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PubMed2002

[Evaluation of the severity of vascular impairment in the lower extremities in patients with chronic kidney failure].

BACKGROUND: Arterial ischemic disease represents highly serious complication for patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. The aim of the study was to examine peripheral arteries in the group of haemodialysed patients and to estimate the incidence and seriousness of pathological findings. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total 82 sonographic examinations of arteries in lower extremities using Multi Dopplex II set with graphic registration of dopplex curves was done in 53 dialysed patients. Blood pressure values of four peripheral arteries at legs together with blood pressure values at the brachial artery were evaluated as the ankle-arm index (API). Character of changes of dopplex curves was classified as SO index (obliteration index). Also with normal API, changes in SO were identified. SO index was significantly higher (p = 0.034) in patients of the peritoneal dialysis program in comparison with haemodialysed patients, in persons with diabetes the value was only marginally higher. Patients who died later (of the cardiovascular complications), the SO index was significantly higher then in others (p < 0.0001), though the API values were not different. Repeated testing in 29 patients after 6 months brought about worsening of the SO index (p < 0.00001) in those patients where no changes of API were seen. No relation with any of the followed biochemical parameters was found. CONCLUSIONS: To estimate most accurately the conditions of the peripheral arteries in dialysed patients ankle-arm index was used together with evaluation of the shape of dopplex curves (index SO). Such detailed Doppler examination has proved identifiable changes of arteries in 73 out of 82 cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Biochemical properties of Corynebacterium amycolatum strains].

C. amycolatum is the most commonly isolated nonlipophilic species of Corynebacterium from clinical samples. However, the lack of good commercial identification tests in microbiology laboratories causes some difficulties in C. amycolatum diagnostics. We decided to examine biochemical and enzymatic properties of isolated strains and analyze the occurrence of particular biochemical profiles (biotypes). Perhaps it would let improve the identification schemes. 70 strains of C. amycolatum were analyzed. The estimation of biochemical properties consisted of the results of API Coryne and API ZYM tests (bioMérieux), the ability of excreting of protease, esterase, lipase and lecithinase. Analyzed strains had various biochemical and enzymatic properties. Almost all strains fermented glucose (98.6%) and maltose (95.7%) and produced pyrasinamidase (94.3%). All strains produced alkaline phosphatase and phosphohydrolase, and 95.7%--acid phosphatase. Biotypes of particular strains were determined on the biochemical reactions included in the API Coryne tests. In the group of 70 strains 21 profiles were distinguished among which 3100325 biotype (35.7%) was dominant. The lipolysis was defined on Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, Tween 80 medium and with the API ZYM test usage. All strains produced esterase-lipase (esterase C-8), 95.7% of strains-esterase C-4, and 21.4% lipase C-14. Among analyzed strains 18.6% hydrolyzed Tween 20, 14.3% Tween 60, and 1.4% Tween 40. None of these strains demonstrated lipase and lecithinase activity. Difficulties in concerning C. amycolatum as pathogens justify further investigations.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1998

Drinking patterns and drinking problems among Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders.

Researchers are increasingly investigating the drinking behavior and associated consequences among Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders (APIs) in the United States. Among adolescents, APIs generally have lower rates of alcohol consumption and appear to be at lower risk for alcohol abuse compared with other ethnic groups. Similarly, the rates of drinking and heavy drinking have been found to be lower among API college students than among other ethnic groups. Among adult Asian-Americans, Japanese-Americans have the highest and Chinese-Americans have the lowest lifetime prevalence of drinking and heavy drinking. Southeast Asians (e.g., Vietnamese) living in the United States appear to be at high risk for heavy drinking. Numerous factors help determine the drinking patterns of APIs, including their economic status, educational attainment, and degree of acculturation as well as genetic and environmental factors, such as drinking norms and alcohol availability.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

