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At least 1,513 records · Page 84Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Left atrial pressure elevation recreates the altered lung lymph flow of seizures.

We compared the effects of elevated left atrial pressure of central nervous system origin (bicuculline-induced seizures) with an identical pulmonary vascular pressure elevation induced in six sheep by inflation of a balloon in the left atrium. The degree and duration of the consequent elevation in pulmonary lymph flow and the alteration in protein movement in the two groups was identical. Alterations in pulmonary fluid and protein flux resulting from generalized seizures can be explained by the pressor response alone; specific brain-lung neural interactions need not be postulated.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

New trends in the cyber and street market of recreational drugs? The case of 2C-T-7 ('Blue Mystic').

2C-T-7 ('Blue Mystic'), an illicit compound which shows similarities with MDMA and other designer drugs, has been only occasionally identified in the EU, but discussion on the Internet between experimenters has recently grown significantly. We aimed at collecting together in a review the available information on 2C-T-7, both at the cyber and at the street market level. 2C-T-7 was first synthesized in 1986; its desired effects include both a sense of empathy and of well-being. Hallucinations, nausea, anxiety, panic attacks and paranoid ideation are anecdotally reported. According to the different European sources here approached, the availability of 2C-T-7 at street level seems to be currently very low, although one death related to a mono-intoxication with 2C-T-7 has been documented in the USA. With respect to information on 2C-T-7 available online, due to both redundancy and relevance issues the initial identified sample of 360 was reduced to 118 websites. In 14 (11.9%) websites, the detailed description of the 2C-T-7 synthesis was given. Harm Reduction websites appeared significantly earlier in the search engines results' list than Anti drugs (p 0.006) websites. Five (4.2%) websites apparently offered 2C-T-7 for sale. The large body of knowledge available online seems to contrast with small numbers of seizures at street level; an exhaustive web mapping of drug-related issues may be of interest for the clinician. Projects aimed at designing more 'attractive' prevention websites should be planned and future studies should better assess the characteristics of those consumers who take advantage of the online information of hallucinogenic compounds.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

The confounding problem of polydrug use in recreational ecstasy/MDMA users: a brief overview.

The popular dance drug ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine -- MDMA) is neurotoxic upon central serotonergic neurons in laboratory animals and possibly also in humans. In recent years, several studies reported alterations of serotonergic transmission and neuropsychiatric abnormalities in ecstasy users which might be related to MDMA-induced neurotoxic brain damage. To date, the most consistent findings associate subtle cognitive, particularly memory, deficits with heavy ecstasy use. However, most studies have important inherent methodological problems. One of the most serious confounds is the widespread pattern of polydrug use which makes it dif.cult to relate the findings in user populations to one specific drug. The present paper represents a brief overview on this issue. The most commonly co-used substances are alcohol, cannabis and stimulants (amphetamines and cocaine). Stimulants are also neurotoxic upon both serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons. Hence, they may act synergistically with MDMA and enhance its long-term adverse effects. The interactions between MDMA and cannabis use may be more complex: cannabis use is a well-recognized risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders and it was shown to contribute to psychological problems and cognitive failures in ecstasy users. However, at the cellular level, cannabinoids have neuroprotective actions and they were shown to (partially) block MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in laboratory animals. In future, longitudinal and prospective research designs should hopefully lead to a better understanding of the relation between drug use and subclinical psychological symptoms or neurocognitive failures and, also, of questions around interactions between the various substances of abuse.

Amphetamine-Related Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intraarticular injuries associated with anterior cruciate ligament tear: findings at ligament reconstruction in high school and recreational athletes. An analysis of sex-based differences.

BACKGROUND: Despite research on the increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament tears in female athletes, few studies have addressed sex differences in the incidence of associated intraarticular injuries. HYPOTHESIS: When patients are stratified by sport and competition level, no sex differences exist in either the mechanism of injury or pattern of intraarticular injuries observed at anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-one athletes undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction met our inclusion criteria of anterior cruciate ligament tear as a singular event without reinjury or history of prior injury or surgery in either knee. Data were collected on competition level (high school, amateur), sport (basketball, soccer, skiing), mechanism of injury, articular cartilage injuries, and meniscal tears. Data were statistically analyzed by sex with the chi-square test and Student's t-test. RESULTS: High school athletes had no significant sex differences in mechanism of injury. Female soccer athletes had fewer medial meniscal tears than did male athletes, and female basketball players had fewer medial femoral condyle injuries. At the amateur level, female basketball players had more contact injuries, an earlier onset of swelling, and fewer lateral meniscal tears than did male players. CONCLUSION: At the high school level, male and female athletes shared a common mechanism of injury, and yet the female athletes had fewer intraarticular injuries in basketball and soccer. If such intraarticular injuries prove to be a significant risk factor for poor long-term outcome, women may enjoy a better prognosis after reconstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Fifth metatarsal Jones fracture fixation with a 4.5-mm cannulated stainless steel screw in the competitive and recreational athlete: a clinical and radiographic evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Fifth metatarsal Jones fractures are common in the athletic population. Optimal screw selection for operative treatment has not been determined. HYPOTHESIS: A 4.5-mm cannulated screw used for fixation of the fifth metatarsal Jones fractures in athletes is an effective treatment approach. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: The authors studied 23 consecutive athletes (24 feet) who were treated surgically with a 4.5-mm cannulated screw for fifth metatarsal fractures (Jones fracture) with clinical and radiographic assessments. RESULTS: There have been no refractures to date. Clinical healing was 100%. The mean percentage healing as shown on radiographs was 98.9%, with a range of 90% to 100%. All athletes returned to sport at a mean time of 7.5 weeks (range, 10 days to 12 weeks). Two athletes experienced a "reinjury" without need for operative treatment. All athletes were recommended to wear orthoses until their competitive careers were completed. CONCLUSION: Fixation with a stainless steel 4.5-mm cannulated screw gives 100% clinical healing and near-100% healing as shown on radiographs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The 4.5-mm cannulated screws can yield reliable and effective healing as evidenced by clinical assessment and radiographs of fifth metatarsal Jones fractures in athletes.

Adolescent↗