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PubMed1981

[On co-operation of the child-specialist of neuropsychiatry in prevention and control of dissocial and criminal behaviour (author's transl)].

There is an increasing win of recognition of polycausality in the development of social deviates. Therefore the today's organization of control of criminality is representing a complicated course of socioeconomical, ideological, legal, educational and other measures. Author points to diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of the children's neuropsychiatry. They could serve for early recognition of an incipient social deviate development. This would make possible a therapy of partial causes in the right moment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Treatment of school refusal. Strategies for the family physician.

Although school refusal is not a common problem, it causes extreme turmoil in families and affects psychological and social development of the growing child. Causes for school refusal are diverse. Careful assessment to clarify the function of the school refusal is critical for successful intervention. Effective management strategies have been developed and are described in more detail in a recent book by King, Ollendick, and Tonge.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1995

A brief journey into medical care and disease in ancient Egypt.

Ancient Egypt was one of the greatest civilizations to have arisen, becoming the cradle of scientific enquiry and social development over 3 millennia; undoubtedly its knowledge of medicine has been vastly underestimated. Few artefacts survive which describe the medical organization, but from the extent of the diseases afflicting that ancient populus there would have been much to study. Evidence from papyri, tomb bas reliefs and the writings of historians of antiquity tell of an intense interest in the sciences, humanities and medicine born of an educated society which had overcome the superstitions of its nomadic ancestors.

Achondroplasia↗
PubMed1994

[Vitamin A deficiency and actions for its prevention and control in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1994].

Since the 1970s, the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition has declined in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. However, micronutrient deficiencies, especially of iodine, iron, and vitamin A, have not diminished to the same extent. Based on clinical criteria, vitamin A deficiency continues to be a public health problem in Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This deficiency is also common in poor communities in Bolivia, in some parts of Mexico and Peru, and among indigenous groups in Panama. Trends in general health and nutrition indicators in Colombia, Cuba, Guyana, Paraguay, and Venezuela suggest the need to update information on vitamin A deficiency in those countries. At the close of the 1980s, increasing interest was manifested in reducing vitamin A deficiency in the Region of the Americas; this interest has led to epidemiologic studies, national and regional meetings, and the implementation of plans and interventions at the local, national, and regional levels. In the medium and long term, a permanent solution to the problem of vitamin A deficiency can be attained through sustained economic and social development, accompanied by specific actions to diversify diets in order to increase consumption of foods rich in vitamin A, fortification of popular foods, and nutritional education. In the short term, temporary measures--such as periodic administration of vitamin A supplements to high-risk groups--can be applied.

Caribbean Region↗
PubMed1994

Differential diagnosis of motor speech dysfunction in children.

An experimental version of the Verbal Motor Production Assessment for Children (VMPAC) is presented. This test provides data for the differential diagnosis of children with four types of speech disorders: global motor, oromotor execution, oral and speech motor sequencing, and by exclusion of the preceding three types, phonological disorders. Rationale on which the test is based are given. The test itself, is discussed in detail as are the diagnostic indicators. Profiles for four children illustrate the integration of the VMPAC data with sensory, cognitive, language and social development data. These profiles are discussed in terms of the diagnoses and implications for intervention.

Apraxias↗
PubMed1994

Reproductive health in adolescence.

The health and well-being of adolescents is closely intertwined with their physical, psychological and social development, but this is put at risk by sexual and reproductive health hazards which are increasing in much of the world. Changes in population growth and distribution, the rise of telecommunications, the increase in travel and a decline in the family, as well as a generally earlier start of menarche and later age of marriage are contributing to an increase in unprotected sexual relations before marriage. This, combined with risks from early marriage, result in too early or unwanted pregnancy and childbirth, induced abortion in hazardous circumstances and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection leading to AIDS. With more than half the world's population below the age of 25, and 4 out of 5 young people living in developing countries with inadequate access to prevention and care, there is an urgent need for action. Young women are particularly vulnerable. Mortality and morbidity from early pregnancy whether ending in childbirth or abortion, is much higher for the younger adolescent. Young women, especially those who have less formal education, are more vulnerable to pressures for marriage, or sexual relations before marriage, often with older men. Young people generally lack adequate knowledge about their own development and information on how to get help. Those who could help are rarely trained for working with adolescents, and services which are generally designed for adults or children often deter young people from getting help when they most need it. Policy and legislation relating to sexual and reproductive health issues are often contradictory, and unclear or unenforced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

Constraints to optometric practice in Third World countries.

