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PubMed1987

[Effect of anticoccidial preparations in the prevention of coccidiosis in turkeys caused by Eimeria adenoides].

Studied was the anticoccidial activity of the preparations monensin, salinomycin, lassalocid, lerbek, arpocox, and chimcoccid in the prevention of coccidiosis in turkey poults infected with Eimeria adenoeides. A total of 80 turkey poults were used. The prophylactic effect produced by the coccidiostatics was recorded as judged by the anticoccidial index, the liveweight at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, the amount of food intake, and the index of feed conversion. Best effect was produced by chimcoccid which was to be preferred to the other preparation in the prophylaxis of turkey cocidiosis. Comparatively good results were likewise obtained with the use of lerbek, followed by salinomycin and arpocox. Monensin and lassalocid ranked last.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of Newcastle disease virus spray vaccination programs of market turkeys.

Commercial market turkeys that were spray-vaccinated at 2 to 3 weeks of age with viable Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine usually did not develop high or persistent levels of serum antibody as detected by the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Vaccinated turkeys exhibited a satisfactory level of resistance to infection and clinical disease when challenged by the oculonasal or aerosol route at 2 weeks post-vaccination, and they resisted clinical disease when challenged at 6 weeks, but the level of protection diminished by 10 weeks post-vaccination. It is suggested that market turkeys produced in an NDV-enzootic area may require two or more NDV vaccinations by spray during their growing period in order to be adequately protected against natural NDV infection.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contribution to the taxonomy of the turkey coryza agent: cellular fatty acid analysis of the bacterium.

Gas-liquid chromatography was used to analyze bacterial cellular fatty acids to elucidate the relatedness of the turkey coryza (TC) bacterium to Alcaligenes spp., Bordetella spp., and other gram-negative bacteria. The results indicated that the TC bacterium is not closely related to Alcaligenes faecalis or any of the reference strains of Alcaligenes and Bordetella studied. Most urease-positive bacterial isolates obtained from the upper respiratory tract of turkeys were identified as Bordetella bronchiseptica. It is suggested that Bordetella avium is a suitable designation for the TC bacterium formally called Bordetella-"like" and A. faecalis type I. It is also suggested that the nonpathogenic bacterium previously identified as type II A. faecalis be designated B. avium-like until further taxonomic studies are available. Furthermore, it is proposed that the term turkey coryza be used to refer to the disease induced by this bacterium.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1986

Echinococcosis multilocularis in Turkey.

We present 20 new cases of Echinococcosis multilocularis (EM) and have also reviewed all 137 previously reported cases from Turkey. The total number of cases is now 157 up until the end of 1983. Of 146 cases with information on their place of occurrence, 133 (91%) were from eastern and central parts of Turkey or the region of the Black Sea where the cold climate is predominant. This area should be considered as part of the geographic distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis which extends from the Caucasian Republics (Azerbaijan and Georgian S.S.R.) to Siberia in the Soviet Union. EM is more frequent among the people involved in raising livestock in the rural areas of Turkey. Most of the cases (76%) were between the ages of 30 and 50; 53% were males. One hundred and thirty nine cases (92%) were liver infections, and most of the cases (60%) were clinically diagnosed as liver tumour.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Induction, collection, and partial characterization of induced respiratory macrophages of the turkey.

Respiratory macrophages (RM) of the turkey were elicited with a 1:4 (v/v) suspension of incomplete Freund's adjuvant in sterile phosphate-buffered saline injected directly into the abdominal air sacs. RM were purified by passage through a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient resulting in 95.7 +/- 5.9% purity and 94.8 +/- 12.3% viability. On days 7 and 9 postinjection, adequate numbers (7.15 +/- 5.47 X 10(6) macrophages per turkey) of RM for in vitro experiments were obtained. RM of the turkey demonstrated the ability to adhere to glass, phagocytize Zymosan A, and kill Escherichia coli in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Turkey coryza: selected tests for detection and neutralization of Bordetella avium heat-labile toxin.

Bordetella avium heat-labile toxin (HLT) was lethal for poults, mice, and embryonating chicken eggs. It produced hemorrhagic lesions in turkey and guinea pig skin. Antiserum made in turkeys neutralized the lethality of the toxin and its ability to produce hemorrhagic skin lesions. Further, antiserum against HLT of an Ohio strain neutralized lethality of HLT of strains from Iowa, North Carolina, and West Germany. The antiserum did not neutralize lethality of HLT from B. bronchiseptica. Bordetella avium HLT was not ciliostatic for turkey tracheal-ring cultures and did not stimulate adenyl cyclase activity using mouse adrenal cell cultures.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fowl cholera: influence of Bordetella avium on vaccinal immunity of turkeys to Pasteurella multocida.

