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PubMedDate not supplied

MR imaging of pelvic and thigh muscles in congenital muscular dystrophy.

To define and compare the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of pelvic and thigh muscles in merosin-deficient and merosin-positive congenital muscular dystrophy, 10 patients with merosin-positive and six patients with merosin-deficient muscular dystrophy were examined in a 0.5 T MR imaging unit. Intensity and atrophy scores were given to individual muscles by two radiologists and were calculated for three muscle groups (pelvic, anterior thigh and posterior thigh muscles). Rectus femoris was affected less than the vastus muscles in 40 percent of cases in merosin-positive patients, whereas there was no selective sparing in merosin-deficient patients. Sartorius and gracilis were relatively spared in both groups. The most consistently affected muscles were gluteus maximus, adductor magnus and brevis in merosin-positive patients. Atrophy was more prominent in the adductor muscles in the merosin-deficient group. Intensity scores of anterior thigh muscles of the merosin-positive group were significantly higher than those of the merosin-deficient group (U = 8, p = 0.016). When stepwise logistic regression model was applied, intensity score of the anterior thigh muscles was found to be the best differentiating variable. The regression analysis model formed was able to differentiate the two forms with a sensitivity of 80 percent and specificity of 83 percent.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Correlation of parvalbumin concentration with relaxation speed in mammalian muscles.

The physiological role of the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin in skeletal muscle has been investigated by measuring the parvalbumin content by HPLC in a variety of mammalian muscles, including man, and comparing the results with the respective muscle relaxation properties and fiber type compositions. The parvalbumin concentrations were highest in the skeletal muscles of the smallest animal investigated (mouse, gastrocnemius: 4.9 g/kg), which has the highest relaxation speed, and lowest in the larger animals (horse, deep gluteal muscle: less than or equal to 0.001 g/kg) and man (vastus, triceps: less than or equal to 0.001 g/kg), which have much lower relaxation speeds. Analysis of three type-homogeneous muscles of the guinea pig revealed highest parvalbumin concentrations (0.25 g/kg) in sartorius (type IIB) and lowest concentrations (less than or equal to 0.007 g/kg) in soleus (type I), consistent with the different half-relaxation times of fast and slow muscles. Denervation of the rat extensor digitorum longus, which increases the half-relaxation time from 9.4 to 19 msec, resulted in a 20% decrease of the parvalbumin content. Given this close correlation between parvalbumin content and relaxation speed in a variety of muscles and species, we suggest that parvalbumin is involved directly in the relaxation process in fast muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion. IV. Participation in cutaneous reflexes.

The responses of 11 individual motoneurons, the muscle to which each projected, plus all other muscles in the anterior thigh of the cat, were recorded following single non-noxious electrical stimuli to cutaneous nerves while the intact animal walked on a treadmill. The various excitatory and/or inhibitory responses were qualitatively similar for stimuli within the range 1.1-10 times threshold for group I fibers in the stimulated nerve (usually saphenous). Monarticular knee extensor muscles in the vastus group and their motoneurons were usually inhibited in the period 10- to 25-ms poststimulus. The faster contracting vastus medialis and lateralis muscles tended to have an excitatory rebound at approximately 25- to 40-ms poststimulus that was confined to the stance phase of the step cycle when these muscles were normally active. Biarticular hip flexor muscles rectus femoris and both the anterior and medial parts of sartorius and their motoneurons all had similar bimodal excitatory responses, including an early period 3- to 18-ms poststimulus and a later period 20- to 35-ms poststimulus. The short-latency excitatory responses appeared to be proportional to the normal recruitment of the muscles in the step cycle, whereas the long-latency responses tended to be phase advanced with respect to normal recruitment. Motoneurons projecting to muscles with two excitatory peaks tended to have similar excitatory responses at both latencies and occasionally responded at both latencies to a single stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Muscle study of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus riukiuanus). I. Gluteal and thigh muscles.