Cytopathological pattern of cervical Pap smear according to the Bethesda system in Southwestern Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: Cervical carcinoma is an important women's health problem worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the abnormal cytological entities detected by cervical Pap smear in Al-Baha region of KSA, to reclassify the cytological findings according to the recently recommended Bethesda system and to discuss the significance of Pap smear's screening programs. METHODS: A retrospective study was designed to review the Pap smears from the archives of the Department of Pathology, King Fahad Hospital, Al-Baha over the last 10 years starting from 1994 to 2003 with correlation to the Bethesda system. Cytopathological aspects of Pap smears were reviewed with age distribution. RESULTS: Of the 2100 cases reviewed there were 166 cases (7.9%) with epithelial abnormalities that included: atypical squamous cells of undeterminate significance (ASCUS) were seen in 58 cases (2.76%) with age peak incidence (API) between 30-39 years; atypical squamous epithelium, cannot exclude high squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) was seen in 4 cases (0.19%); low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) including human papillomavirus was seen in 27 cases (1.3%) with API between 50-59 years and HSIL was seen in 14 cases (0.66%) with API between 40-49 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was seen in 7 cases (0.33%) with API between 50-59 years. There were 54 cases (2.57%) of atypical endocervical cells and 2 cases (0.09%) of atypical endometrial cells. CONCLUSION: Atypical squamous cells of undeterminate significance, LSIL, HSIL, invasive cervical carcinoma and sexually related infectious diseases are less frequently encountered in Saudi women and occur at older age compared to the Western countries. Fewer women are screened for this disease in this region and health education is very important to encourage more Saudi female to have this important screening test particularly in this region of KSA.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Clinical study on the effectiveness and side effects of hexetidine and chlorhexidine mouthrinses versus a negative control.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this clinical, controlled double-blind trial was to evaluate the effectiveness and side effects of two different mouthrinses. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Ninety subjects with gingivitis (or slight periodontitis) were randomly allocated to three groups: group 1, Chlorhexamed (0.1% chlorhexidine); group 2, Hexoral (0.1% hexetidine); and group 3, a placebo-control compound. The subjects were instructed on how to use the mouthrinse. At baseline, as well as after 2 and 4 weeks, the Approximal Plaque Index (API), the Bleeding Index (BI), the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs, the Gingival Index (GI), and the Discoloration Index (DI), were measured. Statistical analysis was carried out with the Kruskal-Wallis test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: In group 1, the mean API improved significantly (P < or = .001) after 4 weeks. The mean BI was reduced significantly, as was the GI. In group 2, the mean API and the mean BI both decreased significantly, and a statistically significant reduction of the GI was also seen. In group 3, significant improvements of the mean values of all parameters were documented after 4 weeks. When comparing group 3 with groups 1 and 2, the difference in the reduction of the API was statistically significant (P < .002). No statistical difference could be shown when comparing groups 1 and 2. Regarding the improved results of the BI and the GI, no statistically significant difference was found in the effectiveness of all 3 compounds. All 3 groups showed some increase in the mean DI after 4 weeks. Comparing groups 1 and 2 directly, the difference in the increase in the discoloration of the teeth was statistically significant (P = .0035). There was no statistical difference in the mean discoloration scores comparing groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSION: This double-blind clinical trial demonstrated Hexoral to be a useful alternative to Chlorhexamed mouthrinse, as well as one causing less discoloration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Antiphospholipid syndrome and stroke].

Antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by arterial or venous thrombosis, and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). APL are considered to be a cause of an acquired hypercoagulable state leading to stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). We examined the causes in 50 young patients with ischemic stroke. The most prevalent cause was atherosclerosis and the incidence of APS was 12.5%. APL comprise a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies, such as beta2-glycoprotein I dependent anticardiolipin antibody (beta2-GPIaCL), lupus anticoagulant (LA), and other antiphospholid-protein antibodies. We examined the incidence and the pathogenic role of antiphospholipid protein antibodies. The subjects comprised 250 patients (155 male, 95 females) with ischemic stroke, aged 26 to 92 years (mean 72 years). We measured beta2-GPI aCL, IgG aCL, LA, phosphatidyserine dependent antiprothrtombin antibody (PS-PT), antiphosphatidyl-serine antibody (PS), antiphosphatidyl-inositol antibody (PI) in each patient. The incidence of beta2-GPI aCL, IgG aCL, LA, phosphatidyserine, PS-PT, PS, and PI was 2.8%, 12%, 9.2%, 7.2%, 9.6%, and 8.8%, respectively. The incidence of young stroke patients under 50 years was 5.2%. Among 13 young stroke patients, 5 had SLE. Among 23 patients with LA., 18 (78%) patients had PS-PT. Anti-PS-PT antibody is closely related to LA. Antinuclear antibody was detected in 79% of the patients with aPS and/or aPI. We compared the carotid ultrasonographic findings in positive aPI or aPS patients with those in negative ones. Increased IMT, plaque score and carotid stenosis were more common in aPI and aPS-positive patients than in negative ones Three of 5 patients who showed positive beta2-GPI, aCL and LA, simulataneously, had sysyemic lupus erythematosus as an immulological background. Two of 3 patients with PI and/or PS and beta2-GPI and/or LA were patients with SLE. Antiphospholipid antibody was considered to be a risk factor of stroke, especially in SLE and/or young female patients. The incidence of lupus anticoagulant is more common than beta2-GPI aCL in ischemic stroke. In SLE patients with stroke, multi-antiphospholipid-protein antibodies was inclined to be present. LA is closely related to ant-PS-PT and aPI and aPS are associated with anti-nuclear antibody and precipitation of atherosclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of different methods in order to identify Proteus spp].

