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PubMed2003

Perception of risk of HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour in Kenya.

The association between perception of risk of HIV infection and sexual behaviour remains poorly understood, although perception of risk is considered to be the first stage towards behavioural change from risk-taking to safer behaviour. Using data from the 1998 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, logistic regression models were fitted to examine the direction and the strength of the association between perceived risk of HIV/AIDS and risky sexual behaviour in the last 12 months before the survey. The findings indicate a strong positive association between perceived risk of HIV/AIDS and risky sexual behaviour for both women and men. Controlling for sociodemographic, sexual exposure and knowledge factors such as age, marital status, education, work status, residence, ethnicity, source of AIDS information, specific knowledge of AIDS, and condom use to avoid AIDS did not change the direction of the association, but altered its strength slightly. Young and unmarried women and men were more likely than older and married ones to report risky sexual behaviour. Ethnicity was significantly associated with risky sexual behaviour, suggesting a need to identify the contextual and social factors that influence behaviour among Kenyan people.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Improvement in matched field processing using the CLEAN algorithm.

Adaptive matched field processing such as the minimum variance distortionless processor (MV) provides excellent sidelobe (or ambiguity) suppression capability in source localization given a perfect knowledge of the ocean environment. Unfortunately, this processing is very sensitive to sources of mismatch and robust adaptive algorithms are then employed such as a white noise constraint (WNC) often at the expense of insufficient sidelobe control. The CLEAN algorithm was introduced in radio astronomy [Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 15, 417-426 (1974)] to produce a high quality image of the sky by reducing sidelobe-induced artifacts. In this paper, the CLEAN concept is extended to matched field processing. Numerical simulations and experimental data demonstrate that matched field processing combined with the CLEAN algorithm can improve performance, especially when a weak source is masked by sidelobes from a much stronger source.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Perception of AIDS by Esikhawini Community.

This study was undertaken to assess the perception of AIDS by Esikhawini Community in KwaZulu Natal. The assumption was that the more health education is given to the community, the more knowledgeable the community becomes. The study revealed that the community is aware of AIDS. Sufferers pose a challenge to health workers as talks by health units ranked third in the sources contributing to the knowledge about AIDS. A descriptive cross sectional survey design was used and the questionnaire had both closed and open ended questions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Computer-assisted tracking of actin filament motility.

In vitro motility assays, in which fluorescently labeled actin filaments are propelled by myosin molecules adhered to a glass coverslip, require that actin filament velocity be determined. We have developed a computer-assisted filament tracking system that reduced the analysis time, minimized investigator bias, and provided greater accuracy in locating actin filaments in video images. The tracking routine successfully tracked filaments under experimental conditions where filament density, size, and extent of photobleaching varied dramatically. Videotaped images of actin filament motility were digitized and processed to enhance filament image contrast relative to background. Once processed, filament images were cross correlated between frames and a filament path was determined. The changes in filament centroid or center position between video frames were then used to calculate filament velocity. The tracking routine performance was evaluated and the sources of noise that contributed to errors in velocity were identified and quantified. Errors originated in algorithms for filament centroid determination and in the choice of sampling interval between video frames. With knowledge of these error sources, the investigator can maximize the accuracy of the velocity calculation through access to user-definable computer program parameters.

Actins↗
PubMed2003

Sexual activity cardiological survey on members of the Israel Heart Society.

A nationwide telephone survey conducted under the auspices of the Israeli Heart Society examined cardiologists' knowledge of and attitudes towards sexual activity among cardiac patients with concomitant sexual dysfunction. The items covered demography, understanding of relevant mechanisms, drug effects and cardiovascular physiology during sexual activity, suitable interventions and sources of the cardiologists' knowledge. Compliance was excellent (364/379 [96%] responders). Attitudes and knowledge were similar among males and females: 74% underestimated the published frequency of erectile dysfunction in general and among cardiac patients specifically; 90% knew that beta-blockers cause erectile dysfunction but few responded correctly about other non-cardiac drugs; 77% try to cope with their patient's problematic sexual function, especially younger cardiologists who tended to be more up to date about it. Israeli cardiologists are motivated to assist these patients but demonstrate a general lack of adequate up to date knowledge on the epidemiological, physiological and pharmacological aspects of the problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Health promotion and early detection of cancer in older adults: a practical approach.

Little is known about the cancer-related knowledge, attitudes and health behaviours of older adults (> 55 years), or about designing health promotion and early detection interventions responsive to their learning needs. A collaborative project was established with the intent of designing an appropriate program for older adults. The initial work included a community needs assessment using focus groups, one-on-one interviews and self-report surveys. The use of key community contacts was effective in locating older adult subjects (> 55 years) through pre-established linkages with agencies. Various ethnocultural groups, low income communities and isolated individuals, as well as other pre-established groups, were included in this study. The needs assessment found that: age is not perceived as a cancer risk factor; transportation is a barrier to screