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PubMed2001

[Effects of olive oil and fish oil on serum lipids and lipid peroxidation in rats].

The effects of olive oil and fish oil on serum lipids and lipid peroxidation were studied in rats. The rats were divided into four groups: negative control, high fat control, fish oil (high fat diet and tube feeding with fish oil 4 ml.kg-1.d-1) and olive oil (high fat diet and tube feeding with olive oil 4 ml.kg-1.d-1) groups. The results showed that the total serum cholesterol and the triglyceride decreased significantly both in fish oil group and olive oil group, and there was a significant increase of serum high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in fish oil group. Both fish oil and olive oil increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocyte and decreased serum MDA.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Relationship between unhealthy dietary behavior and blood lipids and lipid peroxides in coronary heart disease patients].

The effects of unhealthy dietary behavior on blood lipids(TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C) and lipid peroxides (LPO) and the occurrence of coronary heart disease(CHD) were measured in 97 CHD patients and 97 controls without any clinical appearance of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases. The results showed that the serum level of TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and LPO were significantly higher in CHD group than control group. More unhealthy dietary behavior was observed in CHD group than in control group. The odds ratio of the population with more than 3 items of unhealthy dietary behavior was 3.88. The results of this study suggested that unhealthy dietary behavior might play an important role in increasing the risk of CHD.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Lipid metabolism in patients with insulin dependent diabetes. III. Effect of metabolic control of diabetes on the concentration of some blood serum lipid constituents in patients with insulin dependent diabetes].

The levels of the following blood serum lipid constituents: total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, HDL-cholesterol, lipoprotein fractions, as well as apolipoproteins AI, AII and B, have been determined in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes lasting from 3 months to 15 years in relation to the degree of metabolic control characterized by the levels of fructosamine and glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c. The group of patients having the level of HbA1c exceeding 10% was characterized by significantly higher levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and Apo-B, and lower content of alpha-lipoprotein as compared to the group with HbA1c level beneath 10%. When fructosamine concentration was considered as an index of metabolic control of diabetes, it was found that the levels of cholesterol, phospholipids and apolipoproteins apo-A and apo-AI are highest in the group with the poor metabolic control and differ significantly from the respective values found in patients with mediocre and good metabolic control. Considering biological role of the individual lipids and lipoproteins, it should be stressed that the proper control of glycaemia is important for preventing the development of atherosclerosis in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Lipid metabolism in patients with insulin dependent diabetes. IV. Effect of sex, age, excess body weight, duration of diabetes, insulin dosage and family history on lipid metabolism in patients with insulin dependent diabetes].

The levels of the following blood serum lipid constituents: total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, HDL-cholesterol, apolipoproteins AI, AII and B, and lipoprotein fractions have been determined in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes in relation to sex, age, duration of diabetes, coexistence of obesity, insulin dosage and history of genetic predispositions. The age of the patients was between 1.3 and 22 years and the duration of the disease ranged between 3 months and 15 years. The analysis of the results revealed that sex, age, daily insulin dose and the known genetic predispositions have no influence on the values of the parameters of lipid metabolism. However, an increase in the levels of cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoproteins AI and B was observed along with the progressing duration of the disease. An increase in the levels of cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and beta-lipoprotein, and a decrease in the level of alpha-lipoprotein have been found in diabetic children with coexisting obesity. The above analysis indicates that besides metabolic control of diabetes its duration and accompanying obesity may negatively influence the course of the disease contributing to the precocious development of atherosclerosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Membrane lipids of Mycoplasma orale: lipid composition and synthesis of phospholipids.

Lipid composition of Mycoplasma orale was examined and compared with that of horse serum added to the growth medium. Ratios of cholesterol/cholesterol ester and sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine were much higher in M. orale than in the horse serum, indicating the organism incorporates selectively cholesterol and sphingomyelin. A distinct difference between the lipids from the two sources was that in phospholipids of M. orale almost all (greater than 95%) of the fatty acyl residues were saturated whereas nearly half of the residues were unsaturated in horse serum phospholipids. Approximately one third of M. orale phospholipids was phosphatidylglycerol, which was synthesized by the organism as was demonstrated by 32P-labeling experiment. Its acyl residues consisted mainly of C16:0 and were efficiently labeled with 14C-palmitate but not with 14C-acetate. These results clearly indicate the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol by M. orale is through acylation with exogenous saturated fatty acids. On the other hand, all the phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin of M. orale were derived from the medium. The 14C-labeling experiment demonstrates that no fatty acid synthesis takes place nor exogenous fatty acid can be incorporated so efficiently as phosphatidylglycerol, suggesting that extremely high proportion of saturated fatty acyl residues in these phospholipids is the consequence of saturation directed to the acyl chains of the incorporated phospholipids.

