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PubMed1966

Epinephrine: cascade reactions and glycogenolytic effect.

The concept of a cascade reaction may serve to indicate the underlying chemical similarity between several biological amplification processes, and as a basis for the formulation of units that emphasize amplification phenomena in reaction kinetics. This approach is discussed in relation to the glycogenolytic effect of epinephrine.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1970

Cell communication, calcium ion, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

The hypothesis advanced in this article requires further validation. Undoubtedly it will require modification as our knowledge of biochemical control increases. Nevertheless, it should prove useful in focusing attention on the apparent similarity in the response of a large number of specific cell types to particular stimuli. Emphasis has been placed on a few common and apparently key elements in these responses. It is recognized that other factors are undoubtedly involved. Specifically, the changes in membrane potentials indicate the likelihood of widespread changes in the properties of the cell membrane, for example, changes in Na(+) and K(+) transport and distribution. These aspects of cellular responses may eventually prove to be of equal or greater importance than those common aspects of the system already identified.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1981

Analysis of multiple isoenzyme expression among twenty-two species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma.

Crude extracts of triple-cloned, purified cultures of 22 species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma were examined for expression of 21 isozyme systems routinely used to type mammalian cells. Nine previously described enzymes (purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenylate kinase, dipeptidase, esterase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase) and three enzymes not previously reported in mycoplasma (triose phosphate isomerase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, and acid phosphatase) were detected in some or all of the species examined. These findings provide new information on the enzymatic expressions of these organisms. Three of the isozyme systems (superoxide dismutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) were present in Acholeplasma species but not in any Mycoplasma species. The characteristic pattern of electrophoretic mobility of the 12 isozyme systems also provides a useful biochemical property for identification, characterization, and classification of these mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma isozyme expression for seven of the enzymes were readily detected in various infected-cell culture lines by using either cell extracts or concentrated cell culture fluids. Mycoplasma-specific enzymes found in infected-cell extracts had the same electrophoretic mobility patterns as enzymes obtained from broth-grown mycoplasmas of the same species. Expression of homologous mammalian enzymes was not detectably altered by infection with mycoplasmas.

Acholeplasma↗
PubMed1985

Rabbit liver phosphorylase a phosphatase: regulation by glucose and caffeine.

The modulation of three molecular forms of liver phosphorylase a phosphatases, the "catalytic" subunit phosphatase (35 000 relative mass (Mr) and phosphatases 2A1 and 2A2 by glucose and caffeine and some physiologically important compounds were studied, using 32P-labelled phosphorylase a obtained from rabbit liver as substrate. Glucose and caffeine showed independent and additive activations. The caffeine effect was seen at micromolar to millimolar concentrations and glucose caused activation even at concentrations below the normal blood glucose level. The nucleotides ATP and AMP, at their presumed physiological concentrations in the liver, were strongly inhibitory. Inhibition by these nucleotides and other inhibitors tested showed varied responses to the presence of the activators glucose and caffeine, depending on the phosphatase form. Thus, significant relief of ATP inhibition was afforded by glucose and caffeine acting independently for the 35 000 Mr phosphatase, whereas relief of inhibition for phosphatases 2A1 and 2A2 required a combination of glucose, caffeine, and Mg2+. The Km of the liver 35 000 Mr phosphatase was about 50 microM for the liver substrate as compared with 4 microM for the muscle substrate. The Km of phosphatase 2A2 was about 16 microM and for phosphatase 2A1 it was about 20 microM, using liver substrate in the absence of any stimulators. Mg2+ inhibited the 35 000 Mr phosphatase, but became stimulatory for phosphatase 2A2 and was an almost obligatory requirement for phosphatase 2A1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1981

Glucose homeostasis during the perinatal period in normal rats and rats with a glycogen storage disorder.

The fetal rat mobilizes liver glycogen during parturition for use as a glucose source until the onset of gluconeogenesis at 2 h after birth. A rat strain (NZR/Mh) unable to mobilize liver glycogen because of a phosphorylase b kinase deficiency has been used to assess the importance of liver glycogen in glucose homeostasis of the newborn. In normal rats the mean blood glucose concentration of the fetus measured at various times up to 24 h after natural birth ranged between 3.7 and 5.4 mM. In contrast, fetuses of the affected rats were hypoglycemic before birth (2.02 +/- 0.15 mM), and by 1 h after birth the blood glucose had decreased to 0.74 +/- 0.14 mM. Concentrations increased by 4 h to 1.48 +/- 0.17 mM and by 24 h reached values not significantly different from the normal newborn rats. Changes in plasma insulin over the perinatal period were similar in both groups although concentrations were always significantly lower in the affected rts. The findings demonstrate the crucial role of the fetal liver glycogen store in the maintenance of normoglycemia in the newborn. The normal rat does not develop hypoglycemia when born naturally and left with the mother after birth (in contrast to other studies in which the newborn were taken by cesarian delivery 1 d prematurely and kept in an artificial environment without food). The rats with the glycogen storage disorder experienced severe hypoglycemia without any apparent effects, which raises questions concerning alternative fuels available to and utilized by the newborn.

Animals↗