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At least 1,513 records · Page 84Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Patients' perceptions of need for primary health care services: useful for priority setting?

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility of using patients' perceptions of need for primary health care services to develop priorities. DESIGN: A postal survey of a random sample of 3478 patients registered with five general practices. SETTING: Lothian, Scotland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of rankings of 36 different kinds of help or advice according to (a) popularity in the sample size as a whole and in healthy and unhealthy subgroups and (b) health status (severity of need) of potential service users. RESULTS: Popularity rankings differed between the healthy and unhealthy subgroups and the whole sample. Popularity rankings were almost the inverse of rankings based on health status. The analysis identified two areas of substantial need both in terms of popularity and severity: pain management and advice about welfare benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Methodological efforts to ensure equal participation in the processes of assessing health needs and of priority setting do not in themselves promote equity. To promote equity some opinions may need to be given greater weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Preoperative use of herbal medicines and vitamin supplements.

There has been a definite increase in the popularity and use of complementary and alternative medicines, including herbal medicines, in the last ten years. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and patterns of use of herbal medicines and vitamin supplements by patients in the preoperative period. A questionnaire was offered to all patients attending the pre-admission clinics at St. Vincent's Hospital and Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, over an eight-month period in 2002. In all, 1102 questionnaires were completed (91.8% response rate). The prevalence of herbal medicine use was 14.3%, with an average user age of 54.0 years and 61.4% female predominance. The five most popular herbs were Garlic, Evening Primrose, Gingko, St. John's Wort and Echinacea. The commonest reasons for herbal medicine use were acute and chronic medical conditions. 63.2% of patients had self-prescribed. 27.8% of herbal remedy users had informed the hospital doctors and 41.8% had notified their general practitioner The prevalence of vitamin supplement use was 20.4%, with an average user age of 54.8 years and 66.2% female predominance. The five most popular vitamins were multivitamins, followed by vitamin B, C, E and D. The commonest reasons for vitamin use were maintenance of general well-being and health. The use of herbal medicines and vitamin supplements preoperatively by patients is common. Clinicians should endeavour to familiarize themselves with the more popular and significant herbal medications and, as part of the routine preoperative assessment, ask all their patients about their consumption of herbal remedies.

Female↗
PubMed2000

An acceptability study of female-controlled methods of protection against HIV and STDs in south-western Uganda.

We aimed to assess the acceptability of a variety of formulations of female-controlled methods of protection against HIV and STDs among men and women in south-western Uganda. Pilot interviews were carried out with 50 men and 55 women and 25 focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with 138 women and 42 men. The female condom, foaming tablets, sponge, foam, gel and film were demonstrated to 146 women and 35 of their male partners, who then tried out 2 of the products. They were interviewed 7 times during the course of 5 months. At the end experiences were evaluated during a second series of FGDs. Sixty-five (45%) women completed the trial. The main reasons for non-completion were related to geographical mobility. Product preference after the initial demonstration was similar to that at the end of the trial. The most popular formulations were the sponge (25% of the women), foaming tablets (23%), and the female condom (19%). The foam was of medium popularity (16%). The gel (9%) and film (7%) were least popular. Ten per cent of the women and 14% of the men reported products interfering with sexual enjoyment; 24% of the women and 67% of the men said products increased enjoyment. 'Dry sex' is not popular in this area and increased lubrication was an important determinant of acceptability. Age, level of education and location did have some effect on preference. Although secrecy was a dominant theme in the FGDs, 87% of the women had informed their partners by the end of the trial. The products were generally well received. Female control was an important issue for both sexes. Male attitudes were ambivalent because female ownership of products increased women's control. Although they have clear preferences, women appear to accept the products generally and might use a single available product just as readily if choice was limited, as long as it conforms to general cultural preferences, such as those relating to wet/dry sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Percutaneous femoral artery puncture: practice and anatomy.

In a survey of the superficial landmarks used to select the site of puncture of the femoral artery for angiography, the inguinal skin crease was most popular, preferred by 39.2% of angiographers. The maximal femoral pulse irrespective of the position of the skin crease was the next most popular landmark (24.7%). Bony landmarks were least popular (13.0%). The majority (73.7%) of those using the skin crease punctured at the same level or distal to it. The relationship of these superficial landmarks to the common femoral artery (CFA) and its bifurcation were investigated. The inguinal skin crease was distal to the bifurcation of the CFA in 71.9% of limbs (mean, 0.61 cm). The maximal femoral pulse was over the CFA in 92.7% of limbs, and the CFA was projected over the medial aspect of the femoral head in 77.9% of limbs. The use of the inguinal skin crease is a popular though unreliable guide for puncture of the CFA. Use of the maximal femoral pulse will enable more constant puncture of the CFA.