Comparison of different methods in order to identify Proteus spp. The objectives were: (a) to identify Proteus strains to species level, following Farmer's and O'Hara's conventional biochemical reactions; b) to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of both the API 20E method and a schema of reduced reactions (TSI and MIO agar: motility, indole and ornithine) comparing them with conventional methodology, and c) to evaluate the utility of SDS-PAGE (total proteins) in order to identify Proteus strains to species level. Two hundred and five Proteus spp. clinical isolates, were collected between January 1998 and September 2004, from inpatients and outpatients at Hospital de Clinicas. Strains were identified by means of conventional methodology, the API 20E method, and a schema of reduced reactions. SDS-PAGE (total proteins) was used in 48 out of the 205 strains. The API 20E method identified 79 out of 87 (90.8%) strains of P. mirabilis, 103 out of 103 P. vulgaris complex, and 15 out of 15 P. penneri. Eight strains of P. mirabilis were identified as Proteus spp., the acid production from maltose being necessary to identify them to species level. The schema of reduced reactions identified 205 out of 205 (100%) strains, that is, this schema of reduced reactions identified all the strains to species level without any additional tests, in marked contrast to the API 20E method. The SDS-PAGE (total proteins) identified the three species of the genus, even if the strains of P. mirabilis showed different biochemical reactions.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1990

Ornithine decarboxylating strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae demonstrated by DNA-DNA hybridization.

Genotypic relatedness was assessed to clarify the taxonomic position of strains phenotypically behaving like K. pneumoniae, but for the ornithine reaction. Using DNA-DNA hybridization it could be shown that 25 non-motile ornithine decarboxylating strains showed high genotypic relatedness to the type strain of K. pneumoniae. Thus, it is proposed that they be considered as ornithine decarboxylating strains of the species K. pneumoniae. The API 20E system was used for phenotypic characterization, but the API code obtained by these strains was not registered in the API Profile Index. However, except for the ornithine reaction the isolates behaved as typical K. pneumoniae. Three ornithine negative strains of E. aerogenes were identified as K. pneumoniae by the API 20E System, but they showed high genotypic relatedness to the type strain of E. aerogenes.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1988

Broiler pulmonary hypertension syndrome. III. Commercial broiler strains differ in their susceptibility.

Broilers of 4 different commercial strains were kept during winter at an altitude of 1,350 m. The birds were slaughtered at weekly intervals and their relative right ventricular mass (pulmonary arterial pressure index = API values) determined. In addition, the incidence of ascites was recorded. Two of the strains suffered high losses from ascites, while the other 2 showed a certain degree of resistance. The former 2 groups had a higher mean API and a greater percentage of high API values in clinically normal birds than the other 2 groups. The group with the lowest incidence of ascites achieved the highest mean live mass at 51 days. There was also a decrease in mean API with age in clinically normal birds. There was no difference in the incidence of ascites between males and females.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

[Differentiation of nonfermenting gram-negative human-pathogenic rod bacteria from sewage water].

In the present paper the examination of the new microidentification-system API 20 NE for clinically important nonfermenters is reported. The origin of all strains tested was non-clinical (sewage, tap-water, food-stuff and other environmental sources). One hundred thirty four strains were examined simultaneously in the API 20 NE and by standard tests. One hundred twenty three strains, which included 23 species could be identified conformably. Out of 11 strains, not or misidentified in the API-system only 2 could be classified to species level by conventional means, the remainder were diagnosed to genus level only. Causes are discussed. Our data suggest that the API 20 NE is also a useful aid in routine diagnosis in environmental hygiene for clinically important nonfermenters. It allows a short-time-diagnosis with a high degree of specificity and reliability.

Food Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of six systems for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae.

