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PubMed2006

An anthropometric study of relationships between the clival angle and craniofacial measurements in adult human skulls.

UNLABELLED: STATING BACKGROUND: The clival angle, between the ethmoidal plane and the clival plane, measures the cranial base angulation. Relations between cranial base angulation and facial patterns have been discussed and present contradictory evidence. The aim of this study is to determine whether correlations could be found between the clival angle and craniofacial measurements. METHODS: This study was carried out on a sample of 235 human skulls. Twenty landmarks were marked. The clival angle and 16 other variables were measured and compared using analysis of variance. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a relationship between the clival angle and six measurements (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the clival angle and the cranial lengths, the nasomaxillary sagittal measurements and palatal length but the width of the foramen magnum had a negative correlation. No significant relationship was found between the clival angle and the cranial height and widths, the palatal width, the length of the foramen magnum and the mandibular measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The trends found in this study with regard to the craniofacial lengths show that the nasomaxillary complex in humans has a stable position lying beneath the anterior cranial base. Transversal, vertical and mandibular variables have a more independent relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

p53 accumulation in ovarian carcinomas and its prognostic implications.

Intranuclear p53 accumulation is a common finding in many different human tumors and is associated with a worse prognosis in breast, colon, and lung carcinomas. We immunostained a series of common epithelial ovarian cancers to assess (1) the prevalence of p53 accumulation and its clinicopathologic correlations, and (2) its prognostic implications. The study population comprised 98 patients (83 with follow-up data). A variable degree of p53 immunoreactivity, strictly confined to the neoplastic cells, was detected in 54 tumors (55%). Among these tumors there were 10 low expressors (1% to 10% immunoreactive tumor cells), 16 moderate expressors (10% to 50% immunoreactive cells), and 28 high expressors (> 50% immunoreactive cells). The prevalence of p53 immunoreactivity did not show any association with the histologic type of the tumors or with the disease stage at presentation. p53 Accumulation, however, was significantly more prevalent among poorly differentiated tumors (P = .0059, by analysis of variance). Life table analysis demonstrated that patients with tumors showing moderate and high p53 expression had worse disease-free and adjusted lengths of survival (P = .0011 and P = .0025, respectively, by Mantel-Cox). The patients with "early stage" disease (stages I and II) and p53 accumulation showed a trend toward shorter length of survival, but this did not reach statistical significance. However, patients with "advanced stage" disease (stages III and IV) and moderate or high p53 accumulation had a poorer prognosis (P = .0154 and P = .0171, for disease-free and adjusted length of survival, respectively). These results suggest that p53 accumulation occurs more frequently in tumors with aggressive behavior and that p53 immunoreactivity may have a prognostic role in certain subsets of patients with ovarian carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Perceived knowledge, attitudes, and practices of California registered dietitians regarding dietary supplements.