Catheterization, Peripheral↗
PubMed1978

Teaching retarded women a clothing selection skill using community norms.

Five institutionalized retarded women were taught a clothing selection skill to coincide with popular fashion. Normative data concerning popular styles of color-coordinated clothing were collected through observations of women's apparel in a local community. Using a puzzle simulation of a woman with alternative pieces of colored clothing, color coordination training was conducted using modelling, instructions, practice, praise, and feedback to teach popular selections of color combinations. A generalization training component with actual clothing was also included. Training was accompanied by large increases in percentage of popular color selections with the puzzle and actual clothing. The increases maintained over a seven- to 14-week followup period. Time efficiency measures supported the use of the simulation procedure as opposed to total reliance on actual clothing. The results underscore the utility of local norms in community preparation programs and the efficacy of instructional procedures for severely and profoundly retarded persons as part of their participation in the deinstitutionalization movement.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Cost-effective treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.

Pneumonia is one of the most frequent causes of hospitalisation, accounting for many deaths each year. Elderly patients, especially those in extended care facilities, are at particular risk for pneumonia and have a higher mortality rate than younger patients. The cost of treating patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) is staggering, especially for patients who require hospitalisation. Less extensive diagnostic testing may be utilised in the future to minimise the cost of LRTIs, although this in turn might compromise our knowledge of the pathogens involved and their resistance patterns. Currently, the prevalence of various pathogens is known, and varies on the basis of underlying risk factors such as age, structural or functional lung disease, mental status, immune system function and geographical region. However, resistance patterns of commonly implicated pathogens are ever-changing. For example, Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia, has become resistant to benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) in recent years. This is especially disturbing because cross-resistance with other classes of antibiotics frequently occurs. Many antibiotics have been used in the treatment of LRTIs. Cephalosporins are popular because of their broad spectrum of activity and excellent safety profiles. Penicillins have also been popular, although resistant strains of S. pneumoniae now pose a serious threat. The macrolides have recently enjoyed increased popularity because of their activity against atypical pathogens. Although the fluoroquinolones are second-line agents for community-acquired pneumonia, they have a place in the treatment of LRTIs encountered in the nursing home or hospital setting, and even have activity against atypical bacteria. A variety of innovative programmes have been developed in recent years to control the cost of treating LRTIs. Although limited formulary choices have been used in the hospital setting for years, and are now becoming popular in managed care, there is no proof that this mechanism saves money when looking at the overall picture. A rational approach is to conduct a rigorous pharmacoeconomic evaluation of treatment options, thus identifying the therapies that provide the best value in each setting. Equally important are various programmes that encourage the cost-conscious use of the antibiotics chosen. Some of the methods evaluated in the literature include: notifying prescribers of the true cost of treatment alternatives, notifying prescribers whether or not third-party coverage is available for the prescription, streamlining from combination therapy to a single agent, early switching from parenteral to oral therapy, initiating treatment with oral agents, administering parenteral antibiotics at home from the outset of therapy, and antibiotic streamlining programmes that are partnered with infectious disease physicians. For the most part, these programmes have not been rigorously evaluated. Newer, more innovative ways to provide cost-conscious treatment of LRTIs will undoubtedly be developed. The basic premise for these programmes should be rigorous, well-designed pharmacoeconomic evaluations. Such studies will help ensure that all facets of therapy are evaluated and should prevent choices being made simply on the basis of the lowest acquisition cost.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Current attitudes to total hip replacement in the younger patient: results of a national survey.

