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PubMed2001

Effects of familiarity level and repetition on recognition accuracy.

Theories of recognition memory based on signal detection theory posit that a recognition decision is similar to a psychophysical judgment. Like a judgment of stimulus brightness or loudness, a recognition judgment is based on the value of a unidimensional signal computed for the test item. This signal has been called the strength or familiarity value. One prediction of these models is that the ability to discriminate between a studied and nonstudied test item depends on the ability to detect the difference in their familiarities. This ability in turn is influenced by the items' familiarity levels; discrimination should become more difficult as the familiarity of both items increases. This prediction was supported in 3 experiments using a forced-choice procedure. Also, accuracy was higher when the list contained repeated items rather than a comparable number of distinct items.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Spatial recognition and spatial order memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Patients diagnosed as having mild or moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer's type (PDDAT), and normal elderly subjects were tested for spatial order and a spatial recognition memory. Results for spatial order memory indicated that compared to normal elderly subjects, patients with mild PDDAT showed an impaired memory only for the last serial positions. In contrast, with respect to spatial recognition memory, patients with mild PDDAT showed an impaired memory only for the early serial positions. Patients with moderate PDDAT were impaired on all serial positions for both spatial order and spatial recognition memory. Based on comparable deficit patterns seen in animals and patients with hippocampal and parietal cortex lesions, it is suggested that memory deficits displayed by PDDAT patients might be a function of underlying pathology in the hippocampus and parietal cortex.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Why faces are and are not special: an effect of expertise.

Recognition memory for faces is hampered much more by inverted presentation than is memory for any other material so far examined. The present study demonstrates that faces are not unique with regard to this vulnerability to inversion. The experiments also attempt to isolate the source of the inversion effect. In one experiment, use of stimuli (landscapes) in which spatial relations among elements are potentially important distinguishing features is shown not to guarantee a large inversion effect. Two additional experiments show that for dog experts sufficiently knowledgeable to individuate dogs of the same breed, memory for photographs of dogs of that breed is as disrupted by inversion as is face recognition. A final experiment indicates that the effect of orientation on memory for faces does not depend on inability to identify single features of these stimuli upside down. These experiments are consistent with the view that experts represent items in memory in terms of distinguishing features of a different kind than do novices. Speculations as to the type of feature used and neuropsychological and developmental implications of this accomplishment are offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Synaptic plasticity in olfactory memory formation in female mice.

Female mice develop a long-lasting olfactory recognition memory of a partner male at the first relay in the vomeronasal system. In this study the synaptic plasticity relevant to this phenomenon was examined at reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses in the accessory olfactory bulb of female mice by electron microscopy. The size of asymmetrical excitatory synapses (mitral/tufted to granule cells) of the reciprocal synapses was significantly larger in the group of female mice which were subjected to a treatment intended to induce olfactory memory formation than in the control group. It is suggested that olfactory memory formation is associated with a conformational change at the level of synaptic structure of the accessory olfactory bulb.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Chronic 17beta-estradiol pretreatment and ischemia-induced hippocampal degeneration and memory impairments: a 6-month survival study.

Exogenous administration of estrogen has been shown to significantly reduce ischemia-induced neuronal degeneration. However, the long-term impact of such treatment on neuronal protection and functional recovery remain largely unknown. The present study assessed the effects of a 15-day pretreatment with 17beta-estradiol on memory deficits and neuronal damage up to 6 months following a 10-min global ischemia in rats. Four groups of ovariectomized female rats [sham-operated and ischemic rats receiving a 15-day pretreatment of either the vehicle or 17beta-estradiol (100 microg/kg)] were tested. The 8-arm radial maze and object recognition tests served to evaluate the impact of 17beta-estradiol treatment on ischemia-induced spatial and recognition memory impairments, respectively. Testing in the radial maze was initiated at two distinct time intervals following reperfusion (7 and 120 days) to evaluate changes in memory functions over time. Our findings revealed long-lasting neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol treatment on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in ovariectomized ischemic rats (43.5% greater neuronal survival than observed in vehicle-treated ischemic animals). Importantly, this neuronal protection translated into significant improvements of recognition and spatial memory functions in estradiol-treated ischemic rats.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

A disruptive effect of bizarreness on memory for relational and contextual details of self-performed and other-performed acts.