The gluteal and thigh muscles of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus riukiuanus) were macroscopically studied. The sartorius was not observed in any of the specimens examined. The gracilis was divided into two bellies. The semitendinosus had two heads of origin, the ischial and vertebral. However, most of the gluteal and thigh muscles of this animal were quite similar with respect to origin, insertion, and also nerve supply to those muscles of rodents and primates, including human beings. All the gluteal and thigh muscles observed in this study were tabulated (see Table 1) and compared with those reported by Sharma (1958) and Isomura (1968). Furthermore, the homology of these muscles to the corresponding muscles of the rodents and of human beings, was discussed in the text (see also Table 1).

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Peripheral nerve damage in chicks following treatment with organophosphorus compounds in ovo.

Chick embryos were treated with tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) or leptophos, organophosphorus compounds that cause delayed neurotoxicity. Embryos received either TOCP (62 or 250 microliter/kg egg) or leptophos (125 to 750 mg/kg egg) Day 14 of incubation and were examined after hatching for nerve damage. The high doses caused high embryo mortality. Chicks which survived the high doses were grossly ataxic from hatching until the study was ended at 3 weeks posthatching. On Posthatching Day 2, many degenerating nerve fibers were observed in the profundus/superficialis peroneus nerve in chicks surviving the high doses. TOCP-treated chicks were followed in detail for neuromuscular changes. Twenty days after hatching there were fewer large nerve fibers in the distal ischiadic nerve compared with controls and the largest nerve fibers were absent in the peroneus profundus nerve. Consistent with the evidence of denervation there was increased terminal branching of motor axons in femoral (sartorius) and tibial (external gastrocnemius and peroneus longus) leg muscles. The leg nerves of chicks treated with the low dose of TOCP did not show either an excessive number of degenerating nerve fibers or a detectable loss of large nerve fibers. However, terminal branching of motor axons was increased in the external gastrocnemius and peroneus longus muscles of 5- and 15-day-old chicks, followed by recovery by Day 25. The evidence is interpreted as a distal axonopathy in chicks treated with TOCP during late embryonic development.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Surgical management of difficult wounds of the groin.

Coverage of large defects of the soft tissue of the groin present a challenging problem. Exposure of the femoral vessels or prosthetic grafts requires urgent coverage with well vascularized tissue. The medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries supply the gracilis, sartorius, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris and tensor fascia lata muscles, permitting the use of these muscles or myocutaneous flaps for coverage of groin defects when the femoral artery is intact. With extensive wounds of the groin resulting from trauma, ablation of carcinoma and vascular reconstruction for atherosclerosis involving the femoral vessels, the aforementioned flaps cannot be used. The external iliac artery supplies the rectus abdominis muscle through the deep inferior epigastric artery and the interal oblique muscle through the deep circumflex iliac artery. These muscle flaps are available when the femoral vessels are not intact. If the ipsilateral iliofemoral vessels are not intact, branches of the contralateral iliac artery through deep inferior epigastric artery and deep circumflex iliac artery provide suitable flaps for covering the groin wound. We review our experience with the management of difficult groin wounds (n = 31) and present a systematic approach to reconstruction of the groin based on these anatomic facts.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Muscle-flap coverage for infected peripheral vascular prostheses.

Infection in a peripheral vascular prosthesis continues to be a serious complication in arterial reconstructive surgery and threatens the patient with loss of either limb or life. Infection rates at major centers are now low, ranging from 1 to 6 percent; however, limb loss and mortality rates for this complication range from 25 to 75 percent depending on the location of the graft and the extent of the infection. The use of muscle flaps in the management of acute wounds, infection-prone wounds, exposed orthopedic hardware, and osteomyelitis is now commonplace. Transposed muscle has been shown to be well-vascularized tissue that improves healing time and decreases local wound bacterial counts. After considering the preceding facts, we used muscle flaps for coverage of infected peripheral vascular prostheses in a highly select group of patients. These patients were "end of the line," and last-ditch efforts were made to salvage life or limb. Twenty-four infected vascular grafts in 20 patients have been analyzed. Ages ranged from 52 to 87 years. All patients had grade 3, stage I, II, or III peripheral graft infections, as previously defined by Szilagyi and modified by vonDongen. Aortofemoral reconstruction was the most common initial bypass procedure (14), followed by femoral popliteal (6), axillofemoral (2), iliofemoral (1), and subclavian/subclavian bypass (1). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common infecting organism. Muscles used for coverage were the rectus femoris (13), the sartorius (9), the rectus abdominis (1), and the pectoralis major (1). The graft material was composed of Dacron in 16 instances and polytetrafluoroethylene in 8.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed2006

MRI in DNM2-related centronuclear myopathy: evidence for highly selective muscle involvement.

