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At least 1,513 records · Page 84Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

The caloric and intoxicating properties of fluid intake as components of stress-induced ethanol consumption in rats.

Rats housed continuously in a test environment for 25 days were offered water, 5% v/v ethanol, 10% v/v ethanol, and propylene glycol at 7.5% w/v. The propylene glycol concentration represented a caloric midpoint between the 5 and 10% ethanol. After 10 baseline sessions, during which preference for the four solutions was shown to be statistically equal, shock schedules were introduced. The consumption of ethanol at both concentrations showed significant peaks for the interval immediately following 12 min of shock each hour. Intake peaks were not observed for the water or propylene glycol. Baseline blood alcohol levels were negligible, but blood levels under shock averaged 143 mg/dl and ranged from 45.0 mg/dl to 295.0 mg/dl. After the shock sessions were terminated, baseline drinking indicated no significant change in preference relative to pre-shock baselines. but there was an elevation in preference for 5% ethanol relative to the other fluids. The preference for propylene glycol or water did not change.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

Arsenic species in drinking water, hair, fingernails, and urine of patients with blackfoot disease.

A large number of residents on the southwest coast of Taiwan suffer from an endemic peripheral vascular disease called blackfoot disease. Although the etiology has been investigated since 1958, the cause of blackfoot disease remains unknown. Certain substances contained in artesian well water have been implicated as causal factors, including arsenic as the predominant element. Data in this study demonstrated that in the well water collected from blackfoot disease regions of Taiwan there was a marked increase in total arsenic concentrations, with the predominant species being inorganic arsenical compounds. The concentrations of organic methyl arsenicals were present in minimal amounts. The excretion of total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, monomethylarsonic acid, and trimethylarsenic acid in the urine of patients afflicted with blackfoot disease was significantly higher than for control subjects. Further, in patients with blackfoot disease the concentrations of total arsenic and inorganic arsenic were markedly elevated in the hair and fingernails. Data suggest that blackfoot disease is associated with individuals ingesting well, water contaminated with arsenic primarily in the inorganic form and that hair, fingernails, or urine specimens serve as equally effective biomarkers of exposure. The fact that arsenic intoxication as manifested by blackfoot disease is still prevalent despite the stoppage of well-water consumption for two decades illustrates the persistent nature of arsenic action.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes of the concentration of lipid peroxidation products and thiol groups in rat brains with long-term intoxication with methanol].

The aim of this paper was to define the influence of long-term methanol intoxication on the changes of end products of lipid peroxidation, reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBA-reactive products) and free SH-group concentration in rat brains. The experiment was conducted on male Lewis rats. The experimental groups received a 1-molar methanol solution and the control group received tap water. The animals were killed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of intoxication and their brains were collected for further examination, which encompassed measurement of the concentration of TBA-reactive products and free SH-groups. The revealed changes of TBA-reactive products and free SH-group concentration were not statistically significant.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oxidative stress parameter analysis in rat brains during long-term ethanol intoxication].

The aim of this research was to define the influence of long-term ethanol intoxication on the changes in end products of lipid peroxidation, reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBA-reactive products) and free SH-groups concentrations in rat brains. The experiment was conducted on male Lewis rats. The experimental groups received a 1-molar ethanol solution and the control group received tap water. The animals were killed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of intoxication and their brains were collected for further examination, encompassing measurement of the concentration of TBA-reactive products and free SH-groups. A statistically significant increase in the concentration of TBA-reactive products in 4th week of intoxication and decrease in the concentration of free SH-groups in 8th and 12th week of intoxication--compared to the control group--was noticed.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Chronic arsenic water pollution in the Republic of Argentina].

Arsenical pollution of water supplies is a chronic problem of great medical, social and sanitary importance in Argentina. The well-known cutaneous manifestations of chronic arsenical toxicity, palmar and plantar keratoses, melanoderma and multiple epitheliomas are described. The interest which this disease has evoked in the last few years is emphasized when new arsenical areas are discovered with clinical cases of chronic arsenical intoxication. Furthermore it is shown that the high content of arsenic in drinking water may be the determining factor in the incidence of visceral neoplasms. Contrary to classic beliefs, the chronic toxic effects from arsenic may be present in young children but the palmar and plantar keratoses may be absent. The histochemical localization of the arsenic in the skin and its relation to thyroid function and the production of leukoplakia and laryngeal cancer are noted. When one analyses all the recent reports it is evident that patients with chronic arsenical intoxication must now be thoroughly studied bearing in mind the multiple localization of this carcinogenic agent.