Acetates↗
PubMed2005

"Diffusible-PEG-lipid stabilized plasmid lipid particles".

Many viral and non-viral gene transfer systems suffer from common pharmacological issues that limit their utility in a systemic context. By application of the liposomal drug delivery paradigm, many of the limitations of the first generation non-viral delivery systems can be overcome. Encapsulation in small, long-circulating particles called stabilized plasmid lipid particles (SPLP) results in enhanced accumulation at disease sites and selective protein expression. This work compares the detergent dialysis method of SPLP manufacture with an alternative method, spontaneous vesicle formation by ethanol dilution. The pharmacology of SPLP, as determined by monitoring lipid label and quantitative real time PCR, is also presented.

DNA↗
PubMed1990

Variation in concentration of lipids, lipoprotein lipids, and apolipoproteins A-I and B in plasma from healthy women.

The components of total variation--biological, inter- and intra-individual, and analytical--of plasma lipids, lipoprotein lipids, and apolipoproteins A-I and B have been determined in a population of 44 healthy women, ages 18-35 years. Blood was sampled three separate times at three-month intervals, with no restrictions on diet or physical activity during these periods. The greatest inter-individual variances were observed for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, HDL2-cholesterol, and total plasma cholesterol. Triglycerides had the highest intra-individual variance (CV 22%). The percentage of inter- and intra-individual variances of apolipoprotein A-I concentrations were more reflective of total HDL- and HDL2-cholesterol content than of HDL3-cholesterol. Concentrations of calculated low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol showed a greater inter-individual variation (18.6%) than did apolipoprotein B (10.7%). The laboratory CVs for these analytes were similar to other reported values. From these data, we computed the expected variation for subjects in our study for single and repeated measurements. Such considerations can influence decision-making in the clinical setting or in designing epidemiological studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Affinity of lipid transfer protein for lipid and lipoprotein particles as influenced by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase.

The effects of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) on the transfer of cholesterol esters mediated by lipid transfer protein (LTP) and its affinity for lipid and lipoprotein particles were investigated. When the single bilayer vesicle preparations (containing phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, and apolipoprotein- (apo) A-I at the molar ratio of 90:30:1.2:0.18) or high density lipoprotein 3 (HDL3) were used as the cholesteryl ester donor and low density lipoproteins (LDL) as the acceptor, the transfer activity of LTP was enhanced by the addition of low concentrations of LCAT. In contrast, no enhancement of cholesteryl ester transfer was observed upon addition of LCAT to either the discoidal bilayer particle preparations (containing phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, and apo-A-I at the molar ratio of 90:30:1.2:1.0) or high density lipoprotein 2 (HDL2). Although both apo-A-I and apo-A-II promoted the transfer of cholesteryl ester from vesicles to LDL, the additional enhancement of the transfer by LCAT was observed only with the vesicles containing apo-A-I. Gel permeation chromatography of LTP/vesicle and LTP/HDL3 mixtures in the presence and absence of LCAT showed that the affinity of LTP for both the vesicles and HDL3 increased upon addition of LCAT. In contrast, neither HDL2 nor discoidal bilayer particles showed any significant enhancement of LTP binding upon addition of LCAT. By using LCAT covalently bound to Sepharose 4B, a maximal interaction between LTP and bound LCAT was shown to occur at the ionic strength of 0.16. Deviation from this ionic strength reduced the extent of the interaction. At the ionic strength of 0.01 and 0.5, the elution volume of LTP was identical to that of bovine serum albumin.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed1987

The influence of the lipid composition on the degree of lipid-peroxidation of liposomes.

Liposomes containing dilinoleoyl lecithin (di-18(2)PC) and diarachidonyl lecithin (di-20(4)PC) were peroxidized with Fe++/ascorbate. Lipidperoxidation was measured as generated malondialdehyde, the disappearance of polyunsaturated fatty acids, conjugated diene formation and chemiluminescense. It was found that di-20(4)PC was oxidized rapidly, while in the same time period hardly any oxidation of di-18(2)PC took place. Incorporation of different lipid classes into the di-20(4)PC liposomes influenced the peroxidation for each lipid in a characteristic way. Phosphatidylethanolamine stimulated the formation of fluorescent chromolipids. The possible meaning of these reactions in human pathology is discussed.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1986

[Screening of essential fatty acid deficiency in children. Respective value of the assay of fatty acids in total lipids and lipid fractions of the serum].

