Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “STIGMATIZATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,513 records · Page 84Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Unique case of eleven Bell's palsy episodes.

Bell's palsy (BP) is a peripheral facial nerve paralysis of unknown etiology. It is not a life-threatening condition; however, incomplete recovery may leave an individual stigmatized functionally, occupationally as well as socially. Recurrent paralyses are seldom, noted in 7-8% of all BP cases. More than two BP relapses are even less frequent. Adour et al. (1977) reported only two patients with four BP episodes from 1700 patients. Only one patient with more than four BP recurrences in the group containing 2414 BP cases were reported by Yanagihara et al. (1984). The highest reported number of BP recurrences in the accessible literature has been nine. We are presenting an unusual patient who suffered a total of eleven relapses of an idiopathic facial nerve palsy. Description of the case along with review of the relevant literature are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Group treatment for female adolescent sexual abuse victims.

The incidence of childhood sexual abuse has reached epidemic proportions. Many of the perpetrators are family members or a parent figure to the victim. Adolescent sexual abuse victims are identified as an underserved population. The Sexual Assault Center in Seattle, Washington, offers a treatment group for older adolescent females who have been sexually abused and who exhibit significantly disturbed behaviors as a result. Group composition, goals, and organization are discussed. Using the framework of the four traumagenic dynamics of child sexual abuse, as developed by Finkelhor and Browne (1985), the wide range of symptoms seen in these adolescents is described. Each dynamic-traumatic sexualization, betrayal, powerlessness, and stigmatization-is reviewed in terms of how it manifests in victims' responses to the abuse. Practical application of these dynamics in terms of group intervention strategies is reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Persistent and severely mentally ill clients' perceptions of their mental illness.

This qualitative, exploratory study examines severely mentally ill clients' perceptions of their illness and the effects of this illness on their lives. The major purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of severely mentally ill clients. Subjects included 15 clients in an out patient mental health clinic in a veterans' hospital in the upper midwestern United States. A phenomenologic methodology was used, with subjects being interviewed until common themes emerged. The data were analyzed utilizing a seven-step method. Four major themes emerged in the data analysis. Identification of these themes provided a meaningful way to synthesize the data and identify those concepts that best capture and name the personal perceptions of severely and persistently mentally ill people. The four themes identified were stigmatization and the resulting alienation, loss, a pervasive feeling of distress, and acceptance on two dimensions (a personal acceptance of having a mental illness and a need for acceptance by others). Although the individuality of each client was evident in the data obtained, each theme represents a collective perspective that emerged from the analysis of the data.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Attitudes to hearing difficulty and hearing aids and the outcome of audiological rehabilitation.

First time hearing aid candidates (N = 135) in a NHS setting were administered the Hearing Attitudes in Rehabilitation Questionnaire (HARQ) designed to assess attitudes to acquired hearing loss and hearing aids and 92% of them were followed up 3-9 months after fitting. Attitude scores, age, sex and sensory thresholds were related to six self-report outcome measures by use of logistic regression. The major findings were that patients who were least distressed by their hearing difficulties and reported not wanting or needing a hearing aid used their aids least frequently and evaluated them less highly in listening situations. An attitude that wearing a hearing aid was stigmatizing was not predictive of outcome except a report of more difficulty in handling the aid. There were some low but significant correlations between attitudes and sensory thresholds and thresholds also contributed to the prediction of outcome in a few instances.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Attitudes towards co-workers affected by occupational hearing loss. II: Focus groups interviews.

