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PubMed1977

[The value of artificial respiration for patients with myasthenia gravis (author's transl)].

The value of artificial respiration for the bridging of crises in patients with myasthenia gravis is emphasized on some typical cases. Further use, beyond a life-saving indication, for limited periods is described. Such relative indications may exist, when there is not yet complete respiratory failure but when a worsening of myasthenic weakness or cholinergic intoxication may threaten a respiratory crisis. In order to prevent serious complications, early artificial respiration may be indicated in the following situations: deterioration of cardio-pulmonary complications, important changes in therapy, particularly at the start of immuno-suppressive treatment, following tracheobronchial aspiration, in chronic cholinergic intoxication, following operations under general anesthesia, particularly after thymectomy. The importance of careful psychotherapy of myasthenics threatened by respiratory crises and the well-timed information on the chances, intentions and goals of intensive care including artificial respiration is emphasized.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1989

[Comparison of effect in the change of respiration by stimulating three trigeminal subnucleus].

Experiments were performed on 31 rabbits. After recovery from surgical anesthesia the change of respiration were observed in various experimental conditions, under which original nucleus of trigemini (ONT), terminal nucleus of trigemini (TNT), spinal tractus nucleus of trigemini (SNT) were respectively stimulated by an electrical current (EC) or monosodium glutamate (MSG) or lidocaine (LID). Because SNT had a longitudinal long shape, three different sections of SNT were selected as stimulating points respectively, namely rostral point (A2.33 mm), middle point (AP0 mm) and caudal point P1.9 mm). Phrenic nerve discharge and its integrated curve, PCO2 and blood pressure were recorded by a RM-6000 polygraph. The results indicated that the stimulations of EC and MSG to SNT and TNT enhanced respiratory activity obviously. Stimulation of EC and MSG to ONT caused much less enhancement of respiration. Microinjection of LID to TNT and ONT decreased respiratory activity, but microinjection of LID to SNT increased. The present experiment concluded that stimulation of SNT and TNT could cause significant change in respiration.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Report on changes in some elements of respiration during exacerbation of schizophrenic psychosis].

Disturbances of respiration occurring in the exacerbation of schizophrenic psychosis with predominant anxiety were examined in a group of 30 schizophrenic patients. In the experimental group were included patients before the application of therapy with derivants of phenotiazinic group, and in the control group the patients who were given this therapy in the period of 25 days. The psychotic intensity was determined by Rogina's Grading Scale of Psychotic Behavior, and the severity of anxiety by psychological techniques (Rorschach's Psychodiagnostic Test and Spilberg's Inquiry for Anxiety), as well as by polygraphic technique of respiration recording. This investigation has shown that the use of polygraphic-neurophysiological methods in the investigation of anxiety in schizophrenia is justified. The conclusion was that hyperventilation is a consequence of anxiety. The shortening of inspiratory phase of the respiration cycle and the prolongation of expiration, particularly occurring in the phase of spontaneous fluctuation of psychogalvanic reflex were registered, what is an indication of anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of bilateral vagal blockade on respiration].

Although respiratory regulation has been extensively studied so far, the relation between the vagal nerves and respiratory reflex in man is still open to controversy. This paper describes the effect of bilateral vagal blockade on respiration. 1) Dyspnea due to unilateral bronchial occlusion. This type of dyspnea is caused by extreme depression of the intrabronchial pressure on the occluded side and is accompanied by a rapid increase in respiratory rate and a rapid decrease in tidal volume. This type of dyspnea is relieved by blockade of the ipsilateral cervical vagal nerve. 2) Animal experiments on bilateral lung transplantation, heart-lung transplantation and bilateral cervical vagal blockade. The respiratory changes induced by CO2 inhalation, low O2 inhalation, respiratory stimulant. Loss of blood or fever stimulation in the manipulated dogs were compared with those in normal controls. CO2 inhalation alone produced differences in the respiratory rates and tidal volumes between the two groups. The tidal volume increase under CO2 inhalation was suppressed by the inflation reflex but other afferent vagal nerves seemed to be closely associated with the increased respiratory rate. 3) Vagal nerve reflex in humans. Blockade of the bilateral cervical vagal nerves in an awake state resulted in irregular PETCO2 in cases that had been stable and sometimes produced a pattern of Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Inhalation of 5% CO2 restored the regular rhythm of respiration and enhanced the response to CO2. When subjected to bilateral vagal blockade in an awake state, the patient expressed an unbearbly uneasy dyspneic sensation as if he were pulled into a bottomless abyss. This was demonstrated by the unstable FRC level.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of brotizolam and other diazepines on respiration.

