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PubMed2004

Benefits of sodium hexametaphosphate-containing chewing gum for extrinsic stain inhibition.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the ability of sodium hexametaphosphate delivered from a chewing gum to prevent extrinsic tooth stain formation. METHODS: This study was a negative-controlled, randomized, two-period crossover design, with a 10-day washout period between treatments. The two treatments were a chewing gum containing 5.6% sodium hexametaphosphate and a negative control chewing gum. Eleven subjects who met study criteria were enrolled, and 10 completed the study over a two-week period. Each treatment period lasted approximately 48 hours and was separated by a washout period. After a dental prophylaxis, a digital image of the anterior teeth was taken to assess baseline stain. The three-day stain induction phase consisted of the patient using a 10 ml 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse for 60 seconds, followed by chewing two pellets/sticks of their assigned gum for five minutes and rinsing with 10 ml of cold tea solution for 60 seconds. No oral hygiene was permitted other than use of the test products. During both treatment periods, each subject followed the same regimen eight times, once per hour, throughout the day. RESULTS: On Days 2 and 3, the adjusted mean L* measurement was statistically significantly greater for the sodium hexametaphosphate gum than for the control gum. Moreover, nine of the 10 subjects had whiter teeth while on the experimental gum treatment at both Day 2 and Day 3. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support that sodium hexametaphosphate delivered from a chewing gum prevents dental stain formation and leads to a patient-desired whitening benefit.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of a novel brush head in the comparison of two power toothbrushes on removal of plaque and naturally occurring extrinsic stain.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the safety and efficacy of an oscillating/pulsating power toothbrush (Oral-B ProfessionalCareTM 7000; PC 7000) fitted with either the standard FlexiSoft (PC 7000/EB17) brush head or the novel Pro Polisher (PC 7000/ EB-Prophy) and a high-frequency toothbrush (Philips Sonicare Elite; SE), in their relative ability to remove plaque and naturally occurring extrinsic dental stain over a six-week period. METHODS: This randomised, examiner-blind, parallel group study involved 90 healthy subjects from a general population. All subjects received a baseline plaque (Turesky et al. modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index), stain (Lobene Stain Index) and tooth shade (VITAPAN Shade Guide) [Vita] assessment and an oral tissue examination. After training in the use of their randomly assigned device, subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for 2 min and returned after 3, 4 and 6 weeks of product use for a repeat of each clinical assessment. RESULTS: Reductions from baseline in mean plaque and extrinsic dental stain scores were significant at Weeks 3, 4 and 6 in all three treatment groups. By Week 6, mean reductions from baseline in whole mouth plaque scores were 32%, 27% and 14% in the PC 7000/EB-Prophy, PC 7000/EB17 and SE groups, respectivety. For the body of the tooth, mean reductions from baseline at Week 6 in total stain were 89%, 89% and 80%, respectively. Between treatment group comparisons consistently revealed that the PC 7000 toothbrush plus the EB-Prophy or EB17 brush head removed significantly more plaque and extrinsic stain (total stain, stain area and stain intensity) than the SE toothbrush at 3, 4 and 6 weeks. The EB-Prophy group had a greater proportion of subjects showing a 2-3+ change in Vita shade scores at each time point compared to the other two brushes; at Week 6 the proportions were 67% in the PC 7000/EB-Prophy group, 30% in the PC 7000/EB17 group, and 7% in the SE group. The PC 7000/EB17, PC 7000/EB-Prophy and the SE were found to be safe as used in the study. CONCLUSIONS: The oscillating/rotating/pulsating PC 7000 (fitted with either the standard EB17 or novel EB-Prophy brush head) is more effective at removal of plaque and naturally occurring extrinsic tooth stain, and the PC 7000 plus EB-Prophy in the improvement of tooth shade, than the high-frequency SE toothbrush.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Development and evaluation of a tobacco cessation motivational program for adolescents based on physical attractiveness and oral health.

