 (58.3 p. 100) for 1/2b, 57 (52.3 p. 100) for 1/2c, 7 (13.7 p. 100) for 3a and 23 (39.0 p. 100) for 4b. It is concluded that L. monocytogenes infection is widespread in domestic animals in Nigeria.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1988

Advances in control of ectoparasites in large animals.

In continuation of a publication on "Large-scale management systems and parasite populations: ectoparasites" in Vet. Parasitol. 11 (1982): 61-68, advances and present state of the control of ectoparasites in herds of cattle, sheep and camels are discussed. An intensified animal production necessitates permanent veterinary control of the status of ectoparasites. Strategically, control is basically directed towards achieving three aims: eradication, reduction of losses by means of dilution of ectoparasites regulations, and therapeutic measures. In the last few years, important progress has been made in effective ectoparasites control, mainly resulting from the discovery of new insecticides and acaricides, the improvement of the application techniques and the recent results in the biological control of arthropods; finally, an immunological approach will open new alternative ways of control. The control of mange and demodicosis in cattle; sarcoptic mange and sucking lice infestations in pigs; mange, biting lice infestations and nasal bots in sheep; ectoparasite infestations in camels and tick infestations are the main topics of the paper. The discovery of Ivermectin, a derivate of Streptomyces avermitilis which is now already fully integrated in to the spectrum of antiparasitic drugs, created a new generation of broad spectrum insecticides/acaricides. Current problems of the chemical control of arthropods, like the risk of residues in meat, milk and their products, the insecticide resistance and the possible environment pollution are critically outlined. But on the other hand, it can be predicted hypothetically that the amount of pest control measures in farm animals will increase in the near future to eliminate arthropods as causes of skin diseases and of damages to hides entailing negative effects on leather processing and as vectors of important infection agents. Finally, the proposal is submitted to elaborate international control programmes against ectoparasite species of global importance.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

An epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt. 2. Isolation of the virus from animals.

During the epidemic of Rift Valley fever (RVF) that occurred in Egypt and other areas of North Africa in 1977, the virus was isolated from various species of domestic animal and rats (Rattus rattus frugivorus) as well as man. The highest number of RVF virus isolates were obtained from sheep; only one isolate was recovered from each of the other species tested, viz. cow, camel, goat, horse, and rat. RVF virus was reisolated from both camel and horse sera, apparently for the first time.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterases of different origins by quaternary phosphonium compounds].

Studies have been made on the reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity from the erythrocytes of man, horse and camel, the electric organ of the skate Torpedo marmorata and eel Electrophorus electricus, the venom of the snakes Naja naja and Vipera lebetina, the brain of the pigeon Columba livia by tetraphenyl-, triphenylalkyl- and tributyrylalkyl-phosphonium salts. The investigated phosphonium inhibitors exhibit an evident specificity in their action: they were more effective in inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes than that from the erythrocytes of horse and camel. These salts were more effective with respect to the acetylcholinesterase activity of the electric organ of the skate than that of the electric organ of the eel. Acetylcholinesterases from the venom of the snakes exhibited practically identical sensitivity to all the phosphonium compounds investigated. The present work is the first attempt to use quaternary phosphonium salts (the so-called "hydrophobic ions") in comparative enzymological investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Anesthesia in the geriatric patient.

Geriatric anesthesia, or anesthesia in the aged, is no different from anesthesia in younger patients, except that it takes less and lasts longer. Both the anesthesiologist and the surgeon must treat the aged patient with care and gentleness. We must be ever aware that each vital system can be irreparably damaged by our slightest inattention to minute detail. Dr. Harold Griffith once said, "The straw which breaks the camel's back may be a very small one when the camel is nearing the end of its journey."

Aged↗
PubMed1966

Evidence of typhus infection in domestic animals in Egypt.

Previous work suggested that domestic animals could act as a reservoir of epidemic typhus. To test this hypothesis, sera from buffaloes, camels, donkeys, goats, pigs and sheep in different parts of Egypt were submitted to the complement-fixation test, using the common soluble typhus antigen. The highest percentage of positive results was obtained with camel and donkey sera and the positivity rate was higher towards the end of the year than in June and July. Animals from the Western Desert area were more frequently positive than those from other regions. Attempts to isolate rickettsiae by intraperitoneal injection of guinea-pigs resulted in some febrile reactions, but so far no rickettsiae have been isolated.

Animals↗