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At least 1,513 records · Page 84Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Perception of hospital pharmacists/dispensing personnel of the essential drugs concepts (EDC) in Zimbabwe.

The perception of hospital pharmacists/dispensing personnel on the essential drugs concept in Zimbabwe was prospectively evaluated. To this end, 100 ad hoc questionnaires were mailed to the health professional cadre around the country in October 1989. 54 health centres responded and these consisted of 4 central hospitals, 3 provincial, 22 general and district, 14 rural hospitals, 7 private hospitals/clinics and 4 city polyclinics. These health centres serve an estimated population of 6 million people. Of the dispensing personnel, 22% had been trained in their respective health professions after 1983, i.e. after the introduction of the essential drug concept. 65% of the respondents had a working knowledge of the essential drugs concept. Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians made up 59% of the dispensing personnel, while nurses accounted for 32%. Significantly all respondents used the Essential Drug List for Zimbabwe hand book and they thought the concept is a good one.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1996

Subnational variations in conceptions.

Conception statistics are derived from information collected at the registration of live births, still births, and legal abortions. This article looks at how conception rates vary across England and Wales using the 1991 ONS area classification of DHAs (Population Trends 79). A comparison is made between age-specific conception rates for different area classification groups in 1993, and changes between 1983 and 1993 are examined. Correlations between certain social and economic factors and conception rates are also analysed.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality assurance: concepts, actions and reflexions].

Importance that the topic of quality of medical care has acquired in recent years, a number of concepts have been utilized to mean many strategies to improve the quality of care. This situation has frequently created confusion between terms such as: quality assessment, quality assurance, total quality management, quality guarantee, etc. The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework that allows not only to clarify the concepts but also the actions towards the improvement of the quality of care. Therefore, a multidimensional matrix is also proposed in order to classify the multiple actions referred about in the literature and to organize them. The conclusions are: 1) The term "Quality guarantee", at least in spanish, is absolutely pertinent when referred to the quality of medical care; 2) This concept becomes a solid starting point to implement concret actions by integrating different concepts and avoiding confusions; 3) The multidimensional matrix allows to systematize multiple actions; 4) Since there was not a similar conceptual framework it is expected that this paper allows to close the gap between thinking and doing on behalf of every body.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Empathy: a literature review and concept analysis.

Empathy appears to be an important concept in the interpersonal repertoire of the nurse. There are a number of definitions and models of empathy available in the literature. These definitions and models are explored and analysed using Walker & Avant's (1983) approach to concept analysis. A model case of the concept is described and the relevant defining attributes identified. A borderline case and an example of 'not the case' are also examined. This concept analysis may assist practitioners to develop the behavioural skills of empathy and to recognize and coach it in their students and colleagues.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Florence Nightingale's concept of home nursing: an analysis of her writings].

The purpose of this study is to identify Miss Florence Nightingale's concept of home nursing in the 19th century. The texts of her 27 writings were analyzed in terms of home nursing. In her writings of 1850's, she discussed patients' own homes as well as hospitals as the settings where nursing care should be provided. "Hospitals are an intermediate stage of civilization" was the recognition which formed the core of her philosophy. Miss Nightingale envisaged "nursing care provided to individuals in their own homes" was more desirable and could replace hospitalization. If in their own homes, patients could be helped to feel the everydayness and independency of their life. Miss Nightingale thought, a concept very similar to the concept of normalization of today. In her later years she expressed that she expected home nursing could become and everyday fact. Miss Nightingale used the term "home nursing" as early as 1900 in the same sense as it is today, the concept of home combined to that of nursing. It is one of the findings that should be noted in the history of home nursing.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1997

[Nursing personnel and the concept of care: a nursing administrative viewpoint].

In this article the importance of caring in nursing management was researched. A survey was undertaken between 1992 and 1994 with the purpose to investigate viewpoints of nurse managers and experiences of nurses regarding caring concepts. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire consisting of an adjusted Nyberg Caring Assessment Scale (Nyberg 1989) and other caring concepts selected from the literature. The survey was conducted among respondents of private hospitals in Pretoria. It was clear from the data analysis that nurse managers and nurses regarded caring as an important concept in nursing management. Perceptions of nurse managers regarding caring concepts and the experiences of nurses on caring in nursing management, differed substantially. It was clear that nurse managers and nurses experienced a need for training with regard to caring in nursing management.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A defense of the whole-brain concept of death.