A postal questionnaire was sent to all practicing consultant orthopaedic surgeons in the UK seeking information regarding their usual total hip replacement practice, the age at which they would define a patient as falling into the 'young hip group' and whether this might modify their practice. In particular, in the 'younger' age group, we were interested in the frequency of usage of uncemented implants, the choice of implant and the bearing surfaces. Of 1242 surgeons surveyed, we had a response from 935 who currently undertake total hip arthroplasty. Their responses confirm that approximately 60,645 total hip replacements are performed annually in the UK of which 9,376 are performed in the younger age group (mean age 57.5 years). As with our previous survey, the most popular prosthesis in the 'older' age group overall was the Charnley (51%) followed by the Exeter (15%). These implants also proved to be the most popular in the 'younger' age group (40% Charnley, 18% Exeter), with 75% of surgeons choosing a cemented stem, and 65% also opting to cement the socket. 23% of surgeons used hydroxy-apatite coated implants on both the femoral and acetabular sides of the joint. Stainless steel remained the most popular choice of femoral head bearing surface (42%) followed by chrome-cobalt (33%) and ceramic (25%). On the acetabular side, high density polyethylene predominated--accounting for 95%, with only 3% using chrome cobalt and 2% ceramic. There would appear to be a remarkably conservative attitude among British surgeons, the majority of whom prefer to stick with tried and tested cemented femoral implants when dealing with the younger patient. There are a small number of uncemented acetabulae and the hybrid configuration. Hydroxy-apatite coatings seem to be the most popular choice for the non-cemented prostheses. Ceramic femoral heads are used more frequently than the ceramic acetabular bearing, and equally metal/metal bearings remain infrequently used.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

[Not Available].

In the work submitted, the author makes a brief historical review of Bulgarian ethnographic literature, related, among other things, also to popular medicine investigations. Reference is made to authors as Dr. Yuri Ivanovich Venelin (1825), G.S. Rakovsky (1859), and after the liberation of Bulgaria: Tzani Ginchev Shkeparnev, one of the outstanding protagonists for collecting facts and materials in the field of popular medicine in this country, M. Georgiev, Hr. Popstoilov, K. Irechek, Iv. D. Shishmanov and others. A description is made of the traditional methods of treatment with herbs, charms, healers and the like. Due attention is given also to the popular conceptions and explanation of the contributing factors of diseases, looking for the rationale in them and giving special consideration to the superstitious traces, inherited from the ancient Thracians. It is stressed that the items published heretofore in the "Comopilation of national folklore and literature", covering the field of popular medicine, constitute a great, unique in its significance, national wealth which is seldom found in other countries and which might be utilized by modern medicine as well as for drawing important ethnogenetic inferences.

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1977

Physical stigma and academic performance as factors affecting children's first impressions of handicapped peers.

The effects of four variables on attitudes toward children were studied: the sex and social status of the rater and the physical appearance and academic competence of the target child being rated. The results indicated that competent and physically nonstigmatized children were rated more favorably than incompetent and physically stigmatized children. The data also revealed that girls had a significantly more positive stereotype than did boys of a competent male target child but that boys were more willing to be in physical proximity to the male target child as measured by a social-distance scale. Finally, the results indicated that popular children rated the attractive and competent target child less favorably than children who were not so popular. However, the popular children rated the attractive and incompetent target child more favorably than the less popular children did. The findings were discussed in terms of the salience of physical labels (i.e., stigma) on attitudes toward children.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

[The health catechism--a specific concept of medical public health education].

Medical matters were popularized in the eighteenth century on three main levels: the Moral Weeklies were directed at the educated public; there were various publications designed to instruct the masses; and the rural population and the young were reached by means of the catechisms of health. The latter (the subject of the present study) were works of a simplified and self-instructive character aimed at a lay readership, and developed out of such popularizing compendia as Tissot's Avis au peuple sur la santé (1761). Whereas the earlier catechistical approaches to popular knowledge retained some of the religious intention of their generic forebears, the catechisms of health tended to take a secular approach to matters of personal health. The catechisms expected their readers to be responsible for the maintenance and restoration of their own state of health. Instruction was given in the sex res non naturales of the regimen sanitatis. Instead of self-medication, the patient was exhorted to consult a trained physician or surgeon; the advice given was thus of a general nature relating mainly to hygiene and nursing. In opposing such antiquated practices as bleeding, purging, faith-healing and uroscopy, the catechisms were also an appropriate medium for promoting recent medical achievements (such as inoculation against small-pox and, later on, vaccination) which were customarily regarded with suspicion by the common people. The fact that the catechisms of health were written by physicians on the one hand and pedagogues on the other generated criticism. Whereas the publications written by physicians normally reflected the "state of the art", this could not always be said for the compilations of the pedagogues, who were often attacked for incompetence by their colleagues, thus giving rise to new prejudices. The catechisms of health can be seen as a realistic and inexpensive approach to enlightening the populace in medical affairs. The familiar question-and-answer format eased distribution in schools. Questionable attitudes underlying traditional approaches to popular medicine were openly addressed in a realistic manner. Although the catechisms of health (especially that of Bernhard Christoph Faust) were widespread--as is shown by the many editions and translations--it is very difficult to judge their effectiveness. They certainly did not, for example, fulfil their chief goal, which was to introduce health educaiton into the schools, as their organization and structure in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century were not sufficiently receptive to such a progressive concept.