Turkeys exposed to Bordetella avium were vaccinated against fowl cholera with live Pasteurella multocida vaccine. Previous exposure to B. avium resulted in impairment of systemic immunity conferred by the vaccine: 86% of the vaccinated turkeys exposed to B. avium at 1 day old developed lesions or died of fowl cholera after challenge at 15 weeks old with virulent P. multocida. Of vaccinated turkeys not previously exposed to B. avium, only 26% had lesions or died of fowl cholera.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Antigenic characterization of influenza A (H1N1) viruses recently isolated from pigs and turkeys in France.

The spread of influenza A viruses from one animal reservoir to another forms an important part of the epidemiological study of influenza. The precise characterization of viral antigens by monoclonal antibodies makes possible an interesting immunological approach to the transfer of strains from one reservoir to another.This work has shown that the recent porcine strains in France, Belgium, and Spain are closely related antigenically, and distinct from the A/sw/NJ/8/76 strain. Their prototype is strain A/sw/Fin/2899/82.An avian strain, A/ty/Brit/46/83, which has caused limited epidemics of reduced egg-laying among turkeys, has a haemagglutinin identical with that of strain A/sw/2899/82.This immunological finding, combined with epidemiological information (geographical location and absence of any influenza antibody in turkey farms in previous years), suggests that the transfer of influenza viruses has taken place in the direction from pig to turkey.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on the use of a long-acting oxytetracycline in turkeys: serum levels and tissue residues following injection.

Forty 6-week-old large white commercial turkeys were injected subcutaneously with a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation (69 mg/lb). The turkeys were divided into four groups of 10 birds each, and the birds in each group were bled twice at different times between 4 and 144 hours postinjection (PI) to determine serum levels of oxytetracycline. Two additional groups of turkeys were also given the long-acting oxytetracycline formulation mixed with either neomycin or a bacterin for Pasteurella multocida to determine if either of these compounds interfered with absorption of the oxytetracycline. Serum levels of oxytetracycline were 5.38 micrograms/ml, 1.59 microgram/ml, and 0.93 microgram/ml at 24, 48, and 72 hours PI, respectively, following an average dose of 69 mg/lb of body weight. These levels are all considered therapeutic. There appeared to be no interference with absorption of oxytetracycline when mixed with either neomycin or the bacterin. Tissue residues of oxytetracycline in the muscle, liver, and kidney were within tolerance levels by 3 weeks PI.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cartilage lesions associated with shaky-leg lameness in turkeys.

Shaky-leg lameness is a poorly defined, mild to very severe, painful lameness occurring mainly in 10-to-18-week-old fast-growing male turkeys. Since there are no significant gross or microscopic lesions in early or uncomplicated cases, the cause of the lameness is likely soft-tissue (muscle or tendon) pain. A case history of a flock problem of shaky-leg lameness is described, and it is suggested that stiffness and inactivity secondary to footpad dermatitis in these turkeys was responsible for the severe shaky-leg lameness in the flock. The cartilage lesion described is an avascular lesion and appeared to be the result of inactivity rather than the cause of lameness in these turkeys.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcaligenes faecalis infection in turkeys: effects on serum corticosterone and serum chemistry.

The serum levels of corticosterone, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, protein, sodium, and potassium were determined for turkey poults from 1 to 42 days of age. Corticosterone levels were higher at days 10, 14, 21, and 28 in Alcaligenes faecalis-infected turkeys than in uninfected poults. The corticosterone responses in this study indicate that A. faecalis infection stimulates adrenal cortical function even in the very young poult, which ordinarily does not show adrenal cortical responsiveness to various environmental and physical stressors. No differences were observed between infected and uninfected turkey poults in other serum chemistries.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of avian paramyxoviruses from sentinel ducks and turkeys in Minnesota.

In a 4-year study (1980-1983) involving the use of sentinel ducks that intermingled with wild ducks, a total of 98 paramyxovirus (PMV) isolates (84 Newcastle disease virus, 14 PMV-6) were obtained from 3652 sentinel duck cloacal samples (2.7% isolation rate) collected between June and mid-November each year. PMV infection of sentinel ducks appeared to be seasonal, with the onset of infection occurring between mid-July and mid-August. PMV was not isolated from sentinel turkeys that co-mingled with sentinel ducks during the last 2 years of the study. However, there was serological evidence that the sentinel turkeys were infected with PMV. These findings indicate that wild waterfowl are a natural reservoir of PMV and suggest that interspecies transmission of certain PMV serotypes may occur between waterfowl and turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Further characterization of the agent causing coryza in turkeys.

