The paired associate task as a predictor of foreign language fluency.
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Humans↗
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Developmental changes in serial learning of word lists.
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Adolescent↗
The effect of visual and acoustic similarity on short-term memory for Chinese words.
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Adolescent↗
Factor analysis of the WAIS and Wechsler Memory Scale: an analysis of the construct validity of the Wechsler Memory Scale.
The WAIS and Wechsler Memory Scale subtest scores of 256 neurologic and nonneurologic subjects were factor analyzed. The results supported the construct validity of the Wechsler Memory Scale as a measure of verbal learning and memory, attention and concentration, and orientation. Construct validity was not demonstrated for the Visual Reproduction subtest as a measure of visual memory. Suggestions are offered for future development and research on measures of visual memory.
Attention↗
Demonstration of savings on the AVLT and development of a parallel form.
The purposes of the present study were (1) to investigate whether significant savings occur with repeat testing on Rey's Auditory-Verbal Learning Test and (2) to develop a parallel version of the AVLT. Subjects (N = 60) were divided into pairs (individually matched for sex, age, and education) to form two groups and were administered either the AVLT or a parallel version. Results indicated no significant differences on all AVLT measures of learning, recall, and recognition, suggesting that the parallel version can be used as an equivalent form of the AVLT. Subjects were retested after an interval of 27 (+/- 3) days, with half receiving the same version and half receiving a different version. In contrast to subjects receiving different lists, those who were retested with the same version demonstrated a significant improvement in performance on the majority of AVLT variables.
Adult↗
Prospects for faking believable memory deficits on neuropsychological tests and the use of incentives in simulation research.
The vulnerability of several neuropsychological memory tests--the Wechsler Memory Scale--Revised, Complex Figure Test, Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Rey Memory Test--to faked deficits was evaluated. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Control (n = 28), Malingering with a financial incentive (n = 30), and Malingering without a financial incentive (n = 28). Overall, the performance of the Malingering Groups was not significantly different from one another, but both groups were significantly poorer than Controls. Discriminant functions with a reduced set of predictors correctly classified about 75% of cases in both the Control and the combined Malingering Groups on cross-validation. The results suggest that neuropsychological memory tests are vulnerable to faked deficits, and that recognition tasks are disproportionately affected. The use of incentives in simulation research is also discussed.
Adult↗
Working memory in individuals with HIV infection.
The central executive component (CE) of Baddeley's working memory model (Baddeley, 1992) was evaluated in 26 asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals (HIV+) and 23 HIV-control subjects using a dual-task working memory paradigm. The HIV+ and HIV- groups showed an equivalent reduction in performance on both the primary task (visual vigilance) and the secondary task (letter span) when they were performed concurrently relative to when either task was performed alone. This result suggested normal CE functioning in these HIV+ subjects. In contrast, the HIV+ subjects had significantly longer response latencies on reaction time measures relative to the HIV- control group. These findings indicated that slowed processing in early stage HIV-infected individuals is not associated with a working memory deficit.
AIDS Dementia Complex↗
Head-injured patients and control group: implicit versus explicit measures of frequency of occurrence.
This study was conducted in order to investigate the possibility that effortful processes are involved in the retrieval stage of the putative automatic task-frequency judgment. Head-injured (HI) and control groups were tested on a frequency of occurrence task under explicit-intentional retrieval (i.e., frequency estimation) and implicit-unintentional retrieval (i.e., word-stem priming) conditions. Subjects were presented with a list of nouns that appeared once, three times, and six times. Following presentation, subjects were first given a priming task, then a recall task, and finally a frequency judgment task. Although the control group performed better than the HI group on recall and frequency judgment tasks, the groups did not differ on the priming task. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between effortful and automatic memory processes.
Adolescent↗
Cognitive deficits in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of Alzheimer's disease patients.
The present study was designed to determine whether neuropsychological deficits exist in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The neuropsychological performances of 20 first-degree asymptomatic relatives of NINCDS-ADRDA diagnosed AD patients were compared to 20 normal controls without family history of AD. Cognitive functions assessed included intelligence, memory, overall brain function, verbal learning, and language and constructional abilities. Significant statistical differences were found between the groups across several cognitive areas indicating lower functioning in the first-degree relatives of AD patients. Fifty percent of the first-degree subjects but only 20% of controls showed a pattern of significant neuropsychological deficit. The results demonstrate neuropsychological deficits in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of AD patients, suggesting that preclinical markers for AD may be present long before the clinical manifestation of the disease.