Six widely used commercial systems for Enterobacteriaceae identification (API 20 E, API 10, Enterotube, Enterotube II, Micro-ID and Minitek) were evaluated at the same time by testing 611 organisms. Conventional media were used for comparison. API 20 E, Enterotube II and Micro-ID were highly accurate and identified about 91% of the strains to the species level. The remaining organisms required additional tests and only a small minority was misidentified. Percentages of correct identification to the species level were 87.2 for Enterotube, 74.9 for API 10 and 67.1 for Minitek. Enterotube, Enterotube II and Micro-ID were, in our hands, the easiest systems to operate.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1984

Heterogeneous growth and mental development of intrauterine growth-retarded infants during the first 3 years of life.

Postnatal growth and development were studied in two groups of term infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and one group of infants with normal birth weight up to 3 years of age (total sample, 205 infants). Infants with IUGR were classified as having low ponderal index (IUGR-LPI) or adequate ponderal index (IUGR-API). At birth, the two groups of infants with IUGR had similar birth weight, but length and head circumference measurements were significantly different. Overall, the IUGR-API infants remained lighter and shorter and had smaller head circumferences up to 30 months of age. The IUGR-LPI infants experienced catch-up growth in weight during the first months, because of greater fat deposition. At 24 months of age, the IUGR-API infants scored below the others on mental items. At 3 years of age the IUGR-API infants had the lowest values on seven of eight developmental measures and on the composite score; at these two time periods, the group with normal birth weight scored the highest, and the IUGR-LPI infants obtained intermediate values. It is concluded that infants with IUGR tend to follow postnatal growth and developmental patterns that are associated with their physical characteristics at birth.

Body Height↗
PubMed1983

Factors contributing to the in vitro development of Ascaris suum from second-stage larvae to mature adults.

When a three-step roller culture system was used, second-stage larvae of Ascaris suum, artificially hatched from eggs, developed in high numbers to the fourth stage, and a few to young and mature adults. The culture system consisted of (1) Medium KW-2 supplemented with 10 mM L-cysteine for the first 4 days, and with 5 mM L-cysteine for the following 7 days; (2) followed by Medium API-18 for 7 days; and (3) thereafter, by Medium API-1 supplemented with hemin (bovine) at a concentration of 24 micrograms/m1. Cultures were gassed with 95% nitrogen-5% carbon dioxide for the first 4 days and 85% nitrogen-5% oxygen-10% carbon dioxide thereafter, and incubated at 39 C. Two mature females that produced unfertilized eggs and a mature male with spermatozoa were the most advanced stages attained. The mature females were obtained in 67 and 73 days; and the largest female measured 110 mm. The latter produced 1,356,000 unfertilized eggs, from days 67 to 125. The mature male was obtained in 80 days; it measured 77 mm long and had paired spicules that were 1.5 mm long. Development of A. suum in three other culture systems showed that deletion of Medium API-18 or its substitution by Medium KW-2 limited development to late fourth stage and early, young adults, respectively; and the use of Medium API-1 without hemin limited development to early fourth stage.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Performance of yeast identification systems. An analysis of the College of American Pathologists Special Mycology Survey data.

The performance of approximately 400 participants in the CAP Special Mycology Survey in identifying 15 medically important yeasts was analyzed. With nine strains, users of the API 20C system and Uni-Yeast-Tek (UYT) systems performed comparably. With two strains (Trichosporon cutaneum and Candida guilliermondii) the UYT users performed significantly better than API users; with four strains (Cryptococcus albidus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and two strains of Candida tropicalis), API users significantly outperformed UYT users. Analysis of biochemical reaction patterns demonstrated, with a few exceptions, good reproducibility among laboratories with both kits. With one exception (melezitose-variable Candida albicans), the few discrepancies in biochemical reactions had little or no influence on the final identification. From this analysis, we conclude that both API and UYT perform acceptably well in routine clinical laboratories when used in conjunction with morphologic observations and, when indicated, supplemented biochemical test.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A portrait of Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States.