This study was carried out in metabolically stable infants aged from one to six months receiving artificial food. The lipid serum fraction presenting changes characteristic of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency was determined. A preliminary study (n = 13 samples) showed that analysis of total fatty acids (TFA) and of phospholipids (PL) was more discriminatory than analysis of free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG) or esterified cholesterol (EC). Comparison of TFA and PL (n = 25 samples) confirmed literature data; in particular, C18: 2 n-6 and C20: 4 n-6 decreased whereas C20: 3 n-9 increased. These changes were clearer and significantly greater (p less than 0.001) for C20: 3 n-9 and C20: 4 n-6 of the PL, but were also very significant for the TFA compared to healthy controls. The C20: n-9/C20: n-6 ratio was identical for all fractions. TFA analysis by gas-liquid chromatography is faster and less costly than analysis of lipid fractions and provides sufficient data for screening of EFA deficiency.

Chemical Fractionation↗
PubMed1985

Relationships between membrane lipid composition and biological properties of rat myocytes. Effects of aging and manipulation of lipid composition.

Cultures of newborn rat heart myocytes undergo major age-related alterations as demonstrated by comparing 5-6-day-old cells ("young cells") and 14-15-day-old cells ("old cells"). This includes: changes from spherical to elongated shape; sphingomyelin and cholesterol level/cell increase by 100% and 50%, respectively, while the phosphatidylcholine is reduced by 15-20% with almost no change in content of total phospholipids. There is a 50% increase in total protein content/cell while DNA content remain constant. The specific activity of seven marker enzymes representing most subcellular organelles is increased. Beating rate is reduced from 160 +/- 20 to 20 +/- 20 beats min-1. All the above age-dependent alterations are affected by modification of cellular polar lipid composition. Small unilamellar vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine added to the growth medium of old cells serve as donor of egg phosphatidylcholine to the cells and as acceptor of cellular sphingomyelin and cholesterol. Sphingomyelin-phospholipid exchange can be separated from cholesterol depletion either by using vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol mixtures which serve only in the phospholipid exchange process, or by small unilamellar vesicles of sphingomyelin which act only as efficient cholesterol acceptors. Such experiments indicated that the major response of old cells is to alteration in the phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin mole ratio, while changes in the cholesterol level induce smaller effects. Thus, reversal of phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin mole ratio to the values shown by young cells reverse cellular functions and features which were altered by cell aging to levels found in young cells. This includes: increase in the beating rate back to 160 +/- 20, reduction in the total protein level and in the specific activity per DNA content of seven marker enzymes and reappearance of spherical cell shape. These results suggest that membrane lipid composition has major influence on cellular properties which as described in the accompanying paper (Yechiel, E., Barenholz, Y., and Henis, Y. I. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 9132-9136), may be mediated through the organization and dynamics of the cell membranes.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Lipid profile of a French-Canadian population: 1. Association of plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels with age, relative body weight and education.

Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels were determined in a randomly selected population of 1169 French-Canadian men in the Quebec City area. The mean levels of total plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were 224.0 and 166.5 mg/dL respectively. The mean level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher and the mean level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol lower than those reported in a recent study in English-Canadian men. The mean HDL2 and HDL3 levels were lower than those reported in American men. Stratification of plasma triglyceride levels for all age groups showed that mean HDL2 levels decreased rapidly with moderate rises in triglyceride levels. Less than 9% of the variation in lipid or lipoprotein levels was related to age or relative body weight. Education had no significant effect on the levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

Experimental induction of atheroarteriosclerosis by the synergy of allergic injury to arteries and lipid-rich diet. II. Effect of repeatedly injected foreign protein in rabbits fed a lipid-rich, cholesterol-poor diet.