We examined recognition memory for relational and contextual details of bizarre and common acts that were either self-performed or performed by another. The results support previous findings that bizarreness disrupts memory for relational details and provide evidence that bizarreness also disrupts memory of the general context in which objects of actions occurred. The disruptive effects of bizarreness were found in memory for both self-performed and other-performed acts. Although parts of bizarre events are remembered well, information about the context in which the remembered part occurs and relationships among remembered parts are not remembered well.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Recency and frequency judgements in alcoholic amnesics and normal people with poor memory.

Alcoholic amnesics have been reported to confuse when an event occurred with how frequently it occurred and conversely, how frequently something took place with when it happened. This lack of independence of recency and frequency judgements, shown by these amnesics (but not shown by normal people) has been interpreted as reflecting a selective amnesic failure in memory for contextual information; this failure, in turn, leading to poor recall and recognition memory. The effect is replicated on another group of Korsakoff patients and, by manipulations of retention intervals and of learning opportunity, it is also shown that normal people with memory that is as poor overall as that of amnesics still have specific contextual memory with which to make temporal judgements independently of frequency of presentation and (somewhat less obviously) frequency judgements independently of recency of presentation. The qualitative differences between amnesic and normal people cannot therefore be an artefact of testing generally poor memory in amnesics. While it is possible that the unavailability or inaccessibility of contextual information may cause amnesia, an alternative hypothesis, that poor contextual knowledge is an incidental feature in alcoholic amnesia (related to frontal lobe dysfunction), is also considered.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed2002

Perirhinal cortex neuronal activity is actively related to working memory in the macaque.

Lesion studies suggest that the perirhinal cortex plays a role in object recognition memory. To analyze its role, we recorded the activity of single neurons in the perirhinal cortex in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) performing a delayed matching-to-sample task with up to four intervening stimuli. Certain neurons (40 of 90 analyzed) showed a smaller response to an image when it was shown the second time within a trial (as a match image) than when it had been shown (as a sample image) the first time. A new finding was that the perirhinal cortex neurons were actively reset between trials: when a particular image was shown as a sample on a succeeding trial, the response was much larger than when it had been shown as a match image a short time previously on the previous trial. This resetting between trials appears to reflect the operation of an active working memory process rather than a passive temporal decay in a neuronal response. The results thus provide evidence that the perirhinal cortex plays an active role in visual working memory, perhaps in association with other brain areas such as the prefrontal cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Memory impairment in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Memory impairment is well documented in schizophrenia. Less is known, however, about the exact magnitude, pattern, and extent of the impairment. The effect of potential moderator variables, such as medication status and duration of illness, is also unclear. In this article, the authors presented meta-analyses of the published literature on recall and recognition memory performance between patients with schizophrenia and normal comparison subjects. METHOD: Meta-analyses were conducted on 70 studies that reported measures of long-term memory (free recall, cued recall, and recognition of verbal and nonverbal material) and short-term memory (digit span). Tests of categorical models were used in analyses of potential moderators (clinical variables and study characteristics). RESULTS: The findings revealed a significant and stable association between schizophrenia and memory impairment. The composite effect size for recall performance was large. Recognition showed less, but still significant, impairment. The magnitude of memory impairment was not affected by age, medication, duration of illness, patient status, severity of psychopathology, or positive symptoms. Negative symptoms showed a small but significant relation with memory impairment. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis documented significant memory impairment in schizophrenia. The impairment was stable, wide ranging, and not substantially affected by potential moderating factors such as severity of psychopathology and duration of illness.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed1999

Hippocampal formation lesions produce memory impairment in the rhesus monkey.