PURPOSE: Little is known about how to motivate youth to participate in smoking cessation programs. This paper reports an investigation of the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention that used vanity and oral health issues associated with tobacco use to motivate adolescent tobacco users to enter a school-based tobacco cessation program. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Sixty-four continuation high school students aged 14 to 19 (31% female) and living in rural California participated in a youth-oriented, vanity and oral health-focused intervention designed to motivate tobacco users to join a six-week tobacco cessation group. RESULTS: Following the intervention, 21 of 37 (57%) regular smokers signed up for the cessation program. Of these smokers, seven (33%) did not indicate on the baseline questionnaire any desire to quit smoking. Of the 21 smokers who signed up to participate in the cessation program, 16 (76%) actually participated (10 males and six females), eight (50%) completed all treatment sessions, and four (25%) reported that they quit smoking at the end of the program. CONCLUSIONS: Overall program evaluations were very favorable. Findings were interpreted to provide support for the feasibility and acceptability of using physical appearance and oral health-oriented programs to motivate adolescent tobacco users to enter school-based cessation programs. Further study is needed to determine the effectiveness of such programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Conservative adjunct to esthetic orthodontic treatment in young patients.

The esthetic effect of orthodontic treatment in young patients may sometimes be incomplete without performing additional procedures related to the form and texture of the anterior teeth. Six young patients, aged 7 to 21 years, presented for orthodontic treatment to improve their dental esthetics. The problems of tooth staining, mutilation, congenitally missing teeth, tooth size/arch length discrepancy, and sequellae of dental trauma neccessitated a combined orthodontic-prosthodontic treatment. Changing morphology and texture by conservative prosthetic procedures proved to be a successful complement to orthodontic treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Tooth whitening: tooth color changes following treatment by peroxide and light.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the use of color measurement to determine tooth color in a study of bleaching with peroxide and light used separately and in combination. Two measurement protocols were evaluated for their ability to reveal differences between treatments and confirm tooth shade evaluations. METHODOLOGY: Before and after treatment, 43 subjects were evaluated for tooth color using a shade guide and a chromameter. Two measurement procedures were used: one measured a single location on each tooth using a fabricated plastic stent, and the other measured nine locations across the buccal surface. Values from the two procedures were compared to each other, and to shade guide measurements. RESULTS: Tooth color, as measured by both procedures, significantly correlated with shade evaluation. Statistically significant differences between treatment groups were found more often with data from the multiple-site procedure than from the single-site procedure. Incisal-gingival color gradation on tooth surfaces was diminished as a result of whitening treatments. Chromameter measurement data showed that tooth whitening procedures reduced tooth yellowness (b) more reproducibly than they increased whiteness (L). CONCLUSION: When more sites per surface were measured, tooth color measurement by the chromameter more closely matched shade with less variability and greater statistical power. Chromameter-derived values can be used to estimate shade values to a reasonable level of accuracy. Decreasing yellowness, particularly at the gingival margin, was an important component of the tooth whitening effect. Following tooth whitening, teeth were more uniform in their color, and this may contribute substantially to the subjective patient recognition of whiter teeth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Randomized controlled trial of 10% hydrogen peroxide whitening strips.

OBJECTIVE: This research compared the clinical response of two different peroxide-containing gel formulations delivered using self-applied whitening strips. METHODOLOGY: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted to compare a one-week 10% hydrogen peroxide thin (0.13 mm) bleaching gel (Crest Whitestrips Premium) to a marketed two-week 6% hydrogen peroxide strip (0.20 mm) control (Crest Whitestrips). The maxillary arch was treated twice daily for 30 minutes. Efficacy (L*a*b* color change) was measured objectively by digital image analysis after one and two weeks. RESULTS: A total of 40 adults ranging from 19-48 years of age participated in the study. Both treatments were effective in whitening teeth, as evidenced by a statistically significant improvement from baseline (p < 0.001) beginning at one week. At that time, the adjusted mean deltab* (SE) (yellowness reduction) for the 10% strip was -2.42 (0.147) compared to -1.91 (0.143) for the 6% strip, with the treatments differing significantly (p = 0.02). At two weeks, the adjusted mean deltab* (SE) for the 10% strip was -3.31 (0.182) compared to -2.49 (0.167) for the control. After two weeks, treatments differed significantly (p < 0.02) for deltab* and deltaL* (lightness improvement). Comparing results from two weeks of the 6% control strip to one week of the 10% strip, the mean deltab* treatment difference was -0.07 (90% confidence interval from -0.44 to +0.31). Both treatments were generally well tolerated, with mild and transient tooth sensitivity or oral irritation representing the most common adverse events. CONCLUSION: Vital bleaching with 10% hydrogen peroxide strips at one week was as effective as 6% hydrogen peroxide strips used for two weeks.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

At-home vital bleaching: a comparison of hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide treatments.