Asians and Pacific Islanders (API) have an increasingly visible presence in the United States. This diverse population--encompassing persons with ancestry from East and Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Pacific islands--has grown at a faster rate than any other major racial or ethnic group. In 1996 Asian Americans numbered approximately 9.7 million (up from 3.8 million in 1980), nearly 4 percent of the U.S. population. The Census Bureau projects that this population group will reach 34.4 million by 2050, representing roughly 9 percent of all Americans. While immigration has fueled much of this growth, Asians' young age structure also will help boost their numbers in the next century. Fifty-six percent of Asian Americans live in three states--California, New York and Hawaii. Asian Americans comprise very small proportions of the populations of most other states. About 77 percent of the 2.8 million API households in 1996 were families, compared with 69 percent of white households. Roughly one in six Asian American households has five or more persons, compared with one in 12 white households. Educationally, Asians tend to be high achievers--42 percent of all API adults have at least a bachelor's degree, compared with 26 percent of while adults. Two-thirds of Asian Americans participated in the civilian labor force in 1996. Among employed Asians, one-third held managerial and professional jobs. Both proportions were roughly the same as for whites. Although the median income for API households was 9 percent higher than for white households in 1995, this difference is largely due to Asian households having more workers contributing to the household income. Despite these apparent measures of success, the poverty rates for Asian American families and individuals are nearly twice as high as those for whites.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Serum proteolytic activities and antiproteases in human colorectal carcinoma.

Some proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, cathepsin B, cathepsin D, collagenase, elastase and their inhibitors, API and AMG, in serum of patients with colorectal carcinoma have been evaluated. Twenty patients belonged to stage B of colorectal carcinoma, twenty two patients to stage D (Astler and Coller classification) and a control group of thirty healthy volunteers were evaluated. Except in cathepsin D, patients exhibit higher enzymatic activities than healthy subjects, and both groups have all the proteolytic activities assayed in serum. Patients with disseminated disease have increased cathepsin B and collagenase levels, with a decrease of trypsin activity, showing an increment in API and AMG in sera. However, only the API values were significantly higher in patients with metastases. The coexistence of proteolytic activities in human sera together with their inhibitors is considered as well as the origin of these, tumoral and/or reactive, increments. Cathepsin B levels are raised in colorectal neoplasms and contribute to the destruction of the extracellular matrix and the proliferation of tumoral cells. There is evidence that a relation between collagenase like activity and tumor invasiveness exists. Cathepsin B and collagenase increases agree with the tumoral mass. On the other hand, trypsin decrease in metastatic carcinoma is probably related to the increment of their inhibitors, API and AMG, acute phase reactant proteins.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differentiation of marine luminous bacteria using commercial identification plates.

Differentiation of marine luminous bacteria using Biology GN plate combined with API 20e or the BBL Crystal ID plate inoculated with cell suspensions in artificial seawater was accomplished by comparison to type species using cluster analysis. Inoculum density affected the results from Biolog GN plates, but had less of an effect on the reactions obtained from API 20e strip or BBL Crystal ID plate. In a few cases, combination of the Biolog GN traits along with either the API 20e or Crystal ID traits was necessary to differentiate some marine luminous bacteria.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1994

Consistencies between recalled panic and lactate-induced panic.

This study investigated the frequency and severity of symptoms during naturally occurring panic attacks recollected as "usual" and during sodium lactate-induced attacks. Seventy-six male and 126 female patients with panic disorder or agoraphobics with panic attack (DSM-III criteria) underwent lactate infusion studies and were serially administered the Acute Panic Inventory (API). Fifty-nine percent of the subjects were rated by an attending psychiatrist to have experienced lactate-induced panic attacks. Patients were also asked to API symptom rate their "usual" panic attacks. For panic recollected as usual, the most frequently reported symptoms (> or = 75%) at the moderate to severe levels included: afraid in general, difficulty concentrating, difficulty performing a job, desire to flee, afraid of losing control, palpitations, feeling hot or cold or both, dyspnea, dizzy-lightheaded. During lactate infusion, 25 of 29 API symptoms increased significantly from prelactate to point of panic; however, particularly robust effect sizes were exhibited for the desire to flee, dyspnea, tingling, twitching/trembling and difficulty doing a job. Comparison of panic recollected as usual and lactate-induced panic showed that more than half of the symptoms did not differ after Bonferroni correction; however, the most notable were fear in general, dyspnea, chest pain/discomfort, difficulty swallowing, feeling weak, desire to flee, and feeling hot/cold or both. These data point to a very distinctive role during both recollected and lactate-induced panic attacks for fearfulness the desire to flee (by definition), and for dyspnea, difficulty performing a job and fear of losing control. During lactate-induced panic, dyspnea exhibited the most robust effect size of all physical symptoms.

Adolescent↗