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PubMedDate not supplied

[Regulations for forensic medicine specialists employed as legal experts in Germany and in Poland].

The aim of this paper is to present and compare the regulations for forensic medicine specialists employed as legal experts in Germany and in Poland. The analysis of the legal situation in the two countries and the authors' own experience indicate that there are many similarities as far as the general regulations are concerned. Nevertheless, it seems that forensic medicine specialists employed as legal experts in Germany have more jurisdiction and freedom in their professional activities.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant women hospitalised in the Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw, Poland.

UNLABELLED: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease. It concerns both epidemiologists and clinicians as it is often asymptomatic and can cause permanent sequelae. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women causes nongonococcal cervicitis, endometritis, urethritis, inflammation of the Bartholin's gland, acute and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome and can lead to Fallopian tube obstruction, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. During pregnancy it can cause chorioamnionitis, premature rupture of membranes, premature delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight. post partum endometritis and also infection in the newborn. AIM: To assess the prevalence and to describe risk factors (behavioural and clinical) of genital infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in the population of pregnant women attending the Obstetrics Clinic at the Institute of Mother and Child and to study the impact of this infections of pregnancy outcome. METHODS: We have tested 80 pregnant women attending the clinic of obstetrics and gynaecology of the Mother and Child Institute in Warsaw: The presence of C. trachomatis in cervical swabs was assessed using the Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: We found two cases of C. trachomatis infection, which represents 2.5% of the tested population. CONCLUSIONS: controversial data on the prevalence of C. trachomatis in pregnant women and its influence on pregnancy duration justify further investigations despite the observed law prevalence in this study. This will allow to determine the role and usefulness of routine screening for C. trachomatis in pregnant women in Poland.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed2005

Genetic screening for glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA): experience of three clinical centres in Poland.

Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA), also known as familial hyperaldosteronism type I (FH-I, OMIM 103900), is a monogenic form of inherited hypertension caused by the presence of a chimaeric gene originating from an unequal cross-over between the CYP11B1 (11beta-hydroxylase) and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) genes. The hybrid gene has the CYP11B1 sequence at the 5' end, including the promoter, and the CYP11B2 sequence at the 3' end. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of GRA in a Polish population of 129 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) and 132 patients with essential hypertension (EH), through the use of a PCR-based test revealing the chimaeric gene. None of our PHA or EH patients was positive for the CYP11B1/CYP11B2 chimaeric gene. These data suggest that GRA is unlikely to be a common cause of hypertension in Polish subjects. However, the real prevalence of GRA in Poland, both in the high-risk group of individuals with primary hyperaldosteronism and in the general population, remains to be established.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2005

Health behaviour-patterns among paediatric nurses, employed in medical institutions of Greater Poland.

UNLABELLED: In the organised approach to health, a vital part is played by health education. Its main purpose is to transform populational attitudes to health and develop the sense of responsibility for it. Children constitute a particularly important populational segment in this respect. PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to establish pro-health behaviour-patterns among paediatric nurses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-one randomly selected nurses, employed in the Greater Poland's medical institutions were queried, through a specially designed questionnaire, on their nutritional habits, physical activity, and frequency of consulting their physician. A Microsoft Excel spread sheet was employed in performing statistical calculations, making use of such functions as sum, per cent and arithmetic mean. RESULTS: Almost all subjects eat irregularly. The majority of them have two meals a day, omitting breakfasts. The proportion of ingredients containing fibre in their diet is insufficient, whereas monosaccharides are consumed excessively. The physical activity is about adequate; taking strolls are the preferred form. The respondents tend to overlook the first, disturbing disease symptoms, and rarely consult with their physician. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The life-style of paediatric nurses is not conducive to maintaining health, despite declaring the latter as the overriding life's value. (2) Chief aberrations in their health behaviour concern: irregular meals, consuming the excessive amount of monosaccharides, and preferring the passive forms of leisure. (3) In nurses' educational curriculum the role of health promotion in human life should be re-assessed, while the importance of health education in their future work should be emphasised.

Health Behavior↗
PubMed2005

[Comparative analysis of incidence of childhood cancers in four former Provinces of Lublin Region of Poland in 1988-1998].

