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Results for “Social Behavior Disorders”

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PubMed2000

Assessment and management of behavioral disturbances in Alzheimer disease.

This article provides an update and review of strategies for assessing and treating behavioral changes in patients with Alzheimer disease. It discusses the impact of behavioral disturbances on patients, presents guidelines for identifying and monitoring behavioral changes, and presents behavioral treatment approaches.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey on the frequency of violent behavior in individuals with psychiatric disorders.

Previous studies using probability samples have found a noticeable, but small association between violence and psychiatric disorder. In this article, we analyze data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) to further examine this question. Psychiatric diagnosis of survey responses was based on a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The NCS study also included items that permitted self-report of violent behaviors in the past year. People with 12-month diagnoses of anxiety disorders, dysthymia and major depression were three to four times more likely to admit violent behaviors than those with no disorders. People with bipolar disorder or drug and alcohol abuse were eight times more likely to report violent behaviors. People with co-occurring non-substance and substance abuse disorders were more likely to report violence than those with only non-abuse disorders. Adjusting violence rates by population base rates shows demographics including ethnicity and gender to be a better predictor of violent behavior than psychiatric diagnosis. The NCS findings approximate those in other probability studies and echo the conclusions of the 1996 Consensus Statement by Advocates and Researchers on violence and mental illness; namely, mental illness is only a weak predictor of violent behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Social skills deficits associated with depression.

This article reviews the empirical evidence of impaired social skills associated with depression. Conceptualizations of social skills are examined followed by evidence from self-report, observer-rating, and behavioral assessments of depressed people's social skills. Evidence of social skills deficits in children with depression and in people with bipolar disorder is also examined. The effectiveness of social skills training as a treatment of depression is evaluated. Three different theoretical relationships between disrupted social skills and depression are described and evaluated, including poor social skills as a cause of depression, depression as a cause of poor social skills, and poor social skills as a vulnerability factor in the development of depression. Currently, there is some evidence to support each of these conceptualizations, as the relationship between poor social skills and depression can take a variety of forms.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1989

Behavioral treatments and pharmacotherapy: acceptability ratings for elderly individuals.

Two studies compared acceptability ratings of a positive behavioral treatment (differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior), a mildly aversive behavioral procedure (time-out), and pharmacotherapy used for older adults. In Study 1, college students were presented with descriptions and asked to rate the treatments of case clients who were depicted as either young or elderly, cognitively intact or impaired, and engaging in physical aggression, verbal abuse, or noncompliance. The respondents in Study 2 were adults aged 30-49, and senior center participants aged greater than or equal to 60 who were asked to evaluate only the scenarios involving elderly case clients. The Treatment Evaluation Inventory and a Semantic Differential Scale were used to assess acceptability. Results showed that: (a) college students rated medication higher for elderly case clients, and the behavioral treatments higher when applied with children; (b) adult and elderly respondents assigned the highest acceptability ratings to the differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior procedure, followed by medication and time-out; (c) all respondents assigned differential acceptability ratings depending on the behavior problem described, with more severe problems generally warranting more invasive treatments; (d) acceptability ratings of treatments did not differ as a function of cognitive capacity of case clients. Implications of these results for clinicians employing behavioral interventions with elderly clients are discussed, and suggestions are made for additional research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia: new advances.

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for social phobia is an effective treatment for many patients, but some patients do not benefit from the treatments and many remain symptomatic. Therefore, researchers have been examining techniques that may improve treatment outcome. In this paper, recent psychopathology and treatment outcome research, much of which supports the expectation that a second-generation CBT treatment may further improve outcome, are discussed. Finally, the authors present a number of CBT techniques that are tailored for the individual treatment of patients with social phobia. These methods, based on comprehensive CBT developed by Foa et al. and on cognitive therapy for social phobia developed by Clark et al. include developing an idiographic model for the patient, conducting safety behaviors experiments, providing video feedback after cognitive preparation, developing a hierarchy, conducting in vivo exposures and other behavioral experiments, imaginal exposure, social skills training, assertiveness training, and behavioral activation for depression.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed1983

A four-year follow-up of hyperactive boys with and without conduct disorder.

A four-year follow-up of clinically selected hyperactive boys with and without associated conduct disorder investigated their outcome during early adolescence and was taken from a structured behavioural interview and standard psychological testing. Boys originally diagnosed as "purely" hyperactive continued to be inattentive and impulsive at follow-up, but showed very few aggressive and antisocial behaviours. Hyperactive boys who had earlier been undersocialized and aggressive continued to have problems with attention and impulsivity, were reported to be aggressive, noncompliant, egocentric, exhibiting antisocial behaviours and using alcohol. These findings suggest that antisocial and delinquent behaviour often reported in follow-up studies of hyperactive boys may be linked to childhood aggression and unsocialized behaviour, rather than the syndrome of hyperactivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of social stories on prosocial behavior of preschool children with autism spectrum disorders.