This study was undertaken as a complement to a questionnaire inquiry on attitudes towards co-workers affected by occupational hearing loss (OHL). Four groups of 7 to 11 volunteer participants were recruited among respondents to the questionnaire inquiry. They were interviewed using a focus group technique. Scenarios were prepared to serve as a basis for asking questions aimed at three major objectives: (a) to characterize workers' perception of a co-worker who has an impairment involving no visible signs; (b) to identify the conditions that trigger social withdrawal and isolation behaviour among people affected by OHL, and the conditions that might make the latter decide to seek help; and (c) to define the type and methods of help that might minimize social withdrawal and isolation among hearing impaired workers. The interviews were taped and transcribed verbatim for content analysis using a phenomenological-interpretative framework. The findings can be summarized by the following description of the perception of the problem of OHL among industrial workers. The strong fear of being stigmatized leads those affected by OHL to conceal its manifestations and consequences in their everyday life. As a result, significant others, co-workers, employers and the general population are not aware of such manifestations. Within the workplace, the problem of OHL is generally seen as being inconsequential. In daily interactions among co-workers, its effects are ignored. Within the family, hearing difficulties are often not interpreted as such but they nevertheless affect the workers' significant others. People do not know how to facilitate communication with a person affected by OHL. A large scale multi-target awareness programme is proposed to demarginalize workers affected by OHL. Implications of the findings are drawn in such areas as characterization of attitudes toward workers with hearing impairment, rehabilitation for those affected by OHL, and prevention of OHL.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Some factors influencing quality of sexual life after myocardial infarction.

In 49 male survivors of one myocardial infarction (MI) aspects of sexual function before and after the vascular catastrophe were investigated by means of structured interviews. In additionally 13 subjects penile blood pressure and flow were measured. In 63% of the subjects sexual function had deteriorated to some extent after the MI. The level of general sexual satisfaction decreased in 45%, and changes were associated with changes in sexual function. Stigmatization was associated with sexual dysfunctions. The findings indicate that both biologic and psychosocial factors are influential on the emergence of sexual dysfunction and, therefore, frustration.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1982

Leisure after stroke.

Leisure activities and satisfaction derived from leisure activities were investigated together with feelings of stigma and of depression in 51 first-stroke married/cohabitating hemiplegics (males (n: 39) mean age 54 +/- 9; females (n: 12) mean age 50 +/- 12). Leisure goals appeared to mirror traditional gender roles; males having more outdoor and straining leisure activities. For the majority, number and frequency of active leisure participation decreased after stroke and they became passively discontented. This was the case for outdoor and indoor activities as well as for activities characterized by social interaction and entertainment. Mutual and non-mutual partnership of leisure activities occurred for those investigated within a year after stroke. Dissatisfaction also followed increased, passive, time together with spouse. Stigmatism was common (about 50 per cent) during the first year post-stroke, while depression was most common (65 per cent) between 7 and 12 months after stroke. The findings are discussed in terms of physical (disease-related) resources, geographical circumstances and psychological adaptation in its temporal context.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1997

Towards an inclusive spirituality: wholeness, interdependence and waiting.

In this paper I want to tread a careful path between spirituality as something to be examined and spirituality as something to be experienced. While we need knowledge, the relationship between spirituality and disability exists in the experiences of those concerned, and should not be reduced to purely analytical categories. This leads me to an examination of some of the contemporary uses of the terms spirituality and disability. This is the inclusive part of the title. The paper will examine the cult of perfection as it acts to stigmatize disability. This is the wholeness part of the title. I will also examine the concept of dependence. In my view there is a need to rehabilitate this concept. This is the interdependence and waiting part of the title. What has all this to do with spirituality? It has to do with the integrity of the human person as an essentially spiritual being.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1998

Community-based rehabilitation and stigma management by physically disabled people in Ghana.

Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) has been recommended by the World Health Organization as an antidote to the poor coverage of rehabilitation facilities in the developing countries. This attempt is to make it possible for disabled people to receive the help they need to be able to go about their daily activities aided by trained personnel from their own communities. Research has however indicated that many disabled people do not patronize rehabilitation programmes. Many who give it a try leave dissatisfied. Most of the disabled people will rather migrate to the cities to beg. Many reasons, including economic and location of rehabilitation centres in the cities, have been assigned for this trend of affairs. This paper however sees the problem as attempts by disabled people and their families to manage 'felt' and 'enacted' stigma. The paper seeks to question the importance of Community-Based Rehabilitation, since experienced and perceived stigma seem to be more pronounced in the rural areas, and begging is often seen as the fastest way to gain some independence, reduce stigma and avoid stigmatized environments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Are the mentally ill homeless a distinct homeless subgroup?