A convenience sample of California registered dietitians (RDs) (n=253) completed a survey investigating the perceived knowledge, attitudes, and practices of RDs who had or had not received formal training in use of dietary supplements. We also examined whether differences existed between RDs registered before or after 1997, when the American Dietetic Association began requiring that dietetics curricula include basic knowledge of dietary supplements. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance and chi2 analysis. Among this sample of RDs from California, those registered before 1997 (n=194) were more likely (P<0.05) to agree that they are knowledgeable regarding supplement use, safety, interactions, and contraindications than those registered after 1997 (n=46), and were more likely (P<0.05) to assess client use. Among this sample of RDs from California, those reporting that they had received formal training in dietary supplements (n=145) were more likely (P<0.05) than those who had no formal training in supplement use (n=105) to agree that they are comfortable discussing supplements with the public; are knowledgeable regarding uses, safety, interactions, and contraindications of supplements; and assess client use. Providing RDs professional education opportunities on supplements continues to be warranted.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Effects of staining and bleaching on color change of dental composite resins.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Discoloration of resin-based composites by colored solutions is a common problem. The use of bleaching agents for discolored natural teeth is becoming increasingly popular. It is not clear if bleaching agents can remove the stain from composite resins. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 staining solutions and 3 bleaching systems on the color changes of 2 dental composite resins. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five disk-shaped specimens (9 x 2.5 mm) of each of 2 composite resins, Filtek Supreme (FS) and Esthet X (EX), were prepared. The specimens were then divided into 3 groups of 15 specimens each and immersed in 2 staining solutions (coffee or red wine) or distilled water (control) for 3 hours daily over a 40-day test period. The 3 groups were then divided into 3 subgroups (n = 5), and 3 bleaching agents (Crest Night Effects, Colgate Simply White Night, or Opalescence Quick) were applied to the surface of the specimens over a 14-day period. Color of the specimens was measured with a spectrophotometer using CIELAB color space relative to CIE standard illuminant D55 at baseline, after staining, and after bleaching. The color differences (deltaE(ab)*) between the 3 measurements were calculated. The value deltaE(ab)* = 3.3 was used as an acceptable value in subjective visual evaluations. Analysis of variance and nonparametric analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test) were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: After staining, FS had more color change than EX and was more affected by the wine solution. After bleaching, the color of both EX and FS specimens returned to the baseline. The color differences between bleaching and baseline were less than value deltaE(ab)* = 3.3 for all groups. CONCLUSION: The nanocomposite (FS) changed color more than the microhybrid composite (EX) as a result of staining in coffee or red wine solutions. After bleaching, discoloration was removed completely from the composite resins tested.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles on maternal serum biological markers for the detection of fetal trisomies.

OBJECTIVES: We studied the stability of maternal blood markers for screening for Down syndrome (alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, intact human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin) upon repeated freeze-thaw cycles. DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty-three samples collected from second trimester normal pregnancies were submitted to five freeze-thaw cycles. After each cycle, the markers were measured using kits and instruments from Wallac Canada (AutoDelfia). Results were compared by repeated measures analysis of variance and by analysis of linear trend (after mathematical transformation of the results in order to decrease between-sample variation) as a function of the number of freeze-thaw cycles. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed by ANOVA (p > 0.1) for any marker. Intact hCG showed a statistically significant linear downward trend (slope = -0.0063, p = 0.009) while free beta-hCG increased (slope = 0.011, p = 0.004). After five freeze-thaw cycles, a mean decrease of 3.2% is predicted for intact hCG while free beta-hCG would increase by 5.5% on average. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the studied markers do not show clinically significant changes under the evaluated conditions. The observed changes of intact hCG and free beta-hCG would have a limited impact on the screening performance.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

The expression of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) with regard to the severity of endometriosis. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Infertility unit in a university hospital. PATIENT(S): Seventy-one infertile patients who underwent laparoscopic evaluation were divided into two groups: 36 patients with endometriosis served as cases, and 35 patients without endometriosis served as control subjects. INTERVENTION(S): Peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid (PF) were collected from these patients during laparoscopic examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Quantitative determination of levels of human ICAM-1 and IFN-gamma was performed with the use of an ELISA. The data were evaluated by Student's t-test, analysis of variance, and regression analysis. RESULT(S): Significantly elevated levels of soluble ICAM-1 were found in the sera of patients with endometriosis, especially those with advanced stages of the disease. Decreased IFN-gamma levels, which were negatively correlated with serum levels of soluble ICAM-1, also were noted in the PF of patients with endometriosis. CONCLUSION(S): The increased serum levels of ICAM-1 found in patients with endometriosis may indicate the presence of an active disease process. Further, the increased levels of soluble ICAM-1 in peripheral blood were inversely correlated with the concentrations of IFN-gamma in PF. The increased levels of soluble ICAM-1 in plasma may be associated with an immunologic feedback response that blocks further infiltration of immune cells. These findings may be of value in the diagnosis and evaluation of endometriosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Use of the multivariate approach to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of the treadmill stress test.