There is much debate over the role of temporal lobe structures in the ability to learn and retain new information. To further assess the contributions of the hippocampal formation (HF), five rhesus monkeys received stereotactically placed ibotenic acid lesions of this region without involvement of surrounding ventromedial temporal cortices. After surgery, the animals were trained on two recognition memory tasks: the Delayed Non-Match to Sample (DNMS) task, which tests the ability to remember specific trial unique stimuli, and the Delayed Recognition Span Task (DRST), which tests the ability to remember an increasing array of stimuli. Relative to normal control monkeys, those with HF lesions demonstrated significant impairments in both learning and memory stages of the DNMS task. Additionally, the HF group was significantly impaired on spatial, color, and object versions of the DRST. Contrary to suggestions that damage to the entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices is required to produce significant behavioral deficits in the monkey, these results demonstrate that selective damage to the HF is sufficient to produce impairments on tasks involving delayed recognition and memory load. This finding illustrates the importance of the HF in the acquisition and retention of new information.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Assessing the effectiveness of warnings and the phenomenological characteristics of false memories.

The phenomenology of false memories was investigated in three experiments in which participants heard two experimenters read lists of items that were related to critical nonpresented items. In Experiments 1, following a recognition memory test, participants rated the phenomenological characteristics of their memories immediately and after a 48-hour delay. False recognition was prevalent and on several dimensions participants rated their true memories as more vivid than their false memories. In Experiments 2 and 3, following the study phase, participants were warned about the phenomenological differences between true and false memories and were instructed to use this information to avoid reporting nonpresented items. This type of warning was ineffective at reducing false recall (Experiment 2) and false recognition (Experiment 3) relative to unwarned participants. Importantly, the inability of explicit warnings to impact illusory recollections demonstrates that the false memories cannot be attributed simply to a criterion shift.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Crocus sativus L. extracts antagonize memory impairments in different behavioural tasks in the rat.

The effects of extracts of Crocus sativus L. (CSE), on memory were investigated in the rat by using the object recognition and the step-through passive avoidance task. In the first study, post-training administration of CSE (30 and 60 g/kg) successfully counteracted extinction of recognition memory in the normal rat, suggesting that CSE modulates storage and/or retrieval of information. In a subsequent study, pre-training treatment with CSE (30 and 60 mg/kg) significantly antagonized the scopolamine (0.75 mg/kg)-induced performance deficits in the step-through passive avoidance test. These results support and extend prior findings about the implication of CSE in learning and memory mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Emotional memory in schizophrenia.

Emotionally arousing scenes are better remembered than neutral ones. The biological basis of this emotional memory effect has been studied in lesion and neuro-imaging studies and depends upon an interaction between the amygdala and medial temporal lobe memory systems including the hippocampus. This study sought to investigate whether patients with schizophrenia had performance deficits on emotional memory tasks consistent with abnormal amygdala function. Patients with schizophrenia and matched control subjects were shown scenes with negative, positive and neutral emotional content. Subjects rated the slides according to how emotionally arousing they found them and then performed surprise memory tests at 10 min (recall) and 3 weeks (recall and recognition). Subjects with schizophrenia did not differ from control subjects in their ratings of the slides. However, patients showed a significant loss of the emotional enhancement of recognition memory for both negative and positive scenes. In addition, patients showed an overall deficit in recall memory, with a selective impairment in recall of the most arousing negative slides. These findings are consistent with the view that medial temporal lobe and in particular amygdala function is abnormal in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Determinants of capacious memory: a process-dissociation and experiential approach.

The aim of this study is to delineate some important circumstances where exceptionally good memory performance, or capacious memory occurs. A further aim is to study memory processes involved in this memory phenomenon. In a first experiment, participants looked through two series of pictures differing in number and were evaluated in two-alternative forced-choice and yes-no recognition memory tasks combined in a process-dissociation procedure. Moreover, participants were asked to provide remember and know responses to tap recollective experience. The results as to forced-choice recognition task accuracy and according to process-dissociation procedure estimates were replicated in a second experiment with a more intrinsic contextual manipulation, and in a third, forgetting experiment. In addition to replicating previous findings, the results show (a) that capacious memory is associated with strong feelings of recollection; and (b) that familiarity (in terms of the process-dissociation framework) contributes to this phenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The generation and resemblance heuristics in face recognition: cooperation and competition.