Argentina↗
PubMed2006

Life-threatening intoxication with methylene bis(thiocyanate): clinical picture and pitfalls. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Methylene bis(thiocyanate) (MBT) is a microbiocidal agent mainly used in industrial water cooling systems and paper mills as an inhibitor of algae, fungi, and bacteria. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the first case of severe intoxication following inhalation of powder in an industrial worker. Profound cyanosis and respiratory failure caused by severe methemoglobinemia developed within several minutes. Despite immediate admission to the intensive care unit, where mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis for toxin elimination were initiated, multi-organ failure involving liver, kidneys, and lungs developed. While liver failure was leading, the patient was successfully treated with the MARS (molecular adsorbent recirculating system) procedure. CONCLUSION: Intoxication with MBT is a potentially life-threatening intoxication causing severe methemoglobinemia and multi-organ failure. Extracorporeal liver albumin dialysis (MARS) appears to be an effective treatment to allow recovery of hepatic function.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on cerebral blood flow measured with PET.

Regional distribution of cerebral blood flow was assessed in a group of 13 normal social drinkers under baseline conditions and after acute alcohol intoxication. Blood flow measurements were done using 15O-labeled water and positron emission tomography (PET). Each subject underwent two control sessions under baseline conditions and two sessions after alcohol. Seven of the subjects were given 0.5 g/kg of alcohol and six were given 1 g/kg of alcohol p.o. The first and second post-alcohol scans were done 40 and 60 min after alcohol ingestion. The studies revealed that both the high and the low doses of alcohol reduced blood flow to the cerebellum. This effect was significant only for the high doses of alcohol, which also increased blood flow to the right temporal and the prefrontal cortex. The decrease in blood flow of the cerebellum could account for the muscular incoordination induced by alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Rats on the grog: novel pharmacotherapies for alcohol craving.

Current pharmacotherapies for alcohol dependence in humans (e.g., naltrexone, acamprosate) are meeting with only limited therapeutic success. The development of novel pharmacotherapies is urgently needed but is reliant upon the screening of large numbers of candidate "anticraving" drugs using appropriate animal models. The development of animal models is complex because (1) laboratory animals are often reluctant to consume large quantities of alcohol, (2) inducing a state of alcohol dependence, analogous to the human condition, may require many months of alcohol exposure, (3) concluding that a given drug selectively reduces alcohol craving requires very carefully controlled experiments, and (4) false positives and false negatives may result from the sometimes distinct physiology and psychology of the alcohol-addicted human and rat. To address some of these problems, our laboratory has recently developed the "beer model" of alcohol dependence and craving. Rats, like humans, have a prodigious appetite for beer and will drink much more beer than equivalent ethanol solutions in water. Beer consumption in rats leads to clear signs of intoxication, anxiety reduction, and signs of withdrawal when beer access is suddenly denied. We have found that beer craving in rats is selectively reduced by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716 and the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone. Combining these two drugs appears to have a synergistic anticraving effect. Other promising pharmacotherapies for the future are discussed.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2003

[Problems with feeding concentrated milk by-products to veal calves].

In Switzerland between 35,000 and 50,000 farm calves per year are fed rations containing concentrated whey. If the ration is balanced, whey has no adverse effects on health and growth rates of calves. Feeding whey to farm animals makes ecological and economical sense and constitutes a sound management for the disposal of milk by-products. The described case consisted of 53 calves of which 7 (13.2%) died within the feedlot-period. Based on clinical and management findings, salt-intoxication was diagnosed because of deprivation of free access to water. When large amounts of hypertonic feed containing low quality whey are fed to calves, their health is adversely affected. Therefore, article 16 of the Swiss Animal Protection Regulation should be changed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Forced ethanol treatment stimulates and inhibits ethanol intake in a rat model of alcoholism.

In a model of psychological dependence, a very stable ethanol intake was induced by a chronic (1-year) intermittent (once a week) exposure to intoxicating amounts of ethanol (24 h choice between ethanol and water, followed by 2.0 g/kg i.p.). After this year, the rats had continuous access to ethanol and water. Stability was shown by the ability of the rats to take the same dose of ethanol (in g/kg) when the concentration was changed from 10 to 20%. To study possible priming or inhibiting effects on ethanol intake, ethanol was injected i.p., first as 20%, 40% or 60% of the intake in the 24 h prior to the injection, then as fixed doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg, and the ethanol intake during the following 24-h period was recorded. The results showed that, following a low dose of ethanol, voluntary ethanol intake was increased in rats with a low, and decreased in rats with a high, ethanol intake, while high doses of ethanol seemed to decrease voluntary ethanol intake in all rats. The results are discussed in relation to theories about loss of control of drinking and relapse in humans.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1995

Alcohol inhibits 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in rat kidney and liver.