UNLABELLED: The growth of a neoplasm results from interactions of various carcinogenic factors, also environmental ones, so incidence of cancers depends on the place of living. Purpose of the work was the comparative analysis of the number and morbidity of childhood cancers in children living in four former Provinces of Lublin Region of Poland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included the population of children and young adolescents, aged 0-17, living in the area of four former Provinces--Biała Podlaska, Chełm, Lublin and Zamość--of the Lublin Region in the years 1988-1998. The analysis determined the number and incidence (Incidence Rate, IR) of all childhood cancers, the parameters were calculated for the whole population according to sex, age on diagnosis and the place of living-urban or rural regions. RESULTS: Between 1988 and 1998 a total of 856 cases of childhood cancers were noted in Lublin region: 154 cases (IR--141.8 per million) in Biała Podlaska Province, 105 cases (IR--122.0) in Chełm, 403 cases (IR--121.5) in Lublin and 194 cases (IR--115.8) in Zamość. In the 11-year-period of examination the highest incidence was stated in Biała Podlaska Province, but not statistic substantially. Higher incidence revealed among boys (except Zamość Province). Incidence was higher in urban areas than in rural ones in Chełm and Zamość Provinces and the same in urban and rural areas in Biała Podlaska and Lublin Provinces. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The highest incidence of childhood cancers in the Lublin Region was stated in Biała Podlaska Province (it was not statistic substantially), 2) only in Chełm and Zamość Provinces the incidence were higher in urban areas than in rural ones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Varicose veins of lower limbs is a very common medical problem in developed countries and also in Poland].

UNLABELLED: Although surgery is the main therapeutic method applied for the treatment of this disease the other therapeutic modalities cannot be neglected. The aim of the study was an assessment of quality of life of patients following operative treatment of uncomplicated varicose veins with regard to applied additional therapy. The study included 100 patients of Swiebodzin district, who underwent surgery for uncomplicated varicose veins in last 6 years. These patients were visited and interviewed by trained nurse. There were four groups of patients defined. The first one received pharmacological therapy after surgery predominantly phlebotrophic agents, second one used compression therapy, third applied both methods, fourth used as controls did not get any additional therapy after surgery at all. As an investigation tool the original quality of life questionnaire CIVIQ was applied taking into account pain, psychological, physical and social aspects. Results revealed significantly better quality of life for patients using both pharmacological and compression therapy over ones applying one of these therapies alone and the group applying no therapy at all. Morbidity rate was 19%. Reintervention rate was 12% and on examinations in 72% varicose veins were seen. The majority of patients (57%) declared improvement of their health status, 10% substantial improvement 20% some improvement and 13% declared no improvement after surgery for varicose veins. CONCLUSION: Compression and phlebotrophic therapies applied together after surgery are simple an effective methods improving quality of life better than any of these methods applied separately or no additional therapy at all. Their use is still not very common in Poland.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The influence of different factors on selenium levels in dairy cow herds in the central-eastern region of Poland.

Selenium has been recognised as a basic bioelement that determines normal development and health of animals and humans alike. Studies of many authors revealed the influence of selenium deficiency on immunity, health, reproduction and production of dairy cows. Selenium deficiency have been reported in a number of countries, for example in different regions of Poland. The aim of the study was to determine the Se levels in blood serum of dairy cows in the Lublin region. In the periods: autumn 2003, winter 2003 and autumn 2004 selenium concentrations were investigated in serum samples from 180 dairy cows. The samples were obtained from 11 farms. The selenium concentrations were estimated with the ASA method. The monitoring studies have found that Se serum levels are dependent on season of the year, physiological period, maintenance systems and methods of feeding. Mean selenium serum levels observed in the study were between 0.21-0.92 micromol/l, especially (micromol/l): lactation 0.74 +/- 0.13, drying-off period 0.67 +/- 0.15, autumn 2003 0.38 +/- 0.17, winter 2003 0.48 +/- 0.16, autumn 2004 0.69 +/- 0.18. These results suggest that selenium should be supplemented, especially in high-producing dairy cow herds.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

[Infectious diseases in Poland in 2003].