The inhibitory influence on respiratory functions is clinically an important attribute of the diazepine drugs. This unwanted side effect is frequently observed with intravenous administration in anesthesiology. It is difficult to demonstrate when taken orally, however, of equal clinical relevance, e.g. in elderly people, in patients with obstructive airways diseases, and eventually also in healthy subjects, when diazepine are given for sleep improvement. In the present study, three diazepines, brotizolam (2-bromo-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno [3,2-f]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]-1,4-diazepine, We 941, Lendormin), triazolam and flunitrazepam, which can be used as soporifics, are investigated comparatively in respect to their effect on respiration in anesthetized cats, using intravenous administration. For all three drugs, a marked toxic interaction was found with chloralose/urethane anesthesia, and noticeably less distinctive with pentobarbital anesthesia. This toxicity increased in quantity with the sequence brotizolam less than triazolam less than flunitrazepam. After repeated injections of equal or increasing doses, a pronounced tachyphylaxia was noted, whereby the tolerance against the toxic actions on respiration commenced already after the first injection. In case of flunitrazepam, however, was this tachyphylaxia clearly less prominent. Recently, similar results with diazepines were reported by several other authors. The various effects of diazepines on respiration and their conceivable mechanism of action are briefly discussed, and the relevance of the results in this context is evaluated.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1987

Activity of putative pulmonary ornithokallikrein and angiotensin-converting enzyme during the onset of lung respiration in the chick embryo.

We have assayed a proteinase from chicken lungs, the properties of which were comparable to those of ornithokallikrein, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ornithokinin. The activity of this pulmonary proteinase showed an accelerated increase during the development of lung respiration (paranatal period). In contrast, the increase in the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which degrades kinin, was not enhanced at this developmental stage. L-thyroxine administration accelerated the onset of lung respiration and the associated changes in the activities of ornithokallikrein and ACE. Thiourea, on the other hand, retarded the onset of lung respiration. Concomitantly, there was no pronounced increase in ornithokallikrein activity and no attenuation of the increase in ACE activity. Furthermore, the development of lung circulation, as measured by pulmonary hemoglobin concentration, paralleled the ornithokallikrein activity. The results suggest that the increase in ornithokallikrein activity and the suppression of ACE activation during the paranatal period help adapt the embryo to the neonatal period.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Use of the double-lumen tracheostomy tube (Tracheopart) in bronchial stump insufficiency in long-term artificial respiration. Case report].

In long-term artificial respiration an insufficiency of the bronchial stump after pneumectomy must be considered as a result of the positive pressure respiration. Respirator treatment can be continued by means of a twin-lumen tracheostomy tube, the bronchial fistula being relieved of the stress while offering it an opportunity to close spontaneously. Good experience collected with the practical use of this method points to its suitability in prophylaxis as well.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Effect of various types of artificial respiration on raised intracranial pressure, associated with acute alcoholic intoxication].

The effects of spontaneous respiration and mechanical ventilation on ICP were examined by investigating the interaction between elevated pressure and alcohol intoxication. 200 ml ethanol 48% were infused in 11 young pigs with elevated cerebral pressure during mechanical ventilation (Group 1), 7 young pigs with elevated intracranial pressure during spontaneous respiration (Group 2), and 4 young pigs without elevated intracranial pressure during spontaneous respiration (Group 3). While the behaviour of intracranial pressure during mechanical ventilation in the animals from Group 1 was inhomogeneous with a tendency to rise (29 mmHg to 34 mmHg), intracranial pressure (28 mmHg to 55 mmHg) increased dramatically in Group 2. This increase was associated with a sharp rise of paCO2 (37.6 mmHg to 73.3 mmHg) and a decline of paO2 (74 mmHg to 13 mmHg). None of the animals in Group 2 survived. paCO2 also rose in alcoholized animals without elevated ICP (Group 3) (41.9 mmHg to 63.9 mmHg); intracranial pressure, however, remained within the normal range. All animals in Group 3 survived. Our findings indicate that elevated intracranial pressure and alcohol intoxication have a cumulative or potentiating effect on depression of the respiratory centre. Respiratory depression can be prevented by mechanical ventilation and, therefore, a further rise of intracranial pressure can be generally avoided.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1986

Heart rate-respiration relationship: computerized method for early assessment of cardiac autonomic damage in diabetic patients.

