[Symptomatology of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in chronic mercury poisoning or polyneuritis in chronic alcoholism, mercurial intoxication and Pick's atrophy].
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Alcoholism↗
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[Management of alcoholism, drug intoxication, and attempted suicide].
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Adolescent↗
The role of alcohol in new-onset atrial fibrillation.
Forty cases of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) were reviewed to establish the frequency of various causes. Alcohol intoxication caused or contributed to 14 cases (35%). Coronary artery disease (22.5%) and pulmonary disease (22.5%) were also common causes of acute AF. Among patients less than 65 years old, alcohol caused or contributed to approximately two thirds (63%) of the cases of AF. Thyrotoxicosis was uncommon (one case in 40); no patient had a diagnosis of mitral stenosis, pulmonary embolism, or pericarditis. There were no complications of AF in alcoholic patients; the majority (88.9%) converted spontaneously to a normal sinus rhythm within 24 hours. Alcohol intoxication should be considered early in the differential diagnosis of new-onset AF in young patients. Many patients may not require admission to an intensive care unit or a costly battery of diagnostic tests.
Aged↗
[Effect of alcohol on the lipid makeup of various sections of the human myocardium and blood plasma].
Lipidogramms of various parts of myocardium of the persons, decreased in acute alcoholic intoxication, were characterized by an increase in content of triglycerides, free fatty acids free and esterified cholesterol. Content of phospholipids in the myocardium was unaltered. Concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins, phospholipids and triglycerides was increased in blood plasma under conditions of acute alcoholic intoxication.
Adult↗
Effects of alcohol on verbal processing: an event-related potential study.
BACKGROUND: Behavioral studies suggest that alcohol intoxication impairs the speed and accuracy of word recognition and categorization, but alcohol's effects on the brain during verbal cognitive processing are not adequately understood. Using event-related potentials (ERP) and a word-recognition paradigm, this study investigated the effects of alcohol intoxication on prelexical, semantic, and mnemonic aspects of verbal processing. METHODS: Concurrent measures of ERPs and skin conductance responses were obtained in a word-repetition priming task and permitted a comparison of the effects of alcohol on the central and autonomic physiologic systems. Social drinkers participated in all four cells of the within-subjects balanced placebo design, in which the effects of alcohol and information as to the beverage content (expectancy) were manipulated. The average peak blood alcohol level peaked at 0.045%. RESULTS: None of the manipulations affected behavioral performance, and expectancy had no effect on any of the measures. In contrast, alcohol ingestion attenuated the temporoparietal N180, suggesting an impairment in prelexical pattern-recognition processes. Alcohol significantly increased the amplitude of N450 and the latency of P580, particularly on trials evoking sympathetic arousal as measured with skin conductance responses. CONCLUSIONS: Although behavioral measures were unaffected, ERPs showed that a moderately low alcohol dose affected verbal processing during both early, prelexical and late, semantic stages. Alcohol significantly increased the difficulty of semantic access and integration, as reflected in larger N450 amplitude and longer P580 latency. This effect was particularly prominent on arousal-related trials, suggesting that alcohol impairs processes that modulate cognitive functioning. The lack of an interaction between the factors of repetition and beverage suggests that a moderately low alcohol dose exerts these effects via the semantic and integration systems rather than via memory processes.
Adult↗
[Clotting and fibrinolytic activities in acute alcoholic golden hamsters with or without ether anaesthesia].
Fluid cadaveric blood is generally known as a characteristic of sudden death. However, it has been reported that soft blood clots have been observed in a number of cases of sudden death after alcohol drinking. Such a tendency was also recognized on autopsy cases in our laboratory. This study was carried out to reveal the effects on clotting and fibrinolytic system in golden hamsters under acute alcohol intoxication. Furthermore, the influences of ether anaesthesia were also observed. Activities of clotting and fibrinolytic factors were measured with fluorogenic peptide substrate. Prothrombin and factor X activities began to decrease 1 hr after administration of alcohol. But thrombin-like and factor Xa-like activities significantly increased after 1 hr and then returned to the initial value 4 hr after administration. Plasminogen activity began to decrease 1 hr after administration, whereas plasmin-like and t-PA-like activities increased after 1 hr and returned to the initial values or decreased after 4 hr. These results show that under acute alcohol intoxication clotting and fibrinolytic factors (prothrombin, factor X and plasminogen) in golden hamsters were converted temporarily to their active forms (thrombin, factor Xa and plasmin). No influence of only ether anaesthesia on clotting and fibrinolytic activities was observed. At 1 hr after administration of alcohol some effects of ether anaesthesia on prothrombin, prekallikrein and kallikrein were observed and then were not observed after 4 hr. But it seems that the influence of ether anaesthesia on clotting and fibrinolytic activities was negligible in the process after alcohol consumption.