Twenty-one variables were analyzed in 142 male and 57 female individuals selected in a nonconsecutive fashion from a computerized list of patients with an angiogram and treadmill stress test. Patients were categorized as "normal" or "diseased" on the basis of angiographic results, significant coronary artery disease being defined as 70 percent or greater stenosis of one or more coronary arteries. Ten of the variables in males, and 14 of the 21 variables in females exhibited statistically significant differences between normal and diseased groups in univariate analysis of variance. Multivariate discriminant analysis, however, showed only three variable (duration, infarct by ECG, and ST depression in the immediate recovery period) to be significant in the final ranking for males; while five variables (infarct by history, presence of anginal pain during the test, ST resting changes in the normal individual, infarct by ECG, and age) were significant discriminators in females. For males, the sensitivity was 84%, the specificity was 80%, and the predictive value was 89%. For females, these values were 85%, 94% and 90%, respectively; while the entire group they were 85%, 86%, and 89%. In the classification matrices, males showed a misclassification percentage of 17% while females showed a 9% misclassification rate. Most of the misclassifications occurred with posterior probabilities ranging from 0.5 (50%) to 0.7 (70%); very few patients with high posterior probabilities were misclassified. It is concluded that multivariate discriminant analysis is a reliable means of determining the probability of coronary artery disease in a highly select group of patients; i.e. a large enough number of patients could be correctly classified with a high degree of certainty.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Comparison among air pollutants, meteorological conditions and some chemical parameters in the transplanted lichen Usnea amblyoclada.

The response of Usnea amblyoclada (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. to real concentrations of atmospheric pollutants measured by two automatic monitoring stations, was studied in Córdoba City, Argentina. The influence of different weather conditions on the biomonitor's response was also assessed. The concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, hydroperoxy-conjugated dienes, and malondialdehyde were quantified in lichen thalli collected from a clean area and in transplanted thalli after 1 month of exposure in an urban area, from April to October, 1996. The dry weight/fresh weight, chlorophyll b/chlorophyll a and phaeophytin a/chlorophyll a ratios were also calculated. Data sets were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis. It was observed that hydroperoxy-conjugated dienes, malondialdehyde, chlorophylls, and pigment degradation increase during winter-time, when higher levels of suspended particles, non-methane hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide and ozone were also measured. These findings would be connected mainly with meteorological conditions, as most pollutants did not exceed prescribed threshold levels.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2003

Striatal size, glucose metabolic rate, and verbal learning in normal aging.

The striatum has recently been implicated as an area that may mediate age-associated cognitive decline because of diminution of volume and functional activity. We used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) with positron emission tomography (PET) and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine the effects of age on striatal glucose metabolic rate and size in 70 healthy, normal subjects. During the FDG tracer uptake period, subjects performed a serial verbal learning task, based on the California Verbal Learning Test. PET images were co-registered to the MR images. The interrelations among striatal glucose metabolic rate, size, and performance on the verbal learning task were examined with repeated-measures analysis of variance and correlational analysis. As age increased, relative glucose metabolic rate (GMR) increased in the putamen and decreased in the caudate. Female subjects had lower relative GMR than male subjects in the caudate, but equal in the putamen. Striatal size remained relatively constant across the lifespan in men but was lower in women aged 50-70 than in men. While there were significant associations between striatal activity and performance on the uptake task, these findings were mostly accounted for by age. The findings are consistent with our earlier report on the same cohort that demonstrated an age-related shift from anterior to posterior cortical metabolism, as the putamen receives primarily posterior cortical input and the caudate receives relatively more anterior cortical input. Findings of significant involvement of striatal functioning in verbal learning are most likely accounted for by age and suggest an age-related shift from anterior to posterior circuitry in the human telencephalon.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining in syndrome and nonsyndrome odontogenic keratocysts.