BACKGROUND: Optometry, as a profession in the Third World countries, is in an underdeveloped stage and far from the ideal. Factors responsible for these include literacy level, and the low standard of economic, political, industrial as well as social development. METHODS: Comparisons of various aspects of selected countries bring these factors into clearer focus. RESULTS: Awareness of these problems will lead to possible solutions arising from recognition of need for proper orientation, a focus of interest, manpower, with professional and economic resources in the eye care delivery of the Third World. CONCLUSIONS: The ideal situation can be achieved only when the problems are well defined.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

[Early onset schizophrenia (case report)].

A total of 120 children and adolescents with the diagnosis of schizophrenia were hospitalized at the psychiatric clinic in Prague in 1946-1975. Of the 120 patients (58% males and 42% females) 12.5%, i.e. 15 died by 1988. The results are consistent with data in the literature which pertain to pregnancy, family background, relations with people already before the disease developed, social maladaptation, more frequent loss of a parent, depressive symptoms at the onset of the disease, changes on the EEG and neurological examination. The results differ as regards--1. A much greater hereditary load in grade II relatives 45% (19% psychoses, 14% suicides, 12% alcoholism). 2. A greater hereditary load in grade I relatives-parents and siblings (16% psychoses and suicides, 5% alcoholism, 12% personality disorders). 3. The authors detected more psychoses among grade I relatives 14% (11% schizophrenia, 3% manic-depressive psychosis). The hereditary load in the narrower sense of the word in grade I relatives is significantly elevated 16% (14.5% psychoses, 1.5% suicides). Based on the results pertaining to the 15-42-year catamnestic investigation of education, occupation, attempts to work, a certain socialization, attacks and remissions, the authors elaborated the prognosis. The author's prognosis of early onset schizophrenia: 10% complete cure, 17% remission alternating with relapses, 73% chronic patients (20% are capable of a certain socialization; in 53% permanent care by another person is necessary-this applies to chronic patients with a defect-deterioratio and postpsychotic psychopathization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Outcome of two multimodal back treatment programs with and without intensive physical training.

We compared the results of two multimodal back treatment programs (program A: n = 134; program B: n = 175) using pain, functional capacity, sickness absence, subjective state of health, depression, and work status as outcome variables. Whereas in program A exercise was guided by pain, in program B a "no pain, no gain" rationale was used as a basis for intensive physical training. Neither of the programs included direct attempts to influence the patient's environment (i.e., to find employment or to modify working conditions). In both programs, a clear decrease in pain and an increase in functional capacity was found from the pretreatment phase to the 12-month follow-up. These changes were, however, stronger in program B. Days of absence decreased significantly in group B, but the change was not significantly different from that in group A. On the whole, the more intensive training showed somewhat better results, even though the difference was not substantial. In contrast to some earlier results, there was no statistically significant increase in the proportion of those employed after treatment in either group. The results indicate that intensive physical exercise does not, as such, solve the problem of back disability in a country that has a highly developed social security system. More active interventions in work and work-life are needed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of environmental cyclicity on appearance of human brain functional asymmetry].

The indices of the brain functional asymmetry of 4373 persons, born in 1920-1984 were studied in connection with parameters of the environment during the periods of birth and conception. The trustworthy valuable seasonal and long-term variations of the brain functional asymmetry indices were discovered. Their correlation with the cosmo-physical fluctuations is maximum for the 10-year cycle of the oriental calendar elements and the month of conception. The leading factors of the environment are: the parameters of the interplanetary magnetic field; the long-period part's potential of the high-tide forming strength of the Moon and the Sun G; geomagnetic perturbation Kp; the joined location of the planets in relation of the Moon, the Earth and the Sun. The results trace the distinctly marked sexual dimorphism. The variability of the brain functional asymmetry appears to be the display of the human individuality diversity in time and is attended by the changes in the dominating type of the universe cognition in the society-logical, intuitive, sensual, combined. The long-term and century-old cycles of social development seem to be the consequence of this phenomenon.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical comorbidity and medical care use in children with emotional problems.

As family disruption, violence, and the decline of community become more common, an ever-growing number of children are exposed to psychological and social stressors that can lead to serious emotional problems. For many children emotional problems can interfere with normal psychological and social development and can have serious long-term effects. In this study data from a large national survey are used to examine patterns of emotional and physical comorbidity and the uses of general medical and mental health services by children ages 4 to 11. Results indicate that emotional problems are common among children with physical illnesses and that emotional problems increase general medical care use. Emotional problems are clearly exacerbated by factors associated with poverty. The data also show that a larger proportion of children in single-parent than in two-parent families experience emotional problems and use mental health services. We discuss the implications of these findings for general pediatric practice.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1996

Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews.