Tray bleaching of vital teeth performed at home by the patient under the dentist s supervision, whether alone or in combination with any of the in-office techniques, provides an interesting alternative to other methods employed in this type of dental treatment. This bleaching procedure applies low-concentration peroxides to the enamel by means of a custom-made mouth tray specifically designed for this purpose. The aim of this study is to examine and compare two commercially-available bleaching products, at equivalent concentrations, for use in this technique: VivaStyle (Vivadent) and FKD (Kin); the former is a 10% carbamide peroxide and the latter a 3.5% hydrogen peroxide formulation. It examines the parameters that must be monitored during the application of this type of procedure and presents 6 cases (3 treated with one of the above-mentioned products and the other 3 with the other), establishing the bleaching power of the products and the appearance and intensity of post-operatory hypersensitivity. The results obtained show that both products are effective for the purpose for which they were designed. In general, dental hypersensitivity was minimal.

Carbamide Peroxide↗
PubMed1992

Enamel microabrasion: a microscopic evaluation of the "abrosion effect".

Enamel surfaces have been found to acquire a glasslike luster and an exceptionally smooth texture following enamel microabrasion procedures. A commercially available enamel microabrasion compound containing abrasive particles and a mild concentration of hydrochloric acid, when applied by rotary compression, simultaneously abrades and erodes (abrosion) the enamel surface. Human enamel surfaces were evaluated microscopically after routine enamel microabrasion procedures. The results show distinct evidence of enamel surface changes that have been described as the abrosion effect.

Complex Mixtures↗
PubMed2006

Clinical evaluation of chemical and light-activated tooth whitening systems.

Tooth whitening has become one of the most popular dental treatments available. This article compares the efficacy of 2 in-office whitening systems using a split-arch, randomized, parallel, blinded clinical evaluation study. Both in-office tooth whitening systems were effective and there was no significant statistical difference over the 2-week period of observation. The use of light did not demonstrate any benefit over the chemically activated tooth whitening system after a 2-week recall.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors associated with parents' esthetic perceptions of children's mixed dentition fluorosis and demarcated opacities.

PURPOSE: With the increasing prevalence of dental fluorosis, improved understanding about esthetic perceptions of dental fluorosis is warranted. The purpose of this report was to present results concerning parents' overall satisfaction with the appearance of their children's teeth and factors related to dissatisfaction, comparing subjects with and without fluorosis and demarcated opacities. METHODS: Data were obtained from 577 parents in the Iowa Fluoride Study who answered a questionnaire concerning their satisfaction with the appearance of their children's teeth at age 9 years, as well as several components of dissatisfaction. Concurrent assessment of the mixed dentition was made by 1 of 2 trained dentist examiners. RESULTS: Overall, 31% of parents were very satisfied, 51% somewhat satisfied, 16% somewhat dissatisfied, and 3% very dissatisfied with appearance. Parents of children without fluorosis were more likely to be very satisfied (46%) than were parents of children with questionable fluorosis (31%) or definitive fluorosis (22%). Among the 401 not "very satisfied," 50% of those with fluorosis vs 40% with no fluorosis were concerned about color, 60% of both groups were concerned about alignment, 44% and 51%, respectively, were concerned about crowding, and 44% and 9%, respectively, were concerned about blotchiness. CONCLUSIONS: Fluorosis was associated with increased parental dissatisfaction with overall appearance, color, and blotchiness of their children's teeth.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Advanced oral antibacterial/anti-inflammatory technology: A comprehensive review of the clinical benefits of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice.

INTRODUCTION: Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, marketed for use in oral products. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. PVM/MA is the non-proprietary designation for a polyvinylmethyl ether maleic acid copolymer. It has been demonstrated that there is a greater uptake of triclosan to enamel and buccal epithelial cells from the use of a fluoride dentifrice containing triclosan and the PVM/MA copolymer than from a dentifrice containing triclosan alone. This Supplement details the results of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and short- and long-term plaque and gingivitis studies with a triclosan/copolymer/ fluoride dentifrice. Additionally, the Supplement reviews studies on the effect of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice on periodontitis, calculus, caries, whitening and stain removal, oral malodor, and on the microflora. CONCLUSION: Clinical studies indicate that the use of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice (Colgate Total Toothpaste) may provide oral health benefits beyond those associated with "traditional" toothpaste use, in a manner that is safe and effective. Studies presented in this Supplement demonstrate that Colgate Total Toothpaste provides superior protection against plaque and gingivitis, caries, oral malodor, exhibits superior stain removal, and provides protection against the progression of periodontal disease.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