Germany↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chemical analysis of smoke of Indian cigarettes, bidis and other indigenous forms of smoking--levels of steam-volatile phenol, hydrogen cyanide and benzo(a)pyrene.

Levels of steam-volatile phenol, hydrogen cyanide and benzo(a)pyrene in various types of tobacco smoking products marketed in the country have been determined for the first time. Steam-volatile phenol levels in six popular brands of Indian cigarettes varied from 118 to 226 micrograms, and in six popular brands of bidis, from 129 to 273 micrograms. Cheroot and cigarillos yielded 400 micrograms and 333 micrograms steam-volatile phenol respectively. The hydrogen cyanide levels in the mainstream smoke of five popular brands of Indian cigarettes varied from 366 to 638 micrograms and in the mainstream smoke of four popular brands of bidis from 688 to 904 micrograms. Cheroot and cigarillos yielded 588 micrograms and 1119 micrograms hydrogen cyanide respectively. The values of benzo(a)pyrene content in Indian cigarettes varied from 85 to 114 ng and in bidis from 108 to 144 ng. Herbal bidi and cheroot had 1315 ng and 2519 ng benzo(a)pyrene respectively. Cigarettes were smoked as per international standard smoking conditions and the levels of noxious agent were found to be higher than in currently marketed western cigarettes. However, these levels in all the indigenous products including bidis cannot be directly compared with those of cigarettes as they were smoked under modified conditions.

Benzo(a)pyrene↗
PubMed1989

[Breast feeding in the etiology of diarrhea].

Information derived from different anthropological studies carried out in Guatemala as part of the activities of the maternal and child health and nutrition project reveal that, according to popular beliefs, maternal milk plays a definite role in the etiology of diarrheal diseases in the lactating child. This paper presents information on popular classification of diarrheal diseases that differ from biomedical definitions of same. Different factors that may alter the quality of mothers' breast milk and that may cause gastrointestinal diseases in the lactating child are given in detail. The possibilities and limitations of the popular concept frame of "hot-cold", so common in the popular medical beliefs in Latin American populations, are also pointed out as an explanatory model. Lastly, implications of findings in this study are suggested for public health programs, especially for the communication and education programs on breast feeding, and for the application of the high-risk focus.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1979

[Training of personnel for mental health teams].

The mental disorder is a biopsychosocial phenomenon. Starting from this idea, this paper suggests the active participation of every psychiatric professional with the organizated help of community groups, specially trained in mental health matters. A double social function is obtained by this: 1) programmed public training, and 2) practical performance in the assistence field of the same community. In Chile, in general, two social stratus are distinguished; the european culture (middle and upper class) and the popular aboriginal culture (working and rural class). Both have their own pattern about medicine: the european culture, based on the scientific concept, and the popular one based on the magic-religious thoughts. Between them, there exists a barrier. On the one hand, there is not sufficient scientific medical assistence on a national level; on the other hand, the popular medicine is precarious, but more effective in its social function (low cost, availability, absence of bureaucracy, human contact, comprehensible language of medicasters, etc.). The Integral Mental Health Programme objective, in this point, is to join a minimum of the popular medicine sociological structure with the actions of the scientific medicine. Interaction between these will be produced according to the transculturation principles. Patterns for training the 5 levels of the functions delegation are given.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

Grade-level differences in the social value of effort: implication for self-presentation tactics of early adolescents.

Differences in fourth, sixth, and eighth grade (10-, 12-, and 14-year-old) students' willingness to portray themselves as diligent to their popular peers and teachers and their perceptions of the social value of effort and ability ascriptions were examined. The results revealed that the fourth- and sixth-grade students desired to portray themselves as effortful to teachers and peers, whereas the eighth graders were more reluctant to convey to their popular peers than teachers that they study hard. Consistent with these findings, the fourth graders perceived high effort to increase teacher approval as well as popularity among peers, whereas the eighth graders viewed diligence as facilitating teacher approval but low effort expenditure as improving peer popularity. Reasons for youngsters' changing notions of the social value of achievement ascriptions and their self-presentation tactics in school are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Clinicopathologic features of skin reactions to temporary tattoos and analysis of possible causes.