Aged↗
Age differences in academic achievement in high-functioning autistic individuals.
A battery of psychoeducational tests was administered to samples of high-functioning (IQ > 70) autistic subjects and normal controls. A previous psychoeducational study indicated the presence of preserved procedural and mechanical academic skills accompanied by impaired comprehension and interpretive skills in high-functioning autistic individuals. The present findings indicate that this psychoeducational pattern also has a developmental aspect. Younger (< 13 years) autistic subjects performed as well or better than younger controls on psychoeducational measures of mechanical and procedural skills, and on some complex, interpretive tasks. However, they performed more poorly than controls on tasks that involve following complex linguistic instructions. Younger autistic subjects and controls did not differ significantly from each other on interpretive tasks, while the older austic subjects did significantly more poorly than the older controls on such tasks. The findings are discussed in terms of early success, but subsequent decline, in the course of academic functioning in autism.
Adolescent↗
Implicit memory in Alzheimer's disease.
While patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) demonstrate "preserved" performance on implicit word-stem completion tasks, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are typically found to be impaired. It has been hypothesized that AD patients do poorly as a result of degenerative changes in posterior cortical association areas thought to mediate performance on this type of implicit memory task, and that the relative sparing of these areas in KS and HD results in their "preserved" performance. The present study was undertaken to examine the implicit memory performance of AD patients on this task after equating their explicit performance to that of normal controls by manipulating the number of encoding exposures. When this was accomplished, the implicit memory performance of AD patients was equivalent to that of controls. The results are discussed within the context of a critical review of the evidence for the existence of separable neural systems in mediating implicit and explicit memory.
Aged↗
Variable memory profiles in Parkinson's disease.
Thirty-nine patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were categorized into one of three subgroups using discriminant function analysis and three key indices from the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Patients were classified as having one of three memory profiles: (a) a normal memory profile; (b) a memory profile often observed in patients with Huntington's disease (HD); or (c) a memory profile often observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Twenty of the patients with PD were classified as having a normal profile, 10 as having an HD profile, and 9 as having an AD profile. The three subgroups did not differ on measures of global cognitive functioning, letter fluency, confrontation naming, or visuo-construction, suggesting that the patients with PD with an AD memory profile were not experiencing AD, per se. These results demonstrate that the memory deficits associated with PD can be similar to those found in patients with either HD or AD, and argues against the notion that the behavioral manifestations of PD are homogeneous.
Age Factors↗
The effect of Aricept in persons with persistent memory disorder following traumatic brain injury: a pilot study.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept) in treating persistent memory deficits in people with traumatic brain injury. RESEARCH DESIGN: Single subject ABAC design was used so that each participant could serve as their own control. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Seven TBI survivors with persistent memory dysfunction, at least 1.5 years post-injury, underwent two 6-month trials of Aricept. The following tests were used to assess memory and cognition: Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span and Letter Number Sequence sub-test of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III, Controlled Oral Word Association Test and Memory Functioning Questionnaire. EXPERIMENTAL INTERVENTION: During the first treatment phase, participants received 5 mg/day of Aricept for 1 month, increasing to 10 mg/day of Aricept for an additional 5 months. During the second treatment phase, participants received 5 mg/day of Aricept for the entire 6 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated significant improvement on immediate and delayed memory portions of the BVMT-R when taking 10 mg/day of Aricept. CONCLUSIONS: Findings contribute to the growing body of research into the use of Aricept in treating memory deficits in TBI survivors and support the need for further research.
Adult↗
Usefulness of a cube-copying test in outpatients with dementia.