Rabbits fed a lipid-rich, cholesterol-poor diet and given concomitant injections of foreign protein, over a period as long as 17 months, developed in their coronary arteries both a) proliferative fibromuscular intimal thickening closely resembling the diffuse intimal thickening that commonly occurs in coronary arteries of man, and b) fatty-proliferative fibromuscular intimal thickening that closely resembles coronary atherosclerosis in man. In contrast, rabbits of another group that were concurrently fed the same diet for as long as 22 months without injections of foreign protein developed changes in arteries of their hearts that resemble neither coronary atherosclerosis nor diffuse intimal thickening in man. Fatty-proliferative changes in aortas of the first group of rabbits are strikingly greater and more closely resemble human aortic atherosclerosis than those in the latter group. In the course of the experiments, the average serum cholesterol was not significantly different in the two groups of rabbits. It was approximately 200 to 250 mg%, which is the average serum cholesterol in adult humans in the United States. These experiments support the hypothesis that the synergy of arterial injury, in particular immunologic injury, and a diet rich in lipid can lead to atherosclerosis in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Analysis of membranes photolabeled with lipid analogues. Reaction of phospholipids containing a disulfide group and a nitrene or carbene precursor with lipids and with gramicidin A.

Analogues of fatty acids have been synthesized which contain an S-S bridge in the aliphatic chain and at the omega-carbon the photoactivatable p-(3-trifluoromethyldiazirino)phenyl or p-azidophenyl group as a carbene and nitrene precursor, respectively. These acids were used to acylate 1-palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine by the procedure described by Gupta et al. (Gupta, C.M., Radhakrishnan, R., and Khorana, H.G. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 4315-4319). Multilamellar liposomes prepared from various radioactively labeled lipids and 2 to 10 mol% of one of the photosensitive phospholipid analogues were photolyzed and the extent of cross-linking was determined. The carbene-generating probe labeled dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in yields of 15 to 20%, while labeling with the nitrene probe was about 10 times less efficient. In contrast these probes were found to react with the unsaturated fatty acid of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine with almost equal efficiency. The nitrene was 2 to 3 times more efficient than the carbene in cross-linking to gramicidin A. Amino acid analysis and Edman degradation of the labeled peptide indicated that both probes predominantly attacked tryptophan residues. No geometrical correlation was found between the expected penetration of the reactive group of the probe within the bilayer and the labeled sites of the peptide. This result is discussed in terms of chemical selectivities of the photoactivated intermediates. After photocross-linking, the disulfide bridge can be cleaved to generate a free sulfhydryl group which subsequently can be utilized for preparative or analytical purposes. Photolabeled lipids and peptides can be separated easily from the bulk of the unlabeled material. These phospholipid analogues are substrates for the phospholipid exchange protein isolated from calf liver. Transfer from sonicated dispersions of the analogues into an acceptor membrane was demonstrated. Individual monolayers can thus be labeled separately with these reagents.

Azirines↗
PubMed1981

Lipid composition of Balb/c3T3, SV3T3, and Concanavalin A-selected revertant cells grown in media containing lipid-depleted serum.

The effects of growth in media supplemented with lipid-depleted fetal calf serum (LDS-media) on morphology, saturation density, and lipid composition were studied in Balb/c3T3, SV3T3, and Concanavalin A selected SV3T3 revertant cells (SV3T3 Rev cells). Cells grown in media containing complete fetal calf serum (FCS-medium) or reconstituted FCS (RS-medium) were used as controls. Growth in LDS-media reduced saturation densities of both SV3T3 and SV3T3 Rev cells while it affected only slightly the saturation density of normal parental cells. Similar inhibitory effects on growth were also induced by exposure of RS-medium. Growth in LDS-medium did not change the typical morphology of the three cell lines. 3T3, SV3T3, and SV3T3 Rev cells grown in LDS-medium showed an accumulation of triacylglycerols and free fatty acids together with a reduction of free cholesterol. All these changes were also present, however, in cells grown in these changes were also present, however, in cells grown in RS-Medium. Growth in LDS-medium induced an increase of 16:1 and 18:1, a decrease of 20:4, and an accumulation of 20:3 (n-9) in phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol + phosphatidylserine of 3T3 cells. By contrast, only a slight accumulation of 20:3 (n-9) accompanied by a moderate increase of monoenoic acids was found in the phospholipids of SV3T3 cells grown in LDS-medium. SV3T3 Rev cells grown in LDS-medium showed changes in phospholipid fatty acids composition similar to those found in SV3T3 cells grown under the same conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of lipid particle size on association of apolipoproteins with lipid.