Dynamin 2 has recently been recognized as a causative gene for the autosomal dominant form of centronuclear myopathy (dominant centronuclear myopathy). Here we report an affected father and daughter with dynamin 2 related AD CNM with predominantly distal onset of weakness. In addition to the diagnostic central location of myonuclei the muscle biopsy also showed core-like structures. Muscle MRI in the lower leg revealed prominent involvement of the soleus, but also of the gastrocnemius and the tibialis anterior whereas in the thigh there was a consistent pattern of selective involvement of adductor longus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius with relative sparing of vastus lateralis and medialis, sartorius, gracilis, and partly of the semitendinosus. These characteristic findings on muscle MRI confirm similar findings reported for CT imaging in dynamin 2 related dominant centronuclear myopathy and may help to differentiate this disorder from central core disease and other myopathies.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effects of divergent selection for body weight on three skeletal muscles characteristics in the chicken.

1. Histochemical (fibre type distribution and areas) and biochemical (myosin isoforms) characteristics of three muscles, M. anterior latissimus dorsi, M. pectoralis major and M. sartorius, were compared among male chickens of two lines at 11 and 55 weeks of age. 2. The lines were derived from a divergent selection based on growth rate. Cockerels from the Fast Growing Line (FGL) were 2.3 times heavier than those from the Slow Growing Line (SGL) when 11 weeks old and 1.7 times at 55 weeks of age. The latter age was chosen as representative of the adult stage and the 11-week age because, at this time, FGL cocks weighed as much as SGL cockerels at 55 weeks. 3. At both ages, the two lines showed similar fibre type distributions, but the total number in the ALD muscle, and the size (cross-sectional areas) of fibres in each muscle were higher in the FGL compared with the SGL (14.6% and 33% more at 11 and 55 weeks of age respectively in favour of the FGL birds). 4. The two lines displayed similar myosin isoform patterns when adult muscles were compared (55 weeks). They differed slightly at 11 weeks of age, muscle differentiation being completed only in the FGL. 5. Comparisons of the two lines at the same live weight (i.e. FGL cockerels at 11 weeks of age and SGL cockerels at 55 weeks) showed larger muscle fibres in the SGL and no difference in the isomyosin patterns.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of eugenol on excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.

The effects of eugenol on the excitation-contraction coupling of the toad (Bufo paracnemis) sartorius were studied. Eugenol (0.1-2.5 mM) blocked the contracture induced by 80 mM K+. At 2.5 mM, it decreased the depolarization, induced by 80 mM K+, by 14 mV. This is not sufficient to explain the complete blockade of the potassium contracture. At higher concentrations (3-12 mM), eugenol induced contractures, without causing a depolarization of the membrane. Contractures were blocked by procaine and potentiated by caffeine and by cooling of the muscle. For concentrations of eugenol in the upper range of the dose-response curve (10 mM), the contracture was independent of the Ca++ concentration in the medium. At lower concentrations (5 mM), the contractures induced by eugenol were potentiated by divalent cations, in the order: Mg++ < Ba++ < Zn++ < Co++ < Ca++ < Mn++. We infer that the eugenol-induced contractures are caused, primarily, by a release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and, secondarily, by a mechanism related to the presence of some divalent cations in the extracellular space.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Pedicled internal oblique rotational muscle flap for reconstruction of lateral pelvic defects: report of 4 cases.