The most frequent infectious disease as in the previous years was influenza. 1,216,285 cases were reported (3,184.4/100,000). Number of foodborne infections and intoxications remains high--20,221 cases (52.9/100,000). 81.6% of them were caused by Salmonella. In 15.5% of them etiologic factor was not found. In this number Campylobacter infections, rarely tested in Poland may be hidden. Especially alarming is number of cases of diarrhea among children 0-2. Seasonality of childhood diarrhea indicates domination of viral infections, most probably rotaviral among them. There was noted decrease of incidence of newly diagnosed cases of viral hepatitis B (4.7/100,000) which dropped to the level of the incidence of viral hepatitis C (5.9/100,000). Hepatitis A remains at the low level (0.39/100,000). Level of newly diagnosed cases of AIDS (116 cases, 0.36/100,000) remains relatively stable for last few years. The major problem is decreasing reporting of possible risk factors. Infectious diseases caused 0.75% of deaths. Mortality from infectious diseases was 7.2/100,000 and was significantly higher among men (9.5) then among women (5.0). In urban settings mortality from infectious diseases was higher (7.3/100,000) then in the country (6.9). As in previous years, the highest number of deaths was caused by tuberculosis and its late sequels (34.4%). Attention should be given to the increased number of deaths due to sepsis (32.3%, without neonatal sepsis).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Rubella in Poland in 2003].

In Poland, 10,588 cases of rubella were registered in 2003 (incidence 27.7 per 100,000 population). No cases of congenital rubella syndrome were reported. A 74% decrease in incidence was noted, compared to 2002. Across voivodeships, the incidence ranged from 113.1 per 100,000 in warmińsko-mazurskie to 6.2 per 100,000 in lódzkie. As in 2002 rubella incidence among residents of urban areas was lower, compared to residents of rural areas (26.4 and 29.8, respectively). The incidence in men (32.3) was 38% higher than in women (23.4) and this difference appears to systematically increase with routine vaccination of 13-year old girls. The highest incidence was observed in children aged 7 (242.0 per 100,000) and 8 years (209.3). Approximately 0.5% of cases required hospital admission. No rubella deaths were registered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Scarlet fever in Poland in 2003].

Following the last epidemic in 1995 the scarlet fever incidence in Poland has been gradually decreasing. The downward trend continued in 2003, with overall incidence rate of 10.1 per 100,000. The incidence registered during 2001-2003 dropped below the lowest level noted ever sine the introduction of mandatory reporting in 1918. Regionally the incidence ranged from 3.4 per 100,000 in lódzkie voivodeship to 21.8 in opolskie voivodeship. As observed previously incidence in the urban areas (11.8) was significantly higher then in the rural areas (7.5) and the incidence in men (11.1) exceeded the incidence in women (9.2). The majority of cases occurred in children and adolescents younger then 15 years (mode--6 years; incidence 132.3). Approximately 3% of cases were hospitalized. There were no deaths due to scarlet fever reported in 2003.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2003].

In Poland, 829 cases of bacterial meningitis and encephalitis, 563 cases of viral encephalitis, 973 of viral meningitis and 300 cases of meningitis and encephalitis of other or unknown etiology were reported in 2003. Incidence of the bacterial central nervous system infections has been declining over the past decade and the level of viral infections other then tick-borne encephalitis, following the outbreak in the mid-nineties, remained stable. Etiological factor was determined in 352 (42%) cases of bacterial meningitis/encephalitis. Among them Neisseria meningitidis was found in 76 cases, Haemophilus influenzae in 68 cases and Streptococcus pneumoniae in 91 cases. As in the past type B was the predominant type of N. meningitidis cultured from the patients, but type C appears to be on the rise accounting for 36% of the strains serotyped in 2003. Tick borne encephalitis increased markedly in 2003, with the highest ever noted number of cases (339). Most of the cases were reported from endemic areas of north-eastern part of the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Salmonellosis in Poland in 2003].

Total number of salmonellosis cases sharply decreased. In 2003, 16 617 cases were reported (20 688 in previous year), incidence rate = 43.5 per 100 000 population. 72.7% of patients were hospitalized, but percentage of hospitalized cases with extraintestinal manifestations was much higher--above 90%. The seasonal peak was observed as in previous years in July and August. The most frequent isolated type remained Salmonella Enteritidis--above 85% of cases. Only three other serotypes (Hadar, Typhimurium and Infantis) were detected in all of 16 voivodeships of Poland. The age, sex, urban/rural distribution of salmonellosis cases remains stable; the highest incidence was registered among children aged 2 (425.5/100 000). Extraintestinal manifestations of salmonellosis (septicemia, meningitis, pneumonia peritonitis and other) were observed in 121 patients (the highest number since 1994).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Foodborne infections and intoxications in Poland in 2003].