The question has been raised whether it is useful or meaningful to dichotomize the homeless population by mental illness - i.e., to consider the mentally ill homeless as distinct from other homeless people. The current article presents evidence from a single data set to address this question empirically. Data from a randomly sampled population of 900 homeless men and women systemically interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule were examined to determine associations of mental illness with the problems of homelessness, controlling for the presence of substance abuse in the analyses. Although a few clinically meaningful associations with mental illness were found that might suggest directions for appropriate interventions, mental illness did not differentiate individuals in many important demographic and biographic respects. Individual diagnoses did not perform much better in differentiating the homeless by mental illness. Schizophrenia and bipolar mania showed a few significant associations not identified by the "major mental illness" construct. Major depression, constituting the majority of nonsubstance Axis I disorder in the homeless, provided no association beyond that obtained with the "major mental illness" category. The data provide little support for conceptualizing homeless subgroups or homelessness in general on the basis of mental illness alone. To do so also risks neglecting the emotional distress of the majority without major mental illness and the other problems that homeless persons share regardless of psychiatric illness. While serious mental illness is overrepresented among the homeless, it represents just one of many important vulnerability factors for homelessness. Substance abuse is far more prevalent than other Axis I disorders. Media images equating homelessness with major mental illness unnecessarily stigmatize homeless people and encourage oversimplified and narrowly conceived psychiatric interventions. While continuing attention is needed on improving identification and management of serious mental illness among the homeless, this must be accomplished within the broader context of social and economic aspects of homelessness.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of T-ACASI interviewing on reported drug use among men who have sex with men.

Measurements of drug use and other illicit or stigmatized behaviors are subject to nontrivial underreporting biases. During in-person surveys, respondents are more likely to report such behaviors when interviewed using techniques that maximize interviewee privacy, e.g., use of paper SAQs and audio-CASI rather than questioning by human interviewers. Until recently, respondents in telephone surveys could not be offered similar privacy. A new technology, telephone audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (T-ACASI) overcomes this limitation of telephone surveys by allowing respondents to respond to a computer. A randomized experimental test of T-ACASI was embedded in the Urban Men's Health Study (UMHS). UMHS surveyed a probability sample of 2,881 men from four United States cities and who reported having sex with men. Respondents interviewed using T-ACASI reported a higher prevalence of drug use and drug-related behaviors than respondents interviewed by human interviewers. However, survey respondents were more likely to break off an interview when the interview was conducted by a T-ACASI computer rather than by a human interviewer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cultural adaptations of Alcoholics Anonymous to serve Hispanic populations.

Hispanic A.A. groups in Los Angeles operate with two different models, one involving "terapia dura" (rough therapy) and the other employing less confrontive methods. "Terapia dura" adapts expressions of the machismo value complex to produce social alternatives for young male immigrants from Central America. In the less confrontational version, machismo is muted. Hispanic A.A. groups make little provision for the problems of women, and gays are stigmatized. Members' economic status, ethnicity, and level of acculturation condition the style and content of meetings and strategies for group survival.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2005

"Co-operation in All Human Endeavour": quarantine and immigrant disease vectors in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in Winnipeg.

Unlike occurrences of other contagious diseases such as cholera and smallpox, the 1918-19 influenza pandemic did not lead to anti-immigrant backlash, the stigmatization of newcomers as disease carriers, or aggressive quarantine measures focused against immigrant groups. During influenza outbreaks in several major Canadian cities, quarantine was either rejected or was a low-priority containment measure, reluctantly and sceptically employed. Blaming immigrants during the epidemic was not considered enlightened public health practice or good disease containment strategy. Retrospective evaluation of the successes and failures of the fight against influenza concluded that coercive measures such as quarantine did more harm than good. The experience with influenza contributed to new notions of immigrant inclusion in the social body.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

Tuberculin skin testing in children.