Various local and distant flaps have been used to repair pelvic defects, including sartorius, rectus abdominis, rectus femoris, tensor fascia lata, vastus lateralis, gracilis, and omentum, each with benefits and disadvantages. The pedicled internal oblique rotational muscle flap has been described to cover pelvic wounds but may be underutilized. We present our experience with 5 pedicled internal oblique flaps in 4 patients (3 male, 1 female). The mean patient age was 32 years (23-47 years), and the mean follow-up was 8 months. All patients required coverage of the lateral pelvis after failure of conservative measures. There were no major complications. One patient experienced decreased sensation in the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve distribution, which resolved fully within 3 months. The internal oblique muscle provides local soft-tissue coverage with a predictable blood supply, and its proximity to the pelvis offers an alternative for reconstruction of lateral pelvic defects, with minimal associated morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Mutation of the IIB myosin heavy chain gene results in muscle fiber loss and compensatory hypertrophy.

The fast skeletal IIb gene is the source of most myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in adult mouse skeletal muscle. We have examined the effects of a null mutation in the IIb MyHC gene on the growth and morphology of mouse skeletal muscle. Loss in muscle mass of several head and hindlimb muscles correlated with amounts of IIb MyHC expressed in that muscle in wild types. Decreased mass was accompanied by decreases in mean fiber number, and immunological and ultrastructural studies revealed fiber pathology. However, mean cross-sectional area was increased in all fiber types, suggesting compensatory hypertrophy. Loss of muscle and body mass was not attributable to impaired chewing, and decreased food intake as a softer diet did not prevent the decrease in body mass. Thus loss of the major MyHC isoform produces fiber loss and fiber pathology reminiscent of muscle disease.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

Selective muscle activation following electrical stimulation of the collateral ligaments of the human knee joint.

The objective of this study was to establish the presence of a local neurosensory reflex are from mechanoreceptors in human collateral ligaments and joint capsule to knee muscles and to determine if these muscles could be selectively activated as varus or valgus stabilizers using randomized trials. All studies were performed in the research department laboratories. Eleven subjects were recruited from the university staff and students based on no prior history of knee ailments. Subjects laid supine on an experimentation table as a current-modulated electrical stimulation was provided through the medial (MCL) or lateral collateral (LCL) knee ligaments. Latency of activation was measured for seven muscles, four by surface electrodes (semitendinosus, biceps femoris long head, vastus medialis, and lateralis), and three by intramuscular electrodes (sartorius, gracilis, tensor fascia lata). In the protocol, selective activation was defined as the relative increase in the activity of four muscles with medial moment arms following MCL stimulation compared with corresponding activity following LCL stimulation. For lateral muscles, the opposite was assumed (ie, that more activity would follow LCL than MCL stimulation). Monte Carlo simulations were performed on the data to determine significant selective muscle activation (p < .05). Statistically significant increases in activation were observed, most consistently, in the vastus medialis following MCL stimulation and in the vastus lateralis following LCL stimulation. These results suggest that a neurosensory reflex are from ligament mechanoreceptors may provide varus and valgus stabilization and knee muscles may be selectively activated to counter varus or valgus loads.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

Non-transmitting neuromuscular junctions during an early stage of end-plate reinnervation.

1. Electrophysiological studies were made on regenerating motor end-plates in frog cutaneous pectoris muscle after crushing the motor nerve.2. The pattern of degenerative and regenerative changes is similar to that already described for the frog sartorius, although it occurs more quickly in the cutaneous pectoris. Resumption of synaptic transmission first occurs after 9 days, in muscle fibres closest to the nerve crush. During the subsequent 12 days synaptic contact is progressively re-established across the muscle.3. During the period of regeneration muscle fibres can be found which have been reinnervated, but which do not produce an end-plate potential in response to stimulation of the nerve trunk. This is referred to as the ;non-transmitting' stage of regeneration.4. Increases in extracellular potassium, addition of lanthanum to the bath and focal extracellular stimulation all indicate that the axon terminals at non-transmitting junctions do have a releasable supply of neurotransmitter. Focal stimulation occasionally sets up active responses in these nerve terminals.5. It is concluded that this ;non-transmitting' stage results from failure of action potential propagation in the regenerating neurone proximal to the end-plate region.

Animals↗