The concept of whole-brain death is under attack again. Scholars are arguing that the concept of brain death per se--regardless of the focus on "higher," "stem" or "whole"--is fundamentally flawed. These scholars have identified what they believe are serious discrepancies between the definition and criterion of brain death, and have pointed out that medical professionals and lay persons remain confused about its meaning. Yet whole-brain death remains the standard for determining death in much of the Western world and its defenders believe this concept best maps onto our everyday conception of death.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Death: a concept analysis and application to practice.

Death is a commonly used concept but is surrounded by much mystery. The concept of death is examined using the Walker and Avant (1995) framework for concept analysis. The use of the concept death is considered in the intensive care unit. In the intensive care unit a conflict often exists between the curing culture and the inevitability of death.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Concept analysis: cultural competence.

To evaluate theory, concepts with that theory must be identified, analyzed and defined. The aim of this concept analysis of cultural competence is to clarify and differentiate the term as it is used in health care and nursing literature and to separate cultural competence from its measurement. Before the question of what is cultural competence can be answered, culture and competence--as separate terms--must be understood. Components of the cultural competence concept are identified along with its antecedents and consequences. Additionally, terms closely related to cultural competence are described and differentiated from the cultural competence concept. To add meaning to the analysis, a cultural competence model case and contrary case are supplied along with outcome measures and empirical referents for cultural competence. Finally, a concluding definition based on extensive review of literature sources such as archeology, anthropology, history, psychology, policy, criminal justice, occupational therapy, medicine, nursing, and education is provided.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1998

Association of sex of fetus, sire, month of conception, or year of foaling with duration of gestation in standardbred mares.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether sex of fetus, sire, month of conception, or year of foaling was associated with duration of gestation in mares. DESIGN: Epidemiologic retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS: 500 foalings for 296 Standardbred mares. PROCEDURE: Data for reproductive events from 1986 to 1992 were analyzed. Analyses were conducted to determine whether duration of gestation was associated with sex of fetus, sire, month of conception, or year of foaling. RESULTS: Mean duration of gestation was 343.3 days and was significantly greater for colt fetuses (344.4 days) than for filly fetuses (342.2 days). Sire was associated with duration of gestation; gestation after mating with certain sires was consistently less than 340 days in duration, whereas duration after mating with other sires was consistently more than 350 days. Duration of gestation was associated with month of conception, decreasing by about 2.5 d/mo for mares conceiving later during the breeding season. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Duration of gestation is affected by mating to specific sires and by month of conception. Stallions associated with exceptionally prolonged gestations might be used to breed mares early in the breeding season, whereas stallions associated with shorter gestations might be desirable for mares bred later in the breeding season. Preparations for impending parturition should be more effective and efficient with improved information on expected date of parturition.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The discovery of Chagas' disease and the formation of the early Chagas' disease concept.

This paper attempts to show how leading contemporary disciplines influenced the discovery of Chagas' disease and the formation of the early disease concept. Chagas was among the first generation of Brazilian trained scientists who incorporated modern principles of tropical medicine in its research. Thus, Chagas was familiar with characteristics of vector borne tropical diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. The detection of a hitherto unknown trypanosome in the gut of a reduviid bug prompted him to search for a related vector borne disease. Among the disciplines that were influential on Chagas' discovery and early disease description were pathology, entomology and parasitology. Parasitology as a new discipline was of crucial importance to tropical medicine and had a political dimension in the context of colonial medicine. Hence, leading scientists in tropical medicine were located in European countries and in the United States of America. One of these was the German Schaudinn School of Protozoology. The early description of American Trypanosomiasis can also be seen as a reflection of the Schaudinn School of Protozoology which dominated Chagas' scientific orientation towards parasitology with regard to the interpretation of the observed phenomena of the life cycle and the morphology and biology of T. cruzi. The first Chagas' disease concept was based on research of the biology and entomology of the trypanosome and its vector as well as on pathological studies of fatal cases. This concept was characterized by a confusion of some of the chronic forms of the disease, as iodine deficiency and goitre were endemic in some rural regions in Brazil. Therefore, early concepts of the disease faced strong opposition and even raised doubts about its existence.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Mutation of the concept of degeneration in French-speaking Switzerland 1870-1920].