OBJECTIVES: The relatively aggressive behavior of the odontogenic keratocyst might be expected to correlate with the degree of proliferation of the cyst epithelium. The proliferation rate of odontogenic keratocyst epithelium was studied with the use of an antibody to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a nuclear protein expressed in cycling cells. STUDY DESIGN: We used the monoclonal antibody PC10 to examine 41 odontogenic keratocysts (21 associated with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, 20 nonsyndrome), and assessed the number of positive nuclei in 1000 cells. Statistical analysis was carried out with analysis of variance and correlation analysis. RESULTS: Positive staining with proliferating cell nuclear antigen was seen in all keratocysts; in addition, there was a significant difference in proliferating cell nuclear antigen positivity between the syndrome and nonsyndrome keratocysts. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the view that epithelial proliferation plays a significant role in the behavior of odontogenic keratocysts and suggest that the more aggressive behavior in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome may correlate with a higher rate of epithelial proliferation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Critical thinking skills and dispositions of baccalaureate nursing students--a conceptual model for evaluation.

To date, little has been written on specifically what critical thinking is and what the scores reported on critical thinking instruments actually represent. This lack of specificity provided the impetus to examine critical thinking skills and dispositions of baccalaureate nursing students, to ascertain whether or not a significant difference exists between academic levels, and to ascertain, using the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) and the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), whether a relationship exists between nursing students' critical thinking skills and their critical thinking dispositions. The conceptualization of critical thinking consisting of two dimensions, cognitive skills and affective dispositions, developed by a panel of experts comprised the conceptual framework for this study. A cross-sectional, descriptive, comparative, and correlational study was undertaken in which two instruments, CCTST, Form A, and the CCTDI were administered to a convenience sample of nursing students representing five academic levels. The sample in the statistical analyses comprised 328 students. Results indicated that the total critical thinking mean score for students at each level reflected percentile ranking ranging between 48 and 65 per cent. The mean score for the critical thinking subscale, inference, had the lowest percentile rankings, ranging between 37 and 55 per cent. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical analysis indicated that students at the junior I level had the highest critical thinking mean scores, and students at the sophomore II level attained the lowest scores, reflecting a significant difference (P < or = .05). ANOVA also indicated a significant difference in the total critical thinking disposition mean scores between students at the junior I and senior I and II levels and those at the sophomore II level (P < or = .0000). Results indicated weak truth-seeking disposition scores among students at all levels. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient yielded a significant positive relationship between critical thinking skills and critical thinking dispositions (P < or = .01). The conceptual model, as well as its relevancy to the professional standards of Essentials for College and University Education for Professional Nursing (AACN, 1986), is presented. Recommendations are discussed in regard to nursing education, curriculum, and research.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Morphological variability in Fasciola hepatica eggs in ruminants, rodents and lagomorphs.

The length and width of 1297 Fasciola hepatica eggs shed in cattle hosts, 337 in sheep and 199 in nutria, were measured from several parts of France. The data were compared with those obtained from other studies in Spain, France (where rats were also investigated), Germany and the Netherlands. One way analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were used to assess differences between host origins. The distribution of length and width of eggs were analysed using skewness and kurtosis Fisher coefficients. The eggs recovered from sheep, cattle, rodents and lagomorphs were different in size: the eggs found in rodents (length L x width W in microm: 8592) and lagomorphs (L x W in microm: 9100) were smaller than those found in sheep and cattle (L x W in microm: 10,000). These morphological differences in F. hepatica eggs were host-induced in rats (L x W in microM: 9709 in cattle to 8949 in rats) and rabbits (L x W in microm: 9709 in cattle to 8432 in rabbits). These differences in size of eggs might correspond to their being less able to develop into miracidia in less frequent hosts such as rodents and rabbits.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1984

[Multivariate analysis of the clinical care of underweight patients].