A total of 20 221 bacterial foodborne infections and intoxications were registered in 2003 (incidence 52.9/100 000 population). These illnesses were less incident in 2003, compared both to 2002 figure (26 734 cases; incidence 69.9) and the median 1998-2001 (26 902 cases; incidence 69.6). Unlike bacterial infections, the incidence of viral foodborne infections increased in the recent years (2003--21.10 vs. 2002--17.30 and median 1998-2001 6.85). The parasitic foodborne infections did not change much during the recent years. A total of 78 cases of mushroom poisonings were reported (incidence 0.2) in 2003, compared to 66 cases in 2002 (incidence 0.17) and a median of 223 cases in 1998-2001 (incidence 0.6). The incidence of foodborne infections and intoxications was higher in the age group 0-4 years, compared to other age groups and in urban areas, compared to rural areas. A total of 230 foodborne and waterborne outbreaks involving 3816 cases were reported in 2003 (in Poland only outbreaks involving 4 persons or more were reported). The most prevalent etiological factors in outbreaks were Salmonella strains (63.6% of cases),Staphylococcus aureus (10.0% of cases) and Klebsiella strains (1.4% of cases). The most prevalent Salmonella strain were S. Enteritidis (89.3%) and S. Hadar (5.0%). The main vehicle of foodborne and waterborne outbreaks were meals prepared from various (> 2) raw materials of animal sources (29.2% of cases), egg meals (27.6%) and meats (7.2%). Of the places of food contamination, the most prevalent were own apartments (26.1% of outbreaks), food producing farms (10.6%), and restaurants (4.9%). One death was attributed to an outbreak of unknown etiology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Botulism in Poland in 2003].

A total number of 78 foodborne botulism cases were registered in Poland in 2003, (incidence rate 0.20 per 100 000 population), in rural areas--46 cases (incidence 0.31) and in urban areas--32 cases (incidence 0.14). There were noted 48 sporadic cases, 8 outbreaks of two persons and 1 outbreak of three, four and five people. Meat dishes were the main vehicle of botulinum toxin, especially home made bottling jars prepared from pork meat (24.4% of cases). Two deaths from foodborne botulism were registered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Hepatitis B in Poland in 2003].

In 2003 1,812 cases of hepatitis B were registered in Poland, including 118 (6.5%) caused by mixed infections with HBV and HCV. The incidence was 4.7 per 100,000. Compared to the preceding year, the number of cases decreased by 209 cases and the incidence decreased by 0.6 per 100,000. The decreasing trend of HBV continued during the recent years. During the consecutive years of hepatitis B control programme implementation the incidence decreased below 5.0 per 100,000 becoming comparable to the European level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Human brucellosis in Poland in 2003].

The registered 17 cases of human brucellosis in Poland comprise chronically ill professionals who in the past were involved for many years in the control of animal brucellosis. All four cases of acute infection were imported mainly from Mediterranean region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Human trichinellosis in Poland in 2003].

The total number of 40 cases of human trichinellosis was reported in Poland in 2003. Out of 40 cases 33 were notified from 6 outbreaks. In each outbreak the boar meat was the source of infections. The presence of Trichinella endemic areas in the north, central and east part of the country still determines the necessity of careful meat survey on Trichinella sp.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[AIDS and HIV infection in Poland in 2003].

The cumulative number of AIDS cases diagnosed in Poland from 1986 through 2003 reached 1421, and 676 AIDS deaths were registered during this time. Compared to previous years there was a slight increase in number of diagnosed AIDS cases (139 in 2003, incidence 0.36 per 100,000, comparing to 116 in 2002). Moreover the upward trend in AIDS mortality, which began in 2002, continued in 2003, with 61 reported deaths (a 27% increase as compared to 2002 and 45% increase as compared to 2001). Additionally, taking into account the official life statistics data, AIDS deaths might be underreported. In 2003, 610 newly detected HIV infections were reported (incidence 1.5 per 100,000), which is within the range observed in the past years. Injecting drug users constituted the most numerous risk group both among the AIDS cases (59.7%) and the HIV infection cases (35.6%). The proportion of reports of HIV infections with missing information on the risk group, however, remained very high (55% of all reports). In order to monitor the epidemiological situation better quality of data will need to be assured.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