Alcoholic Intoxication↗
Prospective study of the clinical predictors of a positive abdominal computed tomography in blunt trauma patients.
BACKGROUND: CT scans are often used in the evaluation of blunt trauma patients. Many scans are negative. Clinical predictors of positive abdominal CT scans would be beneficial in patient care. METHODS: A prospective study of 213 patients at a Level I trauma center presenting with blunt trauma who underwent abdominal CT scan. Indications for CT scan were analyzed statistically, using univariate and multivariate models. RESULTS: Univariate chi2 tests showed abnormal pelvis x-ray (p = 0.0002) and an intubated patient (p = 0.03) were predictors of a positive CT scan. When subjected to multivariate logistic regression, these two indications were significant predictors of a positive CT scan, abnormal pelvis x-ray (p = 0.0005, OR=6.6, 95% CI), and an intubated patient (p = 0.02, OR=2.6, 95% CI). Univariate chi2 tests also showed that alcohol intoxication was statistically significant predictor of a negative CT scan (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that an abnormal pelvis x-ray and intubation are significant risk factors for a positive CT scan. Alcohol intoxication, mechanism of injury, and unreliable examination, without other associated indication for a scan, may warrant further study.
Abdominal Injuries↗
[Opiate reception in the rat brain: the effect of chronic consumption of alcohol and reaferon].
Binding properties of opiate receptors were studied in brain tissue of alcoholized rats after administration of the interferon-derived drug reaferon using equilibrium radioreceptor assay. Chronic alcohol intoxication was accompanied by a decrease in affinity of opiate mu-receptors for ligands in the animals with alcohol intoxication and ethanol withdrawal. Alterations in parameters of delta-reception and in content of mu-receptors were not found. Daily administration of reaferon at a dose of 10(4) U within 1.5 month did not affect these impairments, observed in rats, studied in intoxication. However, the drug reduced completely the alcohol effect on receptors during the withdrawal period. Possible normalizing effects of reaferon on the state of opiate receptors are discussed.
Alcohol Drinking↗
Handwriting of the alcoholic.
Alcohol intoxication produces abnormal handwriting with manifestations that are thoroughly described in the literature of forensic science. A less known phenomenon is the peculiar handwriting changes found in alcoholics, especially individuals in the later stages of the disease. In addition to the two handwriting states of non-alcoholic drinkers (normal/sober and intoxicated) the alcoholic writer has a third state, handwriting done in withdrawal. Withdrawal is a state of tension resulting in handwriting characterized by irregularity, ataxia and tremor. This type of abnormal handwriting creates special problems of authentication requiring detailed background history and appropriate comparison specimens, but it can also be used to judge the writer's state of sobriety.
Alcoholic Intoxication↗
Physical exercise after alcohol intake: effect on plasma catecholamines and lymphocytic beta-adrenergic receptors.
The combined effects of alcohol intoxication and intense physical exercise on the adrenergic system were studied in eight healthy male volunteers. Ethanol (0.8 g/kg body weight) was administered perorally to bring about a mean serum concentration of 21 mmol/liter (0.1%); each subject also participated in an identical control session without alcohol. Acute alcohol intake alone did not change the concentrations of plasma adrenaline or noradrenaline or the density, affinity, and functioning (ability to mediate catecholamine-stimulated production of cAMP) of lymphocytic beta-adrenergic receptors. In contrast, acute ergometer exercise brought about an approximately 10-fold increase of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations, a 2- to 3-fold increase of beta-adrenergic receptor density and an enhancement of isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP production. Alcohol intake immediately before the ergometer exercise did not modify these changes. In conclusion, acute physical exercise activates the human adrenergic system, with an increase of both plasma catecholamines and lymphocytic beta-adrenergic receptors. Moderate alcohol intoxication does not affect exercise-induced alterations of these parameters.