BACKGROUND: Recently, temporary paint-on tattoos have become increasingly popular as a safe alternative to permanent tattoos in Asia and other regions. The most common dye for such temporary tattoos is henna, a vegetable dye. Henna is considered to possess low allergenicity because the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis to henna has rarely been reported. However, recently, allergic reactions to henna used in temporary tattoos have been reported frequently. OBSERVATIONS: Ten patients developed inflamed skin eruptions after receiving temporary paint-on tattoos in either Thailand or Indonesia. The 6 patients who were patch tested all exhibited moderate to strong positive reactions to p-phenylenediamine (1% in petrolatum). Four of the 6 patients were then tested with commercial black henna obtained from Thailand, and all 4 had strong positive reactions. A skin biopsy specimen showed lichenoid dermatitis. Mass spectrometry analysis of commercial black henna for molecular weight revealed a major peak at the mass-charge ratio of 108.1, which corresponds to the molecular weight of p-phenylenediamine. CONCLUSIONS: The most likely causative agent for the lichenoid reaction associated with use of commercial black henna for temporary tattooing, currently popular in Southeast Asia, is p-phenylenediamine. With the increased popularity of temporary paint-on tattoos, clinicians should be aware of the possible associated complications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Adolescent exposure to cigarette advertising in magazines: an evaluation of brand-specific advertising in relation to youth readership.

CONTEXT: Understanding the relationship between cigarette advertising and youth smoking is essential to develop effective interventions. Magazine advertising accounts for nearly half of all cigarette advertising expenditures. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether cigarette brands popular among adolescent smokers are more likely than adult brands to advertise in magazines with high adolescent readerships. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of 1994 data on (1) the presence of advertising by 12 cigarette brands in a sample of 39 popular US magazines; and (2) the youth (ages 12-17 years), young adult (ages 18-24 years), and total readership for each magazine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence or absence of advertising in each of the 39 magazines in 1994 for each of the 12 cigarette brands. RESULTS: After controlling for total magazine readership, the percentage of young adult readers, advertising costs and expenditures, and magazine demographics, youth cigarette brands (those smoked by more than 2.5% of 10- to 15-year-old smokers in 1993) were more likely than adult brands to advertise in magazines with a higher percentage of youth readers. Holding all other variables constant at their sample means, the estimated probability of an adult brand advertising in a magazine decreased over the observed range of youth readership from 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.96) for magazines with 4% youth readers to 0.18 (95% CI, 0.00-0.47) for magazines with 34% youth readers. In contrast, the estimated probability of a youth brand advertising in a magazine increased from 0.32 (95% CI, 0.00-0.65) at 4% youth readership to 0.92 (95% CI, 0.67-1.00) at 34% youth readership. CONCLUSION: Cigarette brands popular among young adolescents are more likely than adult brands to advertise in magazines with high youth readerships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Perception of body shapes by anorexics and mature and teenage females.

Three groups of females-Anorexic (mean age 28). Teenage (mean age 16), and Mature adults (mean age 27)-were shown four male and four female body drawings ranging from very thin to very fat and asked to rate them on four categories (attractive, healthy, confident, and popular) using a 10-point bipolar scale. A predicted and consistent pattern occurred, namely that the anorexics rated fatter women less attractive, less healthy, less confident and less popular than teenagers and mature females, while at the same time rating male body shapes more attractive than did the two other female groups. Both anorexic and teenage groups rated the thinner women as more attractive, healthy, confident, and popular than the mature females. Both mature and teenage females rated the fat female body shape more positively than did the anorexics. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Gender differences in the reasons given for meal termination.

Male and female undergraduate students (n = 387) were asked to complete the statement "I usually stop eating when" on a written survey which listed four of five alternative responses and an open, write-in, alternative. Half of the questionnaires listed the alternative, "I feel full"; the other half omitted this alternative. While the fullness option was the most popular response overall, men and women exhibited differing patterns in responses, particularly if fullness was not included as an option. The second most popular response for men was "the food is all gone", indicating an importance of external factors in controlling the amount of food eaten. In women, however, the second most popular response was "the food stops tasting good", indicating an importance of hedonic factors in meal termination. These results suggest that gender may be a critical variable in studies of food intake, and specifically in the study of satiety mechanisms.

Adolescent↗