Like all probabilistic decisions, recognition memory judgments are based on inferences about the strength and quality of stimulus familiarity. In recent articles, B. W. A. Whittlesea and J. Leboe (2000; J. Leboe & B. W. A. Whittlesea, 2002) proposed that such memory decisions entail various heuristics, similar to well-known heuristics in overt decision making. Using verbal stimulus materials, Whittlesea and Leboe illustrated 3 separate memory heuristics: fluency, generation, and resemblance. In the present investigation, the authors examined the generation and resemblance heuristics in face recognition. In 12 experiments, people memorized faces and later performed exclusion (source memory) tasks. Every experiment contained natural groups of facial photographs (e.g., Caucasian vs. Asian faces), but such groups were not always valid source-memory predictors. Instead, across experiments, the potential utility of generation and resemblance strategies was systematically varied. People were quite sensitive to such variations, changing from one heuristic to another as needed. However, they also combined heuristics, both improving and damaging performance across conditions. The relevance of recognition decision heuristics to eyewitness memory is considered.

Contrast Sensitivity↗
PubMed1998

Neural circuit analysis of spatial working memory: role of pre- and parasubiculum, medial and lateral entorhinal cortex.

Using a continuous recognition memory procedure for spatial location information, rats were given sequential presentation of individual arms on a 12-arm maze. Each arm contained a Froot Loop reinforcement the first time it was presented, and latency to traverse the arm was measured. A subset of the arms were repeated, but did not contain reinforcement. Repeated arms were presented with lags ranging from zero to six (from zero to six different arm presentations occurred between the first and repeated presentation). After completion of acquisition training (significantly longer latencies for repeated arms in comparison with the first presentation of an arm), rats received lesions of the medial or lateral entorhinal cortex, pre- and parasubiculum, or served as sham-operated controls. Based on continued postsurgery training and additional tests, the results indicated that rats with pre- and parasubiculum or pre- and parasubiculum plus medial entorhinal cortex produced sustained impairment in performing the task. Medial or lateral entorhinal cortex and control lesions did not display any sustained deficits. The data suggest that working memory for spatial location information is mediated primarily by the pre- and parasubiculum, but not medial entorhinal and lateral entorhinal cortex.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estrogen effects on object memory and cholinergic receptors in young and old female mice.

We investigated whether object recognition memory is modulated by estrogen in young (5 month) and aged (24 month) female C57Bl/6J mice, and if cholinergic muscarinic receptors might contribute to this response. Mice that were ovariectomized, or ovariectomized plus estradiol-treated three weeks before behavioral testing or quantitative autoradiography were compared to intact mice. Memory for a previously encountered object deteriorated significantly between 3 and 6h after initial exposure, regardless of animal age. In both young and aged mice, estradiol-treated mice showed significantly greater recall than did ovariectomized mice. In both age groups, the apparent number of [(3)H]pirenzepine/M(1)-like and [(3)H]AFDX384/M(2)-like muscarinic receptor binding sites was reduced in the basal forebrain as well as its projection areas following ovariectomy, but this decrease was not alleviated by estrogen. Aging poorly affected object memory, but reduced muscarinic binding in some cortical subregions and in the caudate nucleus. These findings suggest that estrogen effects on memory in C57Bl/6J mice are not due to changes in the number of muscarinic receptors.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Differential activation of the prefrontal cortex in successful and unsuccessful memory retrieval.

Six subjects underwent PET scans while they performed three versions of a recognition memory test for words and three versions of a control task. In each memory condition, the subjects discriminated between words presented in a prescan study list and words new to the experiment. During the 30 s scanning interval, the ratio of old and new words was 0:20, 4:16 or 16:4, depending on the experimental condition. Outside this interval, the ratio was 50:50 in all three conditions. The requirement in the control task was to discriminate between two character strings, the ratios of which were also manipulated during the 30 s scanning interval. Employing the control task as a covariate, analysis with statistical parametric mapping revealed that regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) covaried with increasing density of old items in three regions of prefrontal cortex: right dorsolateral [Brodmann area (BA) 9/46], right medial (BA 32/8) and bilateral frontopolar cortex (BA 10). It is concluded that the prefrontal cortex, especially in the right hemisphere, is more active when a retrieval attempt succeeds than when it fails. This finding is consistent with the idea that the prefrontal cortex supports processes that operate selectively on the products of memory retrieval.

Adult↗