Social Stories are a popular intervention for preschool children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but little research on Social Stories has been conducted with this population. This study investigated the effects of Social Stories on prosocial behavior of three preschool children with ASD in an inclusive setting. An ABAB design was used for two participants, while an ABACBC was used for the third. Social Stories increased appropriate behavior and decreased inappropriate behavior for two participants. The addition of verbal prompts (condition C) was necessary to increase appropriate behavior for the third participant. Maintenance probes were conducted to assess whether stories became imbedded in classroom routines. Results are discussed in relation to applications, study limitations, and areas for future research.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Cross-validation of the factor structure of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist for persons with mental retardation.

The original factor structure of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist was cross-validated with an American sample of 470 persons with moderate to profound mental retardation, including nonambulatory individuals. The results of the factor analysis with varimax rotation essentially replicated previous findings, suggesting that the original five factors (Irritability, Lethargy, Stereotypic Behavior, Hyperactivity, and Inappropriate Speech) could be cross-validated by factor loadings of individual items. The original five scales continue to show high internal consistency. These factors are easily interpretable and should continue to provide valuable research and clinical information.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Disruptive behaviors in Veterans Affairs nursing home residents: how different are residents with serious mental illness?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and correlates of behavior problems of residents of Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes and to compare residents with serious mental illness (SMI) with other resident groups. DESIGN: This study combined cross-sectional resident assessments with administrative data for all residents in VA nursing homes. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between resident characteristics and problem behaviors. SETTING: Nursing home care units in the VA healthcare system. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 9,618 nursing home residents assessed as part of the VA's April 2001 national resident census. MEASUREMENTS: The Patient Assessment Instrument assessed each resident's verbally disruptive, physically aggressive, and socially inappropriate behaviors in the prior 4 weeks. Functional limitations in eating, mobility, toileting, and transfer were assessed. Diagnoses were evaluated for the stay and up to 6 months before assessment. RESULTS: Almost one-fifth (17.9%) of residents received a diagnosis of SMI. Residents with SMI or dementia had greater behavior problems than residents with neither condition. Residents with SMI (and without dementia) exhibited more verbal disruption than residents with dementia (and without SMI), but the two subgroups did not differ in physically aggressive or socially inappropriate behavior. CONCLUSION: Many VA nursing home residents have SMI. Their level of behavior problems is comparable with that of residents with dementia. Clinical practice and nursing home staff training must encompass geriatric mental health and behavior management to meet the needs of residents with SMI.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

An Operationalized Multisymptomatic Model of Neuroses (OMMON): toward a reintegration of diagnosis and treatment in behaviour therapy.

Experimental results from a sample of 216 patients with four different "symptom-neuroses" show that 65% to 90% of these patients have different combinations of multiple symptomatology. With a background of these data, we present an Operationalized Multisymptomatic Model of Neuroses (OMMON), based on self-rating assessment of these patients on 4 symptom scales. Individual ratings on each scale are dichotomized into (+) or (-) results with regard to defined cut-off points and the model is derived from their 16 mathematically possible combinations. Subsequent analysis of these data (from a single test application) with our Varying Cut-Off Point Assessment (VACOPA) leads to hypotheses regarding causal symptom interactions and prediction of symptom changes over time, easily evaluated by repeated test application. In treatment research the model seems suitable to: (a) build more homogeneous diagnostic groups; (b) operationalize varying degrees of "neurotic" disturbance, from "normal" via "client" to "patient"--independently of existing illness theories; (c) support prognoses of individual developments within and without treatment; (d) specify treatment aims and optimal sequences of interventions; (e) monitor predicted outcome; (f) reconsider earlier apparently contradictory outcome studies; (g) evaluate theoretical concepts regarding "neurotic" symptom formations in neuroses, psychoses, and psychosomatic disturbances. For treatment purposes, OMMON should only be used together with "clinical" hypotheses; its prognostic potential can be increased by additional application of our Operationalized Multivariate Model of Motivation (OMMOM). All three diagnostic approaches may be used for mutual evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

A diagnostic system for organic brain disorders: critique and suggestion.

Organic brain disorders (OBD) are among the most complex psychiatric diagnostic problems. A critique of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM II) and the proposed DSM III suggests that the diagnostic outline for organic brain disorders contained in these publications (Organic Brain Syndromes in the DSM II; Organic Mental Syndromes in the proposed DSM III) is inadequate to describe the potential range of organic-based behavioral disorders and their possible organic etiologies. A new diagnostic system is proposed, with examples, of its use, which should fit in with the DSM II and the proposed DSM III and be flexible enough to overcome the problems of the present diagnostic system.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1983

Psychiatric and social complications of epilepsy in Nigerians.

Seventy-three epileptic patients (22 children and 51 older patients) presenting at a Psychiatric Unit over a 2-year period were studied prospectively. Eighty percent presented after an interval of over one year following onset of the disorder, 40% after an interval of over five years. The majority had sought treatment elsewhere prior to presentation, usually from traditional and religious healers. Commonest seizure type was generalized grand mal. Adverse effects on schooling, occupation and marriage were common. Over 90% of the children and 65% of the adults had one or more forms of mental disorder. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