A total of 128 isolates of Alcaligenes faecalis, from the respiratory tract of turkeys and chickens, were identified and divided into two types designated type I and type II. Type I isolates were pathogenic in poults, hemagglutinated guinea pig red blood cells (RBCs), and did not grow on minimal essential medium (MEM) agar, and most did not grow in 6.5% NaCl broth. Type II isolates were nonpathogenic and nonhemagglutinating and grew on MEM agar, and most grew in 6.5% NaCl broth. Hemagglutination of guinea pig RBCs was a reliable characteristic for distinguishing type I from type II isolates, and it correlated with pathogenicity. In serological studies using 62 type I and 21 type II isolates, cross-reactions were observed when type I but not type II antigens were used to test antisera in the microagglutination test. Eleven bacterial isolates, different from type I and type II isolates, were urease-positive. Although frequently isolated from turkeys with coryza, these isolates were nonpathogenic and were always found in association with type I A. faecalis. Urease-positive isolates and type I and type II A. faecalis isolates were stable following 50 in vitro passages. Bordetella avium sp. nov. (the nomenclature suggested in Europe for A. faecalis) was pathogenic in poults. The colonial morphology, biochemical characteristics, and hemagglutinating activity of B. avium sp. nov. were the same as those of type I A. faecalis isolates. Based on the results of these studies, it was concluded that type I A. faecalis is the etiologic agent of turkey coryza.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1985

[Changes in the acid-base equilibrium of turkey poults infected with Eimeria adenoeides].

The effect was established of an Eimeria adenoeides infection in turkey-poults on the body temperature and the acid-alkaline balance. Used were a total of 100 turkey-poults at the age of 3 weeks, divided into two groups of 50 each. The birds of the first group were kept as controls, and those of the second group were infected at the rate of 80 000-90 000 oocysts of the Eimeria adenoeides species. During the time of the most strongly manifested clinical symptoms (on the 6th and 7th day) part of the turkey-poults of the second group that exhibited signs of agony were taken away to form a third group. It was found that the body temperature dropped during the time of the most strongly expressed clinical symptoms. An ABL-3 unit (Radiometer, Denmark) was used to record the following blood indices: pH value of blood, PCO2 in mm Hg, PO2 in mm Hg, HCO3 in mmol/l, and BE in mmol/l. It was judged by the values of these indices that up to the fifth day following infection there set in a compensated metabolic acidosis, while on the sixth and the seventh day the metabolic acidosis was already decompensated.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccination for hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys.

Laboratory and field evidence indicates that a safe and effective procedure has been developed for vaccinating turkey poults against hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys. Vaccination is by drinking-water administration of turkey-spleen-propagated pheasant-origin live avirulent virus to 4 1/2-week-old-poults. The effect of vaccination was studied in a field location having recurrent 10-15% mortality and in a second location having recurrent mortality of 0.1-0.2%. The poults involved totaled 214,554.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

A new influenza A virus infection in turkeys. VII. Comparative immunology.

Four influenza A strains isolated from turkeys in Ontario as well as strain Chicken/Scotland/59 were found to immunize turkeys against the lethal disease caused by virus Turkey/Ontario 7732/66 (V7732). These viruses form the avian influenza A serotype 5 (AA5). Immunoprotection against V7732 was not obtained with influenza viruses of other serotypes. Immunoprotective relationships among AA5 viruses were not always demonstrable in hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and serum-neutralization (SN) tests, especially with turkey and mammalian antisera; better correlation between immunoprotection and these in vitro tests was seen with chicken antisera. The implications of these findings relative to virus classification, serodiagnosis and vaccination are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Characterisation of influenza viruses isolated from turkeys in Great Britain during 1963--1977.

Seven influenza viruses isolated from turkeys in Great Britain since 1963 were typed by haemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition tests as: A/turkey/England/63 (Hav 1 Nav 3), A/turkey/England/66 (Hav 6 N2), A/turkey/England/69 (Hav 7 N2), A/turkey/Scotland/70 (Hav ? Neq 1), A/turkey/England/N28/73 (Hav 5 N2), A/turkey/England/110/77 (Hav 6 N2), A/turkey/England/647/77 /Hav 1 Neq 1). A/turkey/Scotland/70 failed to show a haemagglutinin relationship with any of the representative strains and may possess a hitherto unreported haemagglutinin subtype. Intravenous pathogenicity tests in six-week-old birds showed only A/turkey/England/63 to have high virulence for turkeys and chickens. A/turkey/England/69 produced some signs of disease in chickens and, to a lesser extent, turkeys but all other isolates were avirulent.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A hitherto unreported paramyxovirus of turkeys.

A newly isolated avian virus is described which was obtained from a flock of laying turkey hens with respiratory disease and accompanying egg production drop. Characterisation of the virus indicated it to be of the paramyxovirus group and to be related through antigenic crossing with Newcastle disease virus. Examination of turkey sera from five separate flocks indicated natural infection with the paramyxovirus to be relatively widespread. Experimental infection of turkeys produced only mild respiratory disease.

Animals↗