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At least 1,531 records · Page 85Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Polycythemia in the aviator.

A potentially serious medical condition was identified by evaluation of an apparently benign elevation in red blood cell count. Although most cases of polycythemia are benign, a thorough evaluation of the cause and manifestations of the disorder is recommended before issuing a medical certificate to any airman with polycythemia.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ecological/hygienic and toxicological evaluation of combustion products of aviation kerosene and liquefied natural gas].

Products of kerosene combustion in the present-day aeroengines contain more than 200 compounds of incomplete combustion, partial oxidation, and thermal decomposition of fuel and oil. Most of these are strong toxicants for humans. Increase of temperature in the turbine engine combustion chamber led to production of very toxic nitrogen oxides. In search for the ecologically safe and less toxic alternative attention of fuel engineers was drawn to liquefied natural gas which compares well and even excels kerosene in ecological, economic and many other respects.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2006

Cervical and lumbar MRI findings in aviators as a function of aircraft type.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Neck pain and lower back pain (LBP) are frequently reported by military helicopter pilots (HP) and fighter pilots. A small number of studies have used imaging methods to evaluate spinal cervical degenerative findings in pilots exposed to high +Gz, with results indicating an increase in cervical disk protrusions in this population. We evaluated the cervical and lumbar spine with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the prevalence of degenerative changes in three subpopulations of pilots. METHODS: Fighter pilots (FP), transport pilots (TP), and HP (10 pilots in each group) underwent cervical and lumbar MRI. Degenerative pathologic changes (disk herniation, cord compression, foraminal stenosis, and the presence of osteophytes) were evaluated in each group by two independent experienced radiologists. RESULTS: Cervical spine degenerative changes seemed to be associated with older age rather then aircraft type, affecting the older group of TP (8/10 pilots) more than the younger FP group who were exposed to high +Gz (3/10 pilots). In contrast, for lumbar spine degenerative changes, we found an uncommon pattern of lumbar spine degeneration in HP, affecting the upper part of the lumbar spine (10/13 disks found at L1-L4). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that HP may have detectable degenerative lumbar findings. More research is needed to validate these findings as well as to explore the possible pathophysiological link between occupational exposures and the specific involvement of the upper lumbar spine.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2006

Fatigue in military aviation shift workers: survey results for selected occupational groups.

BACKGROUND: Shift workers are particularly vulnerable to increased sleepiness, chronic fatigue, and decreased performance, which can adversely impact productivity and safety in military flight operations. This study examined the association of specific risk factors including work context and shift system details (squadron: remotely piloted aircraft [RPAI vs. manned aircraft [MA]), work/rest guidelines (career field: crewmember vs. maintainer), and participation in deployed operations (environment: home base vs. deployed) on subjective fatigue using standardized and validated fatigue questionnaires. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 172 U.S. Air Force (USAF) personnel was conducted from October 2004 to May 2005. The study sample was recruited from four different USAF occupational groups involved in some form of shift work to include irregular, rotational, or fixed shifts. RESULTS: Participants reported a mean (SD) of 6.6 (1.8) hours of sleep per day with no differences by squadron, career field, or environment. Mean daily sleep did not correlate with scores on the fatigue questionnaires. Mean scores on the fatigue questionnaires were associated with squadron (mean fatigue score: RPA > MA), but not with career field or environment. There were no significant interaction effects, nor were there significant effects based on the covariates age, gender, and rank. CONCLUSION: Work context, shift system details, or both appeared to best explain the observed differences in fatigue between USAF shift worker populations. Crewmember work/rest guidelines did not appear to be useful for mitigating fatigue associated with shift work. Shift work is intrinsically fatiguing, regardless of whether the shift worker is at home base or deployed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychopharmacology in aviation and astronautics].

Flights aboard modern vehicles are associated with high nervous-emotional and physical stresses. This may induce depletion of reserve capabilities, development of fatigue and, consequently, reduction of work capacity of crewmembers. The paper discusses approaches and results of the use of drugs by pilots and cosmonauts in order to alleviate their fatigue and emotional stress. It gives indications and contraindications for the adminstration of stimulants and tranquilizers. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the literature data and their own findings, the authors draw the conclusion that the use of stimulants and anxiolytics may increase the level of reliability and performance of air- and spacecraft pilots during programmed and, particularly, contigent situations of the flight.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1991

Testing the tests--an empirical evaluation of screening tests for the detection of cognitive impairment in aviators.

The FAA has expressed concern that flight safety could be compromised by undetected cognitive impairment in pilots due to conditions such as substance abuse, mental illness, and neuropsychological problems. Interest has been shown in the possibility of adding a brief "mini-mental exam," or a simple automated test-battery to the standard flight medical to screen for such conditions. The research reported here involved the empirical evaluation of two "mini-mental exams," two paper-and-pencil test batteries, and a prototype version of an automated screening battery. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value were calculated for each sub-task in a discriminant study of 54 pilots and 62 individuals from a heterogeneous clinical population. Results suggest that the "mini-mental exams" are poor candidates for a screening test. The automated battery showed the best discrimination performance, in part because of the incorporation of dual-task tests of divided attention performance. These tests appear to be particularly sensitive to otherwise difficult-to-detect cognitive impairments of a mild or subtle nature. The use of an automated battery of tests as a screening instrument does appear to be feasible in principle, but the practical success of a screening program is heavily dependent upon the actual prevalence of cognitive impairment in the medical applicant population.

Adult↗