In 1996, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended targeted tuberculin skin testing (TST) of children while discouraging routine TST of children without risk factors for tuberculosis (TB). Recent studies have provided evidence in support of the targeted TST and recommendations that favor risk assessment over universal screening with TST. While evidence for targeted TB testing exists and benefits of screening programs are clear, administrative logistics could be a greater issue. The challenge for public health and school officials is to develop a screening program that avoids stigmatization of the at-risk group. Until then, pediatric healthcare providers will continue to have a key role in identifying children at risk for latent TB infection by using the AAP-endorsed risk-assessment questionnaire and should screen children with TST only when >1 risk factor is present.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Nosocomial Oral Myiasis by Sarcophaga sp. in Turkey.

We present a case of oral myiasis in a 15-year-old boy with tuberculosis meningitis. The diagnosis was based on the visual presence of wriggling larvae about 1 cm in size and on the microscopic features of the maggots, especially those relating to stigmatic structures. The larvae were identified as third-stage larvae of Sarcophaga sp.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mental and physical symptoms associated with lower social support for patients with hepatitis C.

AIM: To systematically examine the impact of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis on patients' level of social support in a large-scale study. METHODS: Patients evaluated and treated for HCV in a tertiary referral center were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Demographic data, functional and emotional status as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), severity of liver disease, mode of acquisition, and physical and psychiatric comorbidities were collected from patients or abstracted from the medical record. All participants completed a semi-structured interview, addressing questions of social support. RESULTS: A total of 342 patients (mean age 45.2 years; 37% women) were enrolled. Ninety-two (27%) patients described lower levels of support by family and friends. Nearly half of the participants (45%) noted the loss of at least one relationship due to the disease. Fears related to transmitting the disease (25%) were common and often associated with ignorance or even discrimination by others (19%). Nearly one fifth of the patients did not share information about their disease with others to avoid being stigmatized. Lower levels of social support were significantly associated with living alone, being unemployed, being excluded from antiviral therapy, having psychiatric comorbidities, contracting HCV through intravenous drug use, having high levels of anxiety and depression as measured by the HAD and negative mood state as measured by the SIP. Patients reporting lower levels of social support also noted more physical symptoms as measured by the SIP. CONCLUSION: Patients with hepatitis C often face significant social problems, ranging from social isolation to familial stress. The most common concerns reflect a limited insight of patients and their relatives and friends about the disease, the risk factors for its spread, and about potential consequences. Our data suggest that educational interventions targeting support persons and the stressors identified in our findings may lessen or alleviate the social strains patients with hepatitis C experience.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Social dominance orientation, prejudice, and discrimination: a new computer-based method for studying discriminatory behaviors.

A number of studies have shown that the scale of social dominance orientation (SDO), used to measure the degree of preference for inequality among social groups, is a predictive measure of social and political attitudes toward stigmatized outgroups. However, the relationship between SDO and discrimination has received little attention. The main goal of this study was to assess the validity of a new computer-based method used to measure discriminatory behaviors in a laboratory setting. An additional goal was to test the mediating role of prejudice in the relation between SDO and discrimination. The results provide a first validation of this new method and demonstrate that the effect of SDO on discrimination is mediated by prejudice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Caring for family members with Alzheimer's disease: perspectives from Chinese American caregivers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of Chinese American caregivers who provide care for family members with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individual interviews were conducted with four family caregivers. Results revealed ethnocultural and structural barriers that Chinese family caregivers experienced, including stigmatization of AD in the Chinese community, a lack of knowledge about AD, a lack of culturally and linguistically appropriate AD services, nega tive interactions with health-care providers, and difficulty with English. This study vides cultural knowledge and insights nurses who care for AD clients and their fam ilies. Overcoming barriers and working with Chinese American families and their community are needed to improve access and dementia services for Chinese American patients and their families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