This study compares the sensitivity of electrocardiographic R-R methods, used alone and with respiration, for diagnosis of cardiac disautonomy in diabetic patients. In 12 diabetic subjects with laboratory signs of neuropathy (45 +/- 10.4 years) (group A), 24 diabetic subjects without neuropathy (45 +/- 11.9 years) (group B) and 16 normal subjects (43 +/- 12.6 years) (group C), electrocardiogram and respiration were on-line digitized during spontaneous breathing and hyperpnea at 3-18 breaths/minute. Heart rate, R-R standard deviation (SD), R-R range (RG) and cross-correlation function (CC) were computed. Reproducibility was tested in 10 normal volunteers (age 22-28 years, mean 25.2). During spontaneous breathing, heart rate was 87.5 +/- 11.8 beats/min in group A, 77.3 +/- 10.8 in group B, and 71.6 +/- 14.9 in group C (p less than 0.05); RG was 102 +/- 51 msec in group A, 166 +/- 78 in group B and 272 +/- 168 in group C (p less than 0.005); SD was 18.2 +/- 10.1 msec in group A, 29.3 +/- 13.7 in group B and 49.2 +/- 26.5 in group C (p less than 0.001); CC was 2.38 +/- 0.66 units in group A, 3.00 +/- 0.72 in group B and 3.85 +/- 0.59 in group C (p less than 0.0001). During hyperpnea the difference between A and B increased for SD, RG (p less than 0.01) and CC (p less than 0.001). CC better discriminates between normals and diabetics without neuropathy during normal breathing; hyperpnea enhances the relationship heart rate-respiration in normal and, at a lesser degree, in diabetic subjects, thus slightly improving the method. The CC method had better reproducibility and lower intersubject variability than traditional methods of R-R variability.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medico-technological aspects of the electric stimulation of respiration].

Clinical results of electric stimulation of respiration in postoperative period by the and respiration electrostimulators are presented in the article. A significant improvement of the function of external respiration and of ventilation of separate lobes of the lungs were observed during the postoperative period after application of these types of stimulators. An experimental research of the influence of different types of pulsed stimulation modulation on the smoothness of inhalation was carried out. A conclusion was drawn about the efficacy of applying in respiratory stimulators of the amplitude/frequency pulse modulation with regulated frequency of impulses that ranged from the "toothed" to the "smoothed" tetanus domain.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Prediction of distress for individuals wearing industrial respirators.

The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of trait anxiety in predicting respiratory distress resulting from heavy physical work performed while wearing an industrial respirator. Spielberger's trait anxiety scale was administered to 45 male volunteers in order to identify individuals with elevated trait anxiety. This testing was followed by a pulmonary function test, resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), and an exercise ECG. Individuals with cardiovascular and/or pulmonary impairment did not continue with subsequent tests. The subjects next completed three treadmill tasks varying in intensity from 35% to 80% of VO2max, and each trial lasted for 10 minutes. Twenty-five of these individuals performed the exercise tasks while wearing a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) in the demand mode, whereas the remaining 20 subjects used a pressure-demand SCBA. The reason for terminating exercise was classified as respiratory or non-respiratory on the basis of self-report responses on a 7-point dyspnea scale, as well as general responses concerning muscular fatigue and respiration. It was predicted, based upon trait anxiety scores, that six individuals would have respiratory distress, and five (83%) of these predictions were correct. It was also predicted that 39 of the 45 subjects would not experience distress and 38 (97%) of these predictions were correct. It was concluded that objective measures of trait anxiety can be used to identify those individuals who are most likely to experience distress while wearing an industrial respirator and performing heavy physical exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Regulation of respiration and pulmonary blood circulation in experimental pneumonia].