Male Wistar rats were treated with different ethanol concentrations diluted in drinking water in order to evaluate the effect of acute ethanol intoxication on 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-OHSD) activity in liver and kidney tissue homogenates. Rats with the highest ethanol consumption (15% ethanol supplementation) showed a significant decrease in both hepatic and renal 11 beta-OHSD activity as compared to the control group (p < 0.005). In the same group, aldosterone plasma levels were significantly lower than in controls (p < 0.01), while corticosterone (B) plasma levels were slightly higher, suggesting that the increase in intrarenal B concentrations, probably related to the acute ethanol consumption, might be responsible for a nonspecific B mineralocorticoid activity.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2002

[Is compliance to current lead regulations safe enough for infants and toddlers?].

BACKGROUND: Neurobehavioural and cognitive impairment may arise from children's exposure to lead. To prevent this risk, a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) has been issued by WHO and many regulations addressing lead emission to the environment have been introduced. Taking into account both lead concentrations in soil and the importance of soil in children's exposure, we examined whether compliance to the above current regulations is safe enough for children. METHODS: Exposure scenarios were devised for infants and toddlers, the 2 populations most sensitive to lead toxicity, considering three typical environmental settings, that is, rural, urban, and in the vicinity of lead emitting industrial sites. For all 3 scenarios, we used available data describing the current French levels of both lead contamination in various media (water, air, soil) and lead intake through food. Acute lead intoxication from old lead-containing paints was excluded from this study. RESULTS: We have shown that WHO's TDI is exceeded in several situations for both populations, and thus children may be subject to unacceptable levels of risk. CONCLUSION: We conclude that it may be advisable to take fuller account of the contribution of soil to lead exposure.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1984

[Peripheral nerves in a case of lead neuropathy].

A patient developed lead neuropathy with an asymmetrical distal weakness of the four limbs and sensory signs. Tap water contained high amounts of lead and biopsy confirmed the intoxication. The electromyogram was altered from the onset of the disorder and was still abnormal one year after treatment with EDTA, which however brought frank improvement. Biopsies were taken from nerves of the upper and lower limbs. Examination of teased nerve fibers showed the predominance of fibers of small diameter and segmental demyelinization with signs of remyelination in the lower limbs. Semi-thin sections demonstrated depopulation of large myelinated fibers, regeneration clusters and Schwann cells with globular nuclei. Electron microscopy showed myelin sheath alterations and neuritic lesions, some hyperactive Schwann cells. Main alterations were seen in basal membranes of Schwann cells of unmyelinated fibers and endoneuronal capillaries. Such alterations to our knowledge have never been reported in human peripheral lead neuropathy, but have been described after experimental intoxication. These findings together with recent experimental studies allow a discussion about the site of entry of lead into the nerve and about its site of action on the various constituents of the peripheral nerve.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Injuries by marine animals in New Caledonia and dependencies (author's transl)].

Injuries by marine animals present diverse types and forms. The responsible sea-animals resort to many zoological species, vertebrates and invertebrates, ranging from fishes to sponges. The vulnerant processes are also various: the wound being or not associated with envenomation. Venoms are different, according to the species: some ones are only histotoxic and have a local effect around the wound, others are viscerotoxic, giving a generalized and sometimes fatal intoxication. New Caledonia is an archipelago situated in particularly warm waters, and therefore is a privileged area to observe marine animals injuries. These accidents are more frequent in number in Noumea area, but mainly concern newcomers. In other areas, the insular population much in contact with sea because the food it harvests from it, provides many victims. From personal cases and from those recorded in dispensaries and in G. Bourret Hospital of Noumea, the authors describe the main syndromes: --traumas by non venomous marine animals, --traumas by venomous marine animals: --bites --pricks: single or few - multiple and urticant. For each of these syndromes, the responsible animals, their vulnerant apparatus and their modes of action, their symptomatologies and their treatment are given with a practical view.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1988

Dose-dependence of endoneurial fluid sodium and chloride accumulation in galactose intoxication.

Endoneurial edema in galactose neuropathy was studied in a colony of Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets containing 0%, 10%, 20% or 40% D-galactose for approx. 200 days. Endoneurial fluid was analyzed by X-ray microanalysis for electrolyte concentration, by microgravimetry of whole nerve segments for water content, by measurement of endoneurial fluid pressure and by morphometry in transverse sections of nerve. Galactose intoxication resulted in dose-dependent increases in endoneurial fluid sodium and chloride that were directly associated with increases in nerve water content and endoneurial fluid pressure. The presence of edema and its dose-dependence was also confirmed by morphometric analysis of sciatic nerves at the light microscopic level. The data demonstrate that electrolyte-induced osmotic imbalances in endoneurial fluid are dependent on the amount of galactose ingested and suggest that the dose-related accumulation of sodium and chloride in endoneurial fluid contributes substantially to the pathogenesis of galactose neuropathy.

Animals↗