Triolein particles stabilized with egg yolk phosphatidylcholine monolayer were prepared with two different diameters: 26.7 +/- 3.9 and 229 +/- 80 nm. All the phosphatidylcholine molecules in those particles were readily digested by phospholipase A2 while only the molecules in the outer leaflet of phosphatidylcholine unilamellar vesicles were hydrolyzed under the same conditions. Binding of human plasma apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, C-II, and C-III2 to the particles was studied by two independent techniques: (i) rapid gel permeation chromatography and (ii) ultracentrifugation. All four apolipoproteins bound to the small and large particles in a saturable manner without altering their gross structure, and were displaced by equivalent molecules. The dissociation constant of apolipoprotein A-I for the large particle was 3.17 X 10(-6) M and 4.24 X 10(-6) M by methods (i) and (ii), respectively. These values were more than 10-fold greater than those for the small particles (2.0 X 10(-7) and 1.6 X 10(-7) M, respectively). In contrast, apolipoproteins A-II, C-II, and C-III2 bound to the large particles as strongly as to the small particles with dissociation constants of 2.4-6.8 X 10(-7), 4.5-10.7 X 10(-7), and 5.3-10.7 X 10(-7) M, respectively. The maximum binding level was of a similar order for each of the four apolipoproteins with both lipid particles when they were compared on the basis of amino acids per phospholipid. These results suggest that the apolipoproteins share common binding sites on the lipid particles, and are consistent with the characteristic distribution of apolipoproteins A-I and C among various classes of lipoproteins in plasma.

Apolipoprotein A-I↗
PubMed1983

Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment in cholesterol gallstone disease: effects on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, biliary lipid composition, and plasma lipid levels.

The present study was undertaken to characterize the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on biliary lipid metabolism in man. Fifteen gallstone patients were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid at a daily dosage of 15 mg per kg body weight for about 4 weeks before cholecystectomy. At operation a liver biopsy, together with gallbladder and hepatic bile, were obtained. Eighteen untreated gallstone patients undergoing cholecystectomy served as controls. During treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid, hepatic bile became unsaturated with cholesterol in all patients investigated. The total biliary lipid concentration remained unchanged. The hepatic cholesterol concentration decreased by about 20%. No significant change in the microsomal HMG CoA reductase activity was observed (38.5 +/- 6.7 pmol . min-1 . mg protein-1 vs 38.3 +/- 4.7 pmol . min-1 . mg protein-1 in the controls; means +/- SEM). Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol were reduced by about 10%, and those of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by about 15%. Plasma triglyceride levels remained essentially unchanged during treatment. We conclude that, similar to chenodeoxycholic acid therapy, ursodeoxycholic acid treatment results in unsaturation of fasting hepatic bile. In contrast to the changes seen during chenodeoxycholic acid feeding, however, the unsaturation of hepatic bile during ursodeoxycholic acid treatment is not primarily related to a decreased hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity. Furthermore, while chenodeoxycholic acid tends to increase plasma LDL levels, such changes are not seen during ursodeoxycholic acid treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Cerebral vasospasm and lipid peroxidation--lipid peroxides in the cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage].

The relationship between lipid peroxides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the occurrence of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was evaluated by analyzing CSF with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acids (HPETEs) and hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) were synthesized by the treatment of arachidonic acid with hydrogen peroxide and cupric chloride. The retention time of these HPETEs and HETEs were determined on HPLC. The position of oxydation occurred was determined after methylation, reduction and trimethyl silylation using GC-MS. Thus the elucidation of positional isomers of HPETEs and HETEs was made possible by the retention time on HPLC. The supernant of CSF after SAH was adjusted to pH 3.0 and then absorbed to octadecyl silyl silica column. The eluted fraction with 15% ethanol-water from octadecyl silyl silica column was analyzed by HPLC detecting at 238 nm. No peak was observed on HPLC at the region of HPETEs and HETEs in the CSF obtained from healthy person. In SAH patients, several peaks were recognized in accordance with the occurrence of cerebral vasospasm. One of the peaks was identified as 5-HETE by HPLC and GC-MS. In 10 SAH patients, semi-quantitative analysis of 5-HETE in the CSF was performed by measuring the height of the peak identified as 5-HETE on HPLC. The close correlation was recognized between the occurrence of cerebral vasospasm and the appearance of 5-HETE in the CSF. The results of the present study suggest that lipid peroxidation is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic vasospasm after SAH.

Arachidonic Acids↗