We have shown previously that repeated laboratory restraint stress or daily corticosterone administration affects the structure of CA3 hippocampal neurons in rats. In the present study, we investigated the effect of repeated daily psychosocial stress on the structure of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in male tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri). Male tree shrews develop social hierarchies in which subordinates show characteristic changes in physiological and behavioral parameters when confronted with a dominant. In the present experiments, subordinate animals lost body weight soon after starting the daily social conflict, and urinary excretion of cortisol was elevated throughout the experiment as compared with the control period. Golgi-impregnated brain tissue from subordinates exposed to 28 d (1 hr/d) of social confrontations was compared with that from control nonstressed animals. The apical dendrites of the CA3 pyramidal cells from subordinates had a decreased number of branch points and total dendritic length as compared with controls. No differences were observed in apical dendritic spine density or in the basal dendritic tree morphology. The stress-induced CA3 apical dendritic atrophy in subordinates was prevented by administering daily oral doses of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin (Dilantin, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) (200 mg/kg), which interferes with excitatory amino acid (EAA) action. These results suggest that the naturalistic stressor psychosocial stress induces specific structural changes in hippocampal neurons of subordinate male tree shrews. These changes, like those in the rat after glucocorticoid treatment or restraint stress, probably are mediated by activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal-axis acting in concert with endogenous EAAs from mossy fiber input.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Reproductive and sexual health: a research and developmental challenge.

There is a growing awareness of the burden and implications of reproductive ill health as contributed by unsafe motherhood (during pregnancy, childbirth, abortion), reproductive tract infection (RTIs) and cancer, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), poorly regulated fertility, infertility, unwanted pregnancy and adolescent/teenage sexuality and pregnancy. Sexual health further entails a state of well-being in expression of sexuality, prevention of unwanted pregnancies, prevention of STIs and AIDS and freedom from sexual abuse and violence. Reproductive health is increasingly being recognized as one of the corner stones of health and a major determinant and indicator of human social development. It is central to general health as it reflects health in childhood and adolescence and sets the stage for health and life expectancy beyond the reproductive years. It is affected by other health aspects such as nutrition and environment, low birth weight, neonatal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. According to the WHO, reproductive health problems account for more than one third of the total burden of disease in women and more than 10 pc of that in men. The challenges posed by the subordinate status of women, the exclusion of men in reproductive health programmes and the need for shaping adolescents' sexual knowledge and behaviour are viewed against today's poor reproductive and sexual health outcomes in the context of Africa. Education systems, employers and policy makers are challenged to provide adequate STI/HIV education and on-site (school, work, satellite, drop in) control services. Prevention interventions, disease and health trends and their outcome require systematic research in order to impact on policy. Reproductive health education should be universal, especially for adolescents, and its impact assessed against appropriate monitoring criteria such as reproductive morbidity, STI prevalence and abortion complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of ocular disorders among 6- and 7-year-olds in Santa Monica, California.

BACKGROUND: Undetected ocular disorders can cause serious problems in a child's mental and social development. METHODS: To investigate relationships between ocular disease, gender and ethnicity in children, vision screening examination data was analyzed from the UCLA Mobile Eye Clinic (MEC), collected from 1985 to 1990 on first graders (69.9 percent 6- and 30.1 percent 7-year-olds) in Santa Monica, California. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 1,469 individuals, of whom 48.1 percent were female and 51.9 percent were male. Ethnicity data was available from 1988 to 1990 on 834 individuals, of whom 46.9 percent were Hispanic, 27.9 percent were White. 11.5 percent were Black, 4.4 percent were Asian, and 9.2 percent were of other races. Significantly more females than males had refractive errors, specifically hyperopia and astigmatism, and uncorrected visual acuity of 20/50 or worse in at least one eye. There were no significant associations of ethnicity or sex with any other disease category. The overall prevalences of other diseases were less than 4 percent. Of the 6- and 7-year-olds studied in Santa Monica, California, 18.5 percent had refractive errors. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for ocular disorders at an early age allows for detection of problems, especially refractive errors, that might affect school performance if uncorrected.

California↗
PubMed1997

The emerging market for long-term nicotine maintenance.

In increasing numbers, Americans will seek to satisfy nicotine addictions through the use of novel nicotine-delivery products devoid of several of the poisons that make cigarettes so deadly. In the vanguard are tobacco industry devices that heat tobacco derivatives rather than burn tobacco, and pharmaceutical industry nicotine-replacement products, with nicotine gum and the patch now available over the counter. Ostensibly, these 2 industries have diametrically opposed objectives, the tobacco industry striving to sustain nicotine addictions, the pharmaceutical industry to end them. However, a series of technological, economic, political, regulatory, and social developments augurs a strange-bedfellows competition in which these industries will vie for shares of a new multibillion dollar long-term nicotine-maintenance market. Regulatory options range from encouraging competition to banning all nicotine-delivery devices. A more realistic approach discourages use of the most dangerous products, while making less hazardous products readily available to adults.

Adult↗