Between 1870 and 1920 the concept of degeneration changed radically. Away from an organization principle of mental diseases, degeneration became progressively a disease entity capable of affecting the human species as a whole. In the French-speaking part of Switzerland, fear of a "degeneration of the race" reached considerable dimensions in the years around 1910. The study of the introduction and then diffusion of the degeneration concept reveals clearly the social commitment of the medical profession. Although the French-speaking Swiss psychiatrists showed no tendency to give clinical value to this concept, they are, however, at the origin, through this social discourse, of the success that the idea of degeneration had. Hygienist, anti-alcoholic and political environments took over the job to perpetuate this discourse and finally managed to empty the concept of degeneration of its substance.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1998

Modeling concepts in medicine for medical language understanding.

Over the past two decades, the construction of models for medical concept representation and for understanding of the deep meaning of medical narrative texts have been challenging areas of medical informatics research. This review highlights how these two inter-related domains have evolved, emphasizing aspects of medical modeling as a tool for medical language understanding. A representation schema, which balances partially but accurately with complete but complex representations of domain-specific knowledge, must be developed to facilitate language understanding. Representative examples are drawn from two major independent efforts undertaken by the authors: the elaboration and the subsequent adjustment of the RECIT multilingual analyzer to include a robust medical concept model, and the recasting of a frame-based interlingua system, originally developed to map equivalent concepts between controlled clinical vocabularies, to invoke a similar concept model.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1998

A psychoanalytic concept of metaphor.

Metaphor is defined as seeing something in terms of something else. Psychoanalysis sees the present in terms of the past and the past in terms of the present. It therefore relates past and present metaphorically to each other, which implies that both metaphor parts change each other. This view entails a broadening of the linguistic metaphor concept towards a supralinguistic, here psychoanalytic, one: metaphor is not only a phenomenon of language but of mentation; its units are not only words but psychodynamics. Familiar concepts of psychoanalytic theory are recast in the light of this psychoanalytic concept of metaphor. Symptoms are seen as the analysand's damaged ability to metaphorise past and present. Using interpretation the analyst helps the analysand to restore metaphorical processes that have been interrupted in their flow from the past to the present and from the present to the past. Metaphor restores the polysemy that is lost in neurotic suffering. The metaphorical processes within psychoanalysis are seen as common to all psychoanalytic schools that focus on the analysis of transference. The increasing attention the concept of metaphor is receiving within psychoanalysis is seen as related to a trend in today's science to more from objective categories to experiential ones.

Chronology as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Surgery and multimodal treatments in pancreatic cancer--a review on the basis of future multimodal treatment concepts.

BACKGROUND: To improve the surgical outcome after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinomas, multimodal treatment concepts need to be applied and improved. In spite of several positive studies, and the fact that multimodality treatment is the standard concept in major centers for pancreatic cancer surgery, a recent trial shed some doubt on the positive effect of adjuvant radiochemotherapy, so that the majority with reservations about multimodal treatment feel confirmed in their opinion that surgical treatment alone is sufficient therapy for resectable pancreatic cancer. The controversy among those for and against adjuvant treatment need an up-to-date review of the indications and results achievable with various treatment modalities. PATIENTS/METHODS: The literature on the indications and results of adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapies in pancreatic cancer was reviewed to provide a solid base for current recommendations and future developments. A special view was concentrated on the biology of the disease in the spontaneous course, after surgery and during/after various palliative and adjuvant/neoadjuvant treatment modalities, to characterize the disease for an optimally targeted treatment in conjunction with surgical removal of the tumor. The results of systemic and regional chemotherapy and radiotherapy either alone or in combination, before, during, and after surgery, were critically analyzed with respect to the oncological possibilities and pitfalls of each treatment method. RESULTS: In two randomized trials, one testing postoperative radiochemotherapy (GITSG), and one postoperative chemotherapy (Bakkevold), the adjuvant treatment achieved a significant prolongation of the median survival time. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were improved in the GITSG study. The EORTC-GITCCG trial could not confirm the benefit of adjuvant radiochemotherapy. This study had a different design than the GITSG trial. Several historical control studies supported the beneficial effect of postoperative radiochemotherapy. In three historical control trials using regional chemotherapy, one with intraoperative radiotherapy, the survival times were improved vs. surgery alone. Intraoperative or postoperative radiotherapy as single modalities might reduce local relapses, but a survival advantage is still debated. Preoperative neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy has several advantages (downstaging, devitalizing margins and lymph node metastases, compatibility of treatment vs. postoperative radiochemotherapy), and does not seem to increase the postoperative morbidity. Several trials have confirmed the feasibility of this concept, but no survival advantage has yet been proven. Systemic and regional chemotherapy is able to downstage primarily nonresectable pancreatic cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative adjuvant radiochemotherapy with up-to-date protocols can be recommended for routine treatment, if the surgeon or the patient desires to improve the usually remote prognosis after surgery alone. For those being undecisive or against adjuvant therapy, the participation in trials, e.g., ESPAC 1 and 2 studies, is strongly recommended. Regarding our own positive experience with adjuvant regional chemotherapy and in view of the postresectional progression pattern, we currently favour adjuvant radiochemotherapy, with the chemotherapy delivered regionally via the celiac axis. This concept will be tested vs. surgery alone in the ESPAC 2 trial. Neoadjuvant therapies have a great potential, but should be conducted within studies, such as pre-, intra-, or postoperative radiotherapy.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2026