Adult↗
Antisaccades and remembered saccades in mild traumatic brain injury.
The most common site of focal lesions after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is the frontal lobe. This lobe, however, is difficult to examine clinically. Neuroimaging is not performed routinely and usually shows normal results in uncomplicated trauma. Antisaccades (AS) and remembered saccades (RS) are neuro-ophthalmological tests of frontal function. This study examined whether there are disturbances of latency time or error rate of AS and RS in patients within 24 h after MTBI. Eye movements were studied with infrared-oculography. Data were obtained prospectively from 25 patients. An additional group of 6 patients with MTBI and alcohol intoxication were also examined. No statistical differences in AS or RS, either for errors or for latency time, were found between a group of age-matched controls and the patients, except in the group of alcohol-intoxicated MTBI patients. Our findings indicate that visual reflex inhibition and initiation of voluntary saccades were not disturbed in the nonintoxicated patients. It is hypothesized that the responsible frontal area was not affected. It is concluded that error rate and latency time of AS and RS are inappropriate measures for evaluating acute MTBI.
Adolescent↗
Alcohol abuse and dependence in elderly emergency department patients.
Although elderly people are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of alcohol, alcohol use disorders in late life have received relatively little attention in the literature. Our objectives were to assess the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (abuse and dependence), the medical profile and psychosocial characteristics in elderly people visiting emergency department (ED). A cohort of 2405 patients aged over 60 who came to the ED of a university hospital during a 3-month period was studied. Alcohol use disorder diagnosis (DSM-IV), medical profile and social characteristics were collected from retrospective review of patient files. The data derived from 128 patients (mean age, 69.8+/-6.8 years; 87% males) with alcohol use disorders and 128 non-alcoholic controls. The prevalence of current alcohol use disorder was 5.3%. The most common current alcohol-induced disorders were alcohol intoxication and alcohol-induced mood disorder. Social factors associated with alcohol use disorders were being homeless, living alone, being divorced and never married. Falls and delirium were frequent ED admission circumstances in elderly drinkers. Drinkers more commonly presented with gastrointestinal disorders. In conclusion, alcohol use disorders among older patients admitted in ED are common and occur more frequently among men. Falls and delirium are the main ED admission circumstances in elderly drinkers. Alcohol use disorders are also associated with gastrointestinal problems.
Aged↗
Alcohol myopathy: impairment of protein synthesis and translation initiation.
Alcohol consumption leads to numerous morphological, biochemical and functional changes in skeletal and cardiac muscle. One such change observed in both tissues after either acute alcohol intoxication or chronic alcohol consumption is a characteristic decrease in the rate of protein synthesis. A decrease in translation efficiency appears to be responsible for at least part of the reduction. This review highlights advances in determining the molecular mechanisms by which alcohol impairs protein synthesis and places these observations in context of earlier studies on alcoholic myopathy. Both acute and chronic alcohol administration impairs translational control by modulating various aspects of peptide-chain initiation. Moreover, this alcohol-induced impairment in initiation is associated with a decreased availability of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E in striated muscle, as evidenced by an increase in the amount of the inactive eIF4E.4E-BP1 complex and decrease in the active eIF4E.eIF4G complex. In contrast, alcohol does not produce consistent alterations in the control of translation initiation by the eIF2 system. The etiology of these changes remain unresolved. However, defects in the availability or effectiveness of various anabolic hormones, particularly insulin-like growth factor-I, are consistent with the alcohol-induced decrease in protein synthesis and translation initiation.
Animals↗
Elevated homocysteine levels in alcohol withdrawal.