In a patient group of "underweight" persons, a total of 20 factors of the pregnant status, of the course of pregnancy and birth, as well as of the perinatal birth result, were tested by means of univariate analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of discriminance. Despite marked complexity of the influencing parameters and their interactions, it is shown that it will be approximately sufficient to pay attention to a few parameters to arrive at a comparable objectivation of overall clinical results. It is also evident that conclusions valid for direct obstetric and perinatal medical work cannot be arrived at from retrospective analysis alone.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Epidermal growth factor augments postpneumonectomy lung growth.

OBJECTIVE: Epidermal growth factor has been shown to play an important role in prenatal and postnatal lung development, but little is known about its effects on adult lung growth. We hypothesized that postpneumonectomy compensatory lung growth can be augmented by the administration of epidermal growth factor. METHODS: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups. Sham left thoracotomy was performed in the first group (group C), left pneumonectomy in the second group (group P), and left pneumonectomy with administration of epidermal growth factor (0.2 microgram/g body weight intraperitoneally, at 72-hour intervals) in the third group (group E). The right lung growth was studied in each group 1, 3, 5, 10, and 21 days after the operation. Lung weights (in grams) and volumes (in milliliters) were expressed as a ratio to the total body weight (in kilograms) (lung weight and volume indices). Epidermal growth factor receptor was quantitated by using Western blotting. RESULTS: Using analysis of variance and contrast analysis, we noted a significant increase in lung weight index in group E versus group P rats at 3 days (3.08 vs 2.75; P =.034) and 21 days (4.62 vs 3.61; P =.006). Lung volume index was significantly increased in group E versus group P rats at 5 (16.98 vs 15.09), 10 (24.48 vs 18.81), and 21 (28.54 vs 21.01) days (P <.001). Epidermal growth factor receptor was noted to be up-regulated in the lungs of animals that received exogenous epidermal growth factor. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that administration of exogenous epidermal growth factor has a significant effect on postpneumonectomy lung growth. This process may be mediated by an up-regulation of growth factor receptor expression in the contralateral lung.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1982

A manipulation-free design for single-subject cerebral palsy research.

This study describes single-patient research free of treatment manipulation and base-line constraints and a method of analyzing effects and changes occurring over time. The design is presented and illustrated through a case study that compares the relative merits of four treatments administered during the same six-month period to a five-year-old subject with spastic diplegia. Performance measurement was established apart from any of the treatments. The problem of assessing one treatment while controlling for others was absorbed into data analysis by an analysis of variance. Lag sequential analysis was used to investigate the possible lasting effects of treatments. While this manipulation-free design precludes testing one specific hypothesis to discover the absolute effect of a treatment, it is more efficient than traditional base-line designs and it avoids the ethical problem of withholding treatment while establishing base-line data. The manipulation-free design also allows the many nonrandom factors that contribute to subject performance, even during no-treatment periods, to be considered in the analysis.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Family presence during trauma resuscitation: a survey of AAST and ENA members. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Emergency Nurses Association.