How to assess different types of abstract concepts in brain disorders: A systematic review.

The clinical evaluation of semantic knowledge has predominantly relied on tools targeting concrete concepts, whereas abstract knowledge has historically received limited attention despite its importance in everyday communication. Only a few instruments have explored the internal subdivision of abstract knowledge, likely due to the intrinsic difficulty of defining specific types of concepts or dimensions, resulting in a fragmented and heterogeneous neuropsychological assessment framework that limits our understanding of this domain. This systematic review examined the tools used to assess various types of abstract concepts in clinical populations. A literature search has been performed on the electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar (last update: October 2025). A total of 17 tests is reviewed, differing in the test characteristics, i.e. ranging from automatic to controlled processes and varying in ecological validity, the type of stimuli employed, and the abstract dimensions explored. Most studies have focused on neurodegenerative patients, while comparatively few have examined other clinical conditions. The risk of bias of the reviewed studies was assessed using an ad hoc developed instrument. This review highlights the need for future research to extend investigations to additional abstract domains and clinical populations, while also identifying key challenges related to stimulus selection and the determination of the most appropriate assessment framework.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

A narrative inquiry into the Hong Kong Chinese adults' concepts of health through their cultural stories.

BACKGROUND: Abundant studies have investigated how health concepts held by individuals shape and are shaped by psychosocial and cultural factors, though many were limited to the conceptual level. The meaning and significance of health behaviours are better understood as an expression of something occurring over time. OBJECTIVES: This narrative study explores how Hong Kong Chinese adults understand the meaning of health and the ways by which they construct and express these meanings in their lives. Additionally, by recognizing the central features of temporality, personal-social interactions within a place/culture in narrative thinking, this narrative inquiry may help health-care professionals to revisit the meaning of health promotion within the context of an individual's life situation. METHODS: Five participants were recruited for the study. Data were collected through a series of audio-taped unstructured interviews and conversations with each participant. RESULTS: Findings underscore several features of participants' concepts and expressions of health: the significance of Confucian teachings on roles and responsibilities, Eastern view of self, Western biomedical orientation, and Hong Kong's unique work culture. Their responses not only express the attitudes and behaviours of individuals, but also the ways they engage in their constructed identity. CONCLUSION: Participants' concepts of health evolved over time according to the personal meanings attached to them at various life stages. While participants recognized the interconnectedness of the mind and body, the physical foci of traditional Western medicine remained salient in their health stories. Furthermore, there is a clear delineation of personal management of the psychological health and professional management of physical health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Concept clarification in professional practice--dignity.

Dignity is recognized as being important to maintain, but what is it, and is it the same for each person? The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of dignity, to clarify the concept in order to benefit clients, and to forward knowledge in nursing. The concept analysis was carried out by examining personal definitions of dignity contributed by students of DipHE Nursing courses, a literature review, and discussion with other professionals. The concept analysis contains a review of definitions, postulates critical attributes, offers case examples, and suggests related cases and antecedents. It is not intended to be conclusive, but to provide a catalyst for further thought and exploration.

Aged↗