OBJECTIVE: To clarify whether a quantitatively scored cube-copying test could rapidly assess dementia patients, predicting thier performance in cognitive tests. METHODS: Subjects were 171 outpatients with amnesia who were including 92 with Alzheimer's disease (AD); 59 vascular dementia (VD); 17 frontotemporal dementia (FTD); and three lewy body disease (DLB) and 32 normal healthy subjects. Subjects asked to copy a perspective drawing of a cube. Points of connection and plane-orientation errors were scored using Maeshima's method. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), an auditory verbal learning test (AVLT), a word fluency test and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) were administered. Age, clinical disease severity, symptom duration, specific diagnosis and neuropsychological scores were evaluated for relationships with constructional ability. RESULTS: The cube-copying test showed errors in most dementia patients and 11 of 32 normal subjects. Only three patients each with AD and VD copied correctly, but 11 patients with 17 FTD drew the cube correctly. Numbers of connections completed and plane-orientation errors correlated significantly with MMSE, AVLT, word fluency and RCPM scores. CONCLUSION: The cube-copying test is useful for routine clinical dementia screening, however the test examines only one aspect of cognitive function. While not an alternative to conventional neuropsychological examinations, quantitatively scored cube copying can provide a rough estimate of cognitive dysfunction in dementia patients.
Aged↗
Neuropsychological progress during 14 years after severe traumatic brain injury in childhood and adolescence.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of time since injury on neuropsychological and psychosocial outcome after serious TBI in childhood or adolescence. METHODS: The subjects were eight patients with serious TBI sustained at a mean age of 14 years who had been assessed neuropsychologically at 1, 7 and 14 years after TBI. A retrospective longitudinal design was chosen to describe the development in six neuropsychological domains on the basis of the assessments. Psychosocial data were gathered from clinical knowledge and a semi-structured interview 14 years after TBI. RESULTS: Performance of verbal IQ shows a declining trend over the three assessments, that the performance of attention and working memory is low and that verbal learning is the cognitive domain which exhibits the largest impairments. The main psychosocial result is that three of the eight subjects went from a school situation with no adjustments to adult life with early retirement. CONCLUSIONS: Time since insult is an important factor when assessing outcome after TBI in childhood and adolescence and that assessment of final outcome should not be done before adulthood.
Adolescent↗
Predictors of invalid neuropsychological test performance after traumatic brain injury.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) and the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) in assessing invalid test performance after traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Consecutive 3-year series of rehabilitation referrals (n = 132). METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Percentage of participants who failed validity criteria was determined. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis and odds ratios were used to identify predictors of invalid test performance. RESULTS: Twenty patients (15%) performed in the invalid range when held to a priori specified criteria for invalid test performance (i.e. TOMM <45/50 on Trial 2 or CVLT-II <15/16 on Forced-Choice recognition trial). Both psychiatric history and financial compensation seeking were associated with an almost 4-fold increase in likelihood of invalid responding. CONCLUSIONS: The TOMM and CVLT-II are sensitive to the potential impact of current financial compensation seeking and prior psychiatric history on neuropsychological test performance after TBI.
Adult↗
Neuropsychological sequelae of diffuse traumatic brain injury.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: Description and analysis of neuropsychological deficits following brain trauma with diffuse lesion probably corresponding to diffuse axonal injury (DAI). RESEARCH DESIGN: A series of 111 patients suffering from traumatic brain injury could be investigated neuropsychologically within the first 4 weeks after injury and re-assessed after 5-8 months. They included 11 subjects with CT-evidence of diffuse axonal injury, but no CT-signs of focal contusions. Eleven patients with focal frontal contusions but no CT signs of DAI were matched to and compared with the DAI subjects. Seventeen TBI patients with normal CT scans served as controls. RESULTS: When assessed within the first 4 weeks after TBI, both DAI and frontal contusion patients exhibited behavioural abnormalities and deficits in Wechsler Similarities. The DAI patients were also impaired in Digit Span backward and Stroop interference. When re-assessed, the DAI patients showed considerable deficits in the California Verbal Learning Test and in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. CONCLUSIONS: DAI leads to neuropsychological impairment dominated by executive and memory dysfunction.
Adolescent↗
Test-re-test reliability of the virtual planning test.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To determine test-re-test reliability of the virtual planning test (VIP), an executive functioning test of planning and organization, in a group of healthy young adults as a pre-cursor to determining the appropriateness of using the VIP with individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). RESEARCH DESIGN: Single-group repeated measures design. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Seventy-five healthy university students were administered the VIP and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) twice, with 6-8 weeks between each subject's two test sessions. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: VIP test-re-test reliability ranged from 0.194-0.489. CONCLUSIONS: Knowing how well a healthy young adult performs the first time taking the VIP predicts little about how well that adult will perform the second time. However, given limitations of other tests of planning and organization and potential clinical benefits of the VIP, research of the test with individuals with TBI is warranted.
Adult↗