BACKGROUND: The Emergency Nurses Association (ENA) has formally resolved that family presence (FP) during resuscitation and invasive procedures (TR) is the right of the patient and is beneficial for both patients and family members. Furthermore, FP during TR has been implemented at several trauma centers. Because this policy is controversial, a survey was conducted to assess the opinions of members of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) and ENA in regard to FP. METHODS: A survey instrument regarding FP during TR was mailed to the AAST membership (n = 813) and a random sampling (10%) of ENA members (n = 2,988). Questions regarding membership (AAST vs. ENA), age, gender, years in practice, trauma experience, the patient's right to FP during the primary survey, secondary survey, and invasive procedures, the potential effects of FP on trauma team function, and medicolegal implications were included in the survey. Qualitative and quantitative variables were analyzed by analysis of variance and chi2 analysis, respectively. Responses to questions by using a Likert Scale for degree of agreement were analyzed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: A total of 1,629 (AAST, n = 368; ENA, n = 1,261) surveys were returned (43.4% response). There were 44 surveys returned as undeliverable (1.2%). The members of the AAST were older, more likely to be male, had been in practice longer, and had greater trauma experience when compared with ENA members (p < 0.001). More AAST than ENA members (97.8% vs. 80.2%) believed that FP during all phases of TR was inappropriate (p < 0.001). Fewer AAST members believed that FP was a patient right when compared with ENA members (p < 0.0001). The AAST members were more likely to believe FP interfered with patient care and increased the stress of trauma team members (p < 0.0001). The majority of AAST and ENA members had experience with FP during TR (55.3 vs. 67.8%; p < 0.001). However, the impressions of their experiences were widely disparate, with 63.6% of ENA and only 17.5% of AAST members, indicating that the experience was beneficial (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Attitudes toward FP during TR are significantly different between AAST and ENA members. Because of these differences in opinion, implementation of an FP policy may create conflicts between trauma team members and may interfere with the effectiveness of the trauma team.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Mycophenolate mofetil and C-reactive protein in renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and renal allograft loss. Little is known about the effects of immunosuppressive and cardiovascular risk-modifying drugs on CRP in renal transplant recipients. METHODS: We retrospectively identified stable patients with > or =1 highly sensitive CRP measurements between January 1 and August 31, 2005. Variables collected included patient demographics; transplant, dialysis, and cardiovascular disease-related variables; and medication profiles. Univariate correlations with CRP were assessed by unpaired Student t testing, analysis of variance, or chi analysis and followed by multivariate linear regression with stepwise backward elimination until a final stable model was attained. RESULTS: CRP levels were obtained in 298 recipients. In univariate analysis, body mass index (P<0.0001) and systolic blood pressure (P=0.009) showed a positive correlation, whereas number of immunosuppressive drugs (P=0.05) and use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (P=0.003) were negatively correlated with CRP levels. By multivariate analysis, only body mass index (P<0.0001) and MMF dose (P<0.0001) were independently and opposingly correlated with CRP. Mean CRP level was 5.18+/-5.7 mg/L in patients not taking MMF compared with 3.13+/-3.5 mg/L in those on 2000 mg per day (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: MMF use correlates inversely with CRP levels in renal transplant recipients, suggesting that immunosuppressive regime design may alter allograft and cardiovascular disease risk in these patients. Prospective study of the effects of MMF on novel cardiovascular disease risk factors such as CRP is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cortical mapping of visceral pain in patients with GI disorders using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify central loci that activate in response to visceral stimuli (stool and pain). We had a particular interest in observing the anterior cingulate gyrus and frontal cortex in normals and in patients with intestinal disease, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS: Subjects underwent rectal balloon distention to a sensation of stool and to a sensation of pain while undergoing blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Experiments were conducted in a Magnex 3.0-T whole body magnet with a Bruker Biospec console and a quadrature head coil. Four contiguous 5.0-mm oblique axial slices designed to optimize coverage of areas believed to be responsive to noxious stimulation were acquired. Activations were detected by using cross-correlation maps (p < 0.001) for individual subjects. The experimental groups were compared using both an analysis of variance and profile analysis. RESULTS: A significantly higher percentage of pixels activated in the anterior cingulate gyrus over both pain and stool conditions for the control group than for the IBS group and for the IBS group than for the IBD group (p < 0.035). Deactivation of left somatosensory cortex was greater for the IBS group than for the IBD group and greater for the IBD group than for the controls (p < 0.0065) in the boxcar condition. Frontal deactivation in controls compared with disease groups bordered on statistical significance. Profile analysis of the three groups across six regions of interest revealed that the control and IBD groups were distinguished by different profiles of response (p < 0.005). Nonparametric evaluation of the data suggests that, among the pixels in the anterior cingulate activating to pain, there are two patterns of response to pain-on/off and graded. This was true for both controls and disease groups. CONCLUSIONS: Normal controls and subjects with IBD and IBS share similar loci of activations to visceral sensations of stool and pain. Both activation and deactivation of particular regions of interest differentiate the three groups, as do profiles of patterned response across six of the regions of interest for the control and IBD groups.

Adult↗