Ethanol exerts its behavioural effects largely by interacting with receptors for brain neurotransmitters. However, the molecular mechanisms involving these interactions and the pathogenesis of alcohol-withdrawal symptomatology are still not well understood. Until recently, no data were available about homocysteine (Hcy) levels in acute alcohol intoxication of chronic alcoholics and in patients undergoing withdrawal from alcohol. Hcy, blood-alcohol concentrations, vitamins B6, B12, and folate concentrations were assessed in 29 chronic alcoholics, who underwent withdrawal from alcohol. We observed increased Hcy levels in most patients. Hcy levels steadily decreased during the observation period. We postulate that hyperhomocysteinaemia and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, by their agonism at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, may partly mediate alcohol-associated withdrawal symptomatology. The importance of assessing serum Hcy levels in order to detect methylation deficiency in patients with chronic alcoholism and for possible therapeutic strategies is discussed.
Adult↗
Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure due to cocaine intoxication in an alcoholic hepatitis C virus-infected patient.
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Adult↗
Acute and chronic effects of alcohol on preattentive auditory processing as reflected by mismatch negativity.
Chronic alcoholism, a major worldwide health problem, is associated with a variety of neurocognitive changes in the afflicted individuals. The precise neurophysiological basis of these changes is not yet understood. Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a preattentive event-related potential component indexing cortical auditory memory traces and automatic change detection in the brain that can be used to study the neural basis of cognitive impairments in various neurodegenerative diseases. MMN studies have revealed that even a low dose of acute alcohol significantly impairs automatic change detection and involuntary attention shifting. Recent MMN results on chronic alcoholism in turn suggest that auditory sensory traces decay slightly faster and are substantially more vulnerable to the distracting effect of backward masking in alcoholics than in healthy subjects. Furthermore, chronic alcohol abuse might accelerate the age-related impairment of automatic change detection. There is also evidence that the MMN changes might predict impaired performance in behavioral memory and attention tasks in alcoholics. In MMN studies of detoxified alcoholics, however, many confounding factors have to be taken into account. For instance, postwithdrawal brain hyperexcitability might be associated with a slightly enhanced or accelerated MMN/MMNm (the magnetic equivalent of MMN). In sum, MMN and MMNm provide an objective noninvasive tool for exploring the neurophysiological functional deficits related to both acute alcohol intoxication and chronic alcoholism.
Acute Disease↗
Alcohol self-administration by female macaque monkeys: a model for study of alcohol dependence, hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea.
Chronic alcohol dependence produces persistent amenorrhea in alcoholic women and female Macaque monkeys but the mechanism is unknown. In one amenorrheic alcohol-dependent monkey, prolactin levels increased from 16.5 to 63 ng/ml during chronic, high-dose alcohol self-administration (3.4 g/kg/day) and immunocytochemical examination of the anterior pituitary showed apparent hyperplasia of the lactotrophs. These data suggested that hyperprolactinemia might contribute to alcohol-induced amenorrhea. Four amenorrheic cycles (85-194 days) from two other alcoholic female monkeys that self-administered an average of 2.97 to 4.4 g/kg/day of alcohol were also studied. Each monkey became amenorrheic during the first menstrual cycle that alcohol was available. One monkey developed galactorrhea during a 97-day amenorrheic cycle when alcohol self-administration averaged 3.35 g/kg/day. Although prolactin levels were intermittently elevated above 20 ng/ml, average levels during these amenorrheic cycles (14.7 +/- 1.8 to 19.6 +/- 1.5 ng/ml) did not differ significantly from prolactin levels during normal ovulatory menstrual cycles when no alcohol was available (19.7 +/- 0.36 ng/ml). There was a negative correlation between daily alcohol dose and prolactin levels (p less than .01). High-dose alcohol self-administration was often associated with low normal prolactin levels, but a relative fall in alcohol dose was usually associated with elevated prolactin levels. These data suggest that both alcohol intoxication and relative alcohol withdrawal may alter basal prolactin levels. LH levels were significantly lower during amenorrheic cycles (16.9 +/- 1.2 to 24 +/- 1.4 ng/ml) than during nonalcohol control cycles (28 +/- 1.2 to 30 +/- 2.2 ng/ml) (p less than .001). These data are consistent with clinical data that suggest that hypothalamic amenorrhea is associated with suppression of gonadotropin secretory activity.
Alcohol Drinking↗
The taking of blood samples to test for intoxication.
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Alcoholic Intoxication↗