The experiments on anesthetized cats were carried out to determine the functional state of respiration centre (impulse activity of genuine respiration neurons and electrical activity of major and additional respiration muscles). Functional peculiarities of macro- and microcirculation of the lung tissue were also studied in the open and closed chest in normal subjects and in conditions of experimental pneumonia.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of nasal respiration on the electrical activity of skeletal musculature].

Spontaneous electrical activity of human gastrocnemius and deltoid muscles was studied after physical overloading under the conditions of nasal or oral respiration. In nasal respiration, the electrical activity was enhansed as compared with oral respiration: stimulation of the nasal cavity receptors with air current seems to improve the respiratory center work and to produce optimal conditions for a wider irradiation of excitatory impulses from the respiratory center to the nerve-skeletal apparatus regulating the motor activity of the body.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Relative stability of the central mechanisms that determine the depth and frequency of respiration].

Not only an intensified respiration, but also an increase in inspiratory discharges can be caused by hypercapnia in vagotomized cats. With the deepening of anesthesia an increase of the inspiratory discharges persists, whereas an increased frequency of respiration disappears. This testifies to the presence of two different central mechanisms for the regulation of the rate and depth of respiration; the first is subject to the suprabulbar influences more than the second.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Effects of musical emotionality upon GSR and respiration rate: the relationship between verbal reports and physiological responses].

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between verbally reported emotional meanings of music and physiological responses to them. Subjects were 16 female, junior college students in each of GSR and respiration experiments. They listened to 16 musical excerpts and rated each on 11 scales, which consisted of eight adjectives representing for four factors identified by factor analysis and each for familiarity, preference and tempo, while their GSRs or respiration rates were recorded. The respiration rates and their percentages of increase significantly correlated positively with ratings of "cheerful", "gay" and "powerful", and negatively with "calm", "melancholy" and "dismal". The numbers of GSRs (frequencies of marked GSRs) and the percentages of decrease in skin resistance significantly correlated negatively with "calm", and positively with "powerful". The physiological variables employed in this study correlated with the verbal reports of meanings of music.

Emotions↗
PubMed1980

Properties of a combined sensor for dynamic measurement of oxygen in simulated respiration.

A combined sensor supplying momentary values of respiratory functions (flow, PO2, and temperature) for calculation of oxygen intake is tested in simulated respiration. Signal conditioning reduces the errors caused by the influence of CO2 on the sensitivity of the oxygen electrode, by the electrode response and time lag. Oxygen intake of 0.38 and 1.49 liters/min simulated by injection of N2 into the respiration pump (10--40 cycles/min) is analyzed by means of the combined sensor (signals conditioned; time constant about 40 msec) and calculated with a mean error of about -10%. The error rises with increase of the time constant as well as the respiration frequence.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1981

Respiration audiometry with pre-school children.

Respiration audiometry with a strain gauge writeout on a dynograph was attempted with 12 children aged 3 yrs 6 mo to 4 yrs 11 mo. Test signals were at 1 kc/s of 1 sec duration presented at the beginning of a respiratory cycle, from --10 to 40 db HL in 2 ascending series (test and retest). Both series could be completed on only 5 Ss, due to interruptive behavior patterns. Of all 105 presentations, 13 were judged positive; of these, 9 were at levels lower than the play audiometry HTL (false-positive). For no S could a respiration audiometry HTL be reasonably estimated. Due to the low ratio of respiratory responses at or above behavioral HTL, the low rate of test completion for the majority of preschool Ss, and the presence of significant numbers of false-positive responses, it was recommended that further research be carried out before respiration audiometry is seriously considered or he paedoaudiologic clinic.

Audiometry↗
PubMed1982

[Respiration rate as one of the indices of the intensity of motivation-emotional reactions in rabbits].

The rate and degree of irregularity of the respiratory rhythm was studied in rabbits during spontaneous and forcible feeding and stimulation of the tooth pulp. Respiration rate changed only during the tooth pulp stimulation, while irregularity of the respiratory rhythm increased in all cases. It is suggested that the extent of the irregularity reflects the degree of motivational-emotional reactions, while the change in respiration rate characterizes the share of respiration in the vegetative provision of behaviour. A special formula is proposed for calculating the irregularity of the respiratory rhythm.

Animals↗