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PubMed1995

Regulation of plasma volume during obstructive sleep apnoea.

The evidence that plasma volume is altered in obstructive sleep apnoea is an indirect one, based on the observation of a paradoxical elimination of peripheral oedema along with a decrease in water and sodium excretion and of a decrease in haematocrit when apnoeas are eliminated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. A suggested interpretation of these observations is that in the untreated condition, increased renal sodium excretion and increased vascular membrane permeability lead to increased urine and salt excretion and to a fluid shift from the plasma to the extracellular space, causing nocturnal polyuria, peripheral oedema and haemoconcentration. Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure reverses the increased membrane permeability and urine excretion, allowing the peripheral oedema to resolve and the haematocrit to decrease. Increased atrial natriuretic peptide release and decreased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity, along with an increased release of thromboxane and of endothelin (which have been reported in untreated obstructive sleep apnoea), could be the mechanisms of the observed alterations in fluid distribution in obstructive sleep apnoea.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

Intramuscular and oral disposition of enrofloxacin in African grey parrots following single and multiple doses.

The intramuscular (IM) and oral (PO) disposition of enrofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug, were evaluated in African grey parrots. Peak enrofloxacin concentration, mean (+/- SEM), at 1 h following a 15-mg/kg IM dose was 3.87 (+/- 0.27) micrograms/ml and declined with a mean residence time of 3.05 h. Peak enrofloxacin plasma concentrations at 2 to 4 h following oral doses of 3, 15, and 30 mg/kg were 0.31 (+/- 0.11), 1.12 (+/- 0.11), and 1.69 (+/- 0.23) micrograms/ml, respectively, and declined with a mean residence time of 3.44-5.28 h. The relative bioavailability of the 15-mg/kg oral dose was 48%. An equipotent metabolite, ciprofloxacin, was detected in plasma at concentrations ranging from 3 to 78% of those of enrofloxacin. Enrofloxacin concentrations and area under the curve were significantly lower, the mean residence time significantly shorter and the ciprofloxacin/enrofloxacin ratios higher, following 10 days of oral treatment at 30 mg/kg every 12 h. Following 10 days of treatment, no significant biochemical changes were noted; however, polydipsia and polyuria occurred in treated birds, but resolved quickly upon discontinuation of enrofloxacin administration. These studies indicate that a rational starting dose for enrofloxacin in psittacines (7.5-30 mg/kg BID) should be higher than those in other domestic animals.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Normothermic blood perfusion of isolated rabbit kidneys. III. In vitro physiology of kidneys after perfusion with Euro-Collins solution or 7.5 M cryoprotectant (VS4).

Cryopreservation of solid organs might be possible using a mixture of cell-permeable agents, cryoprotectants (CPA), which are designed to completely preclude ice crystal formation during cooling to cryogenic temperatures. The effects of a specific prototype solution (VS4) were evaluated by normothermic blood perfusion in vitro. Rabbit kidneys were divided into three groups: untreated controls ( n=7), Euro-Collins (EC)-perfused controls ( n=6) and VS4 (49%, w/v) CPA-perfused kidneys ( n=7). After a 2-h blood perfusion, five of the seven CPA-perfused kidneys developed polyuria (0.21 mlxmin(-1)xg(-1)) relative to untreated controls (0.07 mlxmin(-1)xg(-1)) or EC-perfused kidneys (0.06 mlxmin(-1)xg(-1)), owing to the lower reabsorption of water (34.3%), Na(+) (34.2%) and glucose (35.6%). Furthermore, two kidneys were non-functional with virtually no urine production. Reduced tubular function was associated with reduced oxygen consumption (3.6 versus 2.3 versus 2.0 micromolexmin(-1)xg(-1) for controls, EC- and CPA-perfused kidneys, respectively) and increased weight gain (17% versus 20% versus 30%, respectively) after blood perfusion. Therefore, the current results provide insight into both the physiological effects of VS4 and the limits of reversibility of renal pathophysiological states. Our results also indicate that in vitro monitoring of oxygen consumption and weight gain of perfused organs could be used as predictors of renal function.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Medetomidine sedation in sheep.

The sedative effect of medetomidine was evaluated in 6 male Awassi sheep. Medetomidine at 40 micrograms/kg, i.m. induced sedation and recumbency in the sheep within 9 +/- 1 and 17 +/- 4 minutes, respectively. The duration of recumbency was 58 +/- 1 minutes. Medetomidine produced good analgesia and marked muscle relaxation in the recumbent animals for 30 to 45 minutes. The side effects of medetomidine were bradycardia, respiratory depression, stasis of the rumen with tympany, salivation and polyuria. The animals recovered from the sedative and side effects of medetomidine 1.5 to 2 hours after gaining the righting reflex without any apparent adverse effect. The results suggested that medetomidine could be a useful sedative analgesic in sheep.

Analgesics↗

PubMed1998

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in a bull by means of butyrate infusion.

A 9-month-old bull was presented with a history of runting and glucosuria. The bull showed major signs of diabetes mellitus, such as polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, emaciation, glucosuria, and ketonuria, but persistent hyperglycemia was missing. Because in an intravenous glucose tolerance test glucose disappearance was only insignificantly more rapid in a non-diabetic age-matched control than in the diabetic bull a butyrate-stimulated insulin response test was performed. Insulin response to butyrate infusion was markedly impaired in the diabetic bull compared with the non-diabetic bull. At necropsy hepatic cirrhosis was noticed and suggestive signs for diabetes mellitus were seen in liver and kidneys.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Quercetin, an anti-oxidant bioflavonoid, attenuates diabetic nephropathy in rats.

1. Diabetic nephropathy is an important microvascular complication and one of the main causes of end-stage renal disease. Many in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that oxidative stress is one of the major pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy. In the present study, we examined the effect of an anti-oxidant bioflavonoid quercetin on renal function and oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. 2. Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with a single intravenous injection of STZ (45 mg/kg). Four weeks after STZ injection, quercetin (10 mg/kg per day) was given orally for 4 weeks in both control and diabetic rats. Plasma glucose levels and bodyweights were measured at 4 and 8 weeks after the STZ injection. At the termination of the experiments, urine albumin excretion, urine output, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and urea clearance were measured. The renal oxidative stress marker malonaldehyde, glutathione levels and the anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase were measured in kidney homogenate. 3. Streptozotocin-injected rats showed significant increases in blood glucose, polyuria, proteinuria and a decrease in bodyweight compared with age-matched control rats. After 8 weeks, diabetic rats exhibited renal dysfunction, as evidenced by reduced creatinine and urea clearance, and proteinuria along with a marked increase in oxidative stress, as determined by lipid peroxidation and activities of key anti-oxidant enzymes. Treatment with quercetin significantly attenuated renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. 4. These results confirm the role of oxidative stress in the development of diabetic nephropathy and point to the possible anti-oxidative mechanism being responsible for the nephroprotective action of quercetin.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa), ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in rats.

Chronic hyperglycaemia in diabetes leads to the overproduction of free radicals and evidence is increasing that these contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Among the spices, turmeric (Curcuma longa) is used as a flavouring and colouring agent in the indian diet every day and is known to possess anti-oxidant properties. The present study was designed to examine the effect of curcumin, a yellow pigment of turmeric, on renal function and oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) in rats. Four weeks after STZ injection, rats were divided into four groups, namely control rats, diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with curcumin (15 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) for 2 weeks. Renal function was assessed by creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and urea clearance and urine albumin excretion. Oxidative stress was measured by renal malonaldehyde, reduced glutathione and the anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. Streptozotocin-injected rats showed significant increases in blood glucose, polyuria and a decrease in bodyweight compared with age-matched control rats. After 6 weeks, diabetic rats also exhibited renal dysfunction, as evidenced by reduced creatinine and urea clearance and proteinuria, along with a marked increase in oxidative stress, as determined by lipid peroxidation and activities of key anti-oxidant enzymes. Chronic treatment with curcumin significantly attenuated both renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. These results provide confirmatory evidence of oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy and point towards the possible anti-oxidative mechanism being responsible for the nephroprotective action of curcumin.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Protective effects of bendazac lysine on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

1. Diabetic neuropathy is a many faceted complication of both type I and II diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of bendazac lysine (BDL), an anticataract drug, on experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in rats. 2. Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of 75 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in 0.1 mol/L citrate buffer (pH 4.4). Bendazac lysine was administered to rats at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg twice a day for 12 weeks. 3. Diabetic rats without treatment showed hypopraxia, polydipsia, polyuria, slow weight gain, cataract, increased tail-flick threshold temperature, decreased motor nerve conduction velocity (nd induced pathological morphological changes of myelinated nerve fibres. All these symptoms were ameliorated in diabetic rats treated with BDL. Bendazac lysine ameliorated the blood glucose concentration, glycosylated haemoglobin levels and insulin levels in the plasma of diabetic rats, reduced aldose reductase activity in erythrocytes and advanced glycation end-products in both nerves and serum and increase the activity of glutathione peroxidase in the nerves and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in the nerves and erythrocytes. 4. Bendazac lysine exerts its protective effects against the progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in STZ-diabetic rats through multiple mechanisms and is a potential drug for the prevention of deterioration in DPN.

Aldehyde Reductase↗

PubMed2004

Fanconi's syndrome and subsequent progressive renal failure caused by a Chinese herb containing aristolochic acid.

Chinese herb nephropathy contains a variety of clinical features of progressive renal failure (indicated by studies conducted in Belgium) to the variant type of Fanconi's syndrome. Fanconi's syndrome has mostly been reported in Asian countries, and is characterized by proximal tubular dysfunction and slower progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD); it also often revealed a reversible clinical course. We describe a 43-year-old woman who presented with polyuria and polydipsia caused by Fanconi's syndrome. The cause of Fanconi's syndrome was not identified because the patient denied the intake of the Chinese herbal mixture at first. Fanconi's syndrome seemed to be reversible in its early stage, but it rapidly progressed to renal failure after 3 months, despite the interruption of Chinese mixture use. A renal biopsy revealed typical findings of aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy. Aristolochic acids were also detected in the Chinese herbs that were consumed. This case highlights the variety of the clinical spectrum of aristolochic acid induced nephropathy (AAN). We emphasize that AAN should be suspected in all patients with Fanconi's syndrome, even if patients deny the intake of any Chinese herbal preparation.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of the effect of amphotericin B desoxycholate and amphotericin B colloidal dispersion on renal functions and renal morphology in rats.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Amphotericin B (AmB) desoxycholate remains as one of the most efficacious agents currently available for the treatment of systemic fungal infections; however, amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD) has been developed because of AmB desoxycholate nephrotoxicity. The goal of our study was to compare the effect of administration of AmB desoxycholate and ABCD on renal functions and renal morphology in rats. RESULTS: Amophotericin B desoxycholate as well as ABCD causes damage to renal tubuli and polyuria. Amophotericin desoxycholate causes considerably more severe damage to tubuli than ABCD, but the morphological damage to renal glomeruli is minimal in both formulas. In tubular cells, AmB desoxycholate causes severe damage to mitochondria, vacuolation of cytoplasm, and increased values of volume density of peroxisomes. CONCLUSION: None of these formulas causes a decrease in glomerular filtration in rats when animals are properly hydrated.

Amphotericin B↗

PubMed2005

Differential expression of aquaporins in the kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Aquaporins (AQPs) are members of the water channel family and are important in renal physiology as it affects urinary concentration. The downregulation of aquaporins is often observed in polyuria associated with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In this study, we examined the expression of AQP1, AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4 in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. RESULTS: By semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we detected no change in the gene expression of AQP1 or AQP4 in whole kidney among STZ-induced diabetic mice (STZ mice) and sham (control group that received citrate buffer injection only). In contrast, we found less AQP2 or AQP3 mRNA expression in the whole kidney from STZ mice. Immunoblotting studies confirmed no difference in AQP1 or AQP4 protein expression of whole kidney between STZ mice and sham. However, there was less AQP2 or AQP3 protein expression in the whole kidney from STZ mice as compared to sham. By immunochemical staining, the reduction of AQP2 protein was localized to the principle cells of the collecting ducts. The expression of cortical AQP3 (especially the outer cortex, the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubules) was downregulated in STZ mice whereas the expression of AQP3 protein in medullary collecting ducts was similar to that of sham. CONCLUSION: Our results reveal that the water transport in urinary concentration involves the downregulation of AQP2 and AQP3 expression in STZ mice.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome coexisting with juvenile nephronophtisis.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), a heterogeneous disease of the connective tissues, is diagnosed by a triad of symptoms that include skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility and connective tissue fragility. Nephronophtisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive interstitial nephritis leading to terminal renal insufficiency around puberty. The occurrence of these two rare diseases together is unusual. A review of the literature discloses no case of this association. We report here on a 16-year-old man with undiagnosed EDS, who was referred to our hospital because of renal insufficiency, history of polyuria and polydipsia. Renal ultrasound showed normal kidney size, with a lack of corticomedullary differentiation. Renal biopsy specimen disclosed chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis resembling NPH. Further evaluation identified hypermobile joints and hyperextensible skin, which led to the diagnosis of the EDS. These data suggest that patients with EDS need to be evaluated carefully for the presence of renal anomalies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

A case of prolonged confusion after temporal lobe psychomotor status.

A 36-year-old man with prolonged confusion developed after psychomotor status was reported. He had no past history of epileptic seizures or psychotic disorders. The status continued for 20 hours, and twilight state and a slight fever lasted for about 10 days. Thereafter gross impairment of memory and disorientation became remarkable, and, in addition, strong psychic and autonomic disturbances developed, such as visual and auditory hallucinations, excessive excitement, disturbance of sleep, polyphagia, polydypsia, polyuria and hyperhidrosis. The CT scan, carotide angiography, CSF examination, and complement fixation tests for viruses were all within normal limits. The EEGs showed a slowing of the background activity, 0.6--0.8 Hz periodic high voltage wave discharges and random spikes in each temporal area. The clinical symptoms and EEG findings gradually improved without remarkable damage.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Malignant pituitary chromophobe adenoma in an infant accompanying diabetes insipidus.

This report deals with a 1.5-year-old male infant terminating in viral pneumonia and "diabetes insipidus". The autopsy revealed malignant pituitary chromophobe adenoma, invading the wall of the third ventricle, extending to the periventricular-, dorsomedial- and ventromedial area, skipping to the lateral area adjacent to the optic nerve, and permeating into the subarachnoid space of the cerebrum. At the onset of disease polydypsia and polyuria were marked followed by interstitial pneumonia with high fever, and later generalized tonic convulsion terminated in death. This case is peculiar in at least two respects. Firstly, this is the youngest reported case of malignant chromophobe adenoma. Secondly, the manifestation of diabetes insipidus is rare in chromophobe adenoma. The malignant adenoma probably occurred from the primitive gland rest of chromophobe cells in the posterior lobe becoming malignant during the course of growth development and destroyed the cells of the posterior lobe, resulting in diabetes insipidus.

Adenoma, Chromophobe↗

PubMed1989

Induction of interstitial nephritis in rats by basement membrane of human origin.

A study was conducted to investigate nephritogenic tubular basement membrane antigens common to human and rat kidneys. Brown Norway (BN) rats were immunized with human renal basement membrane in complete Freund's adjuvant simultaneously with Bordetella pertussis vaccine. The immunized rats developed polyuria and increased levels of serum creatinine one week after the second immunization. Renal histology at this time revealed marked, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis with linear deposition of IgG and C3 along the tubular basement membrane and Bowman's capsule, but not along the glomerular basement membrane. Rats with this tubulointerstitial nephritis rapidly developed antibodies against renal antigens from normal BN rats such as tubular basement membrane and proximal tubule brush border, however antibodies to glomerular basement membrane appeared later. Western blotting using the same rat sera detected a 145-kDa antigen from 8 M urea-solubilized human renal basement membrane and 120-kDa, 135-kDa and 145-kDa antigens from 8 M urea-solubilized BN rat renal basement membrane. This suggests that renal basement membranes of human and rat origin have common antigens involved in the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The smooth muscle of rat bladder in the early stages of streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

The morphology of the rat bladder was studied following 8 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, at which stage distension of the bladder had occurred. Evidence is presented for hypertrophy of the smooth muscle of the bladder wall in experimental diabetes. It is suggested that the morphological changes found in the diabetic rat bladder are associated with polyuria. The results are discussed in relation to clinical studies of bladder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. A retrospective analysis of 60 cases.

Sixty patients with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis presenting between 1965 and 1984 are reviewed. Their mean age at presentation was 56 years and the male:female ratio was 3:1. The commonest presenting symptoms were flank and abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea and polyuria. Physical examination was usually normal, expect for the presence of hypertension. Anaemia and elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate were usually present. Proteinuria was found in less than a third of patients at presentation and significant bacteriuria was uncommon. The correct diagnosis was made or suspected in very few patients before referral. The cumulative actuarial survival rate was 86% at 1 year and 78% at 2 years. Seventeen patients died; they were significantly older and more uraemic at the time of referral than those who survived. A few patients did well with either corticosteroid therapy or ureterolysis alone. In the majority, both operation and steroid treatment were necessary. In bilateral obstruction with residual function in both kidneys, bilateral ureterolysis proved superior to unilateral operation (each followed by steroid therapy) in conserving renal function. Operation alone or steroid therapy alone should be considered in cases where steroids or surgery respectively present particular hazards. The less traumatic unilateral operation should be considered in poor risk patients and in those whose renal function is absent on one side. In many survivors, disease activity has persisted for many years. Life-long follow-up is recommended.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed1995

Nocturnal enuresis.

Nocturnal enuresis is common. Although its aetiology remains unclear recent evidence increasingly supports the lack of a normal nocturnal increase in ADH leading to nocturnal polyuria exceeding functional bladder capacity. Sleep patterns are probably normal although an arousal disorder might be a factor. Treatment should follow careful evaluation to determine if one is dealing with 'uncomplicated' or 'complicated' enuresis. Complicated enuresis requires further investigation. 'Uncomplicated enuresis' always requires reassurance and patient and parent education. Resource centres such as ERIC can provide information and advice. Active treatment should be tailored to the patients age, motivation and parental wishes. Behavioural modification techniques yield the highest long-term cure rate but require the most commitment and are rarely successful before the age of 7-8 years. Pharmacotherapy has been revolutionized by DDAVP which gives a response rate of up to 70% relatively free from side-effects but at the price of a high relapse rate after medication. Imipramine is less expensive than DDAVP but may be fatal in overdose. Anticholinergics should be reserved for those patients with significant diurnal symptoms or those who fail first-line pharmacotherapy. Overall patients and parents should be reassured by the high spontaneous cure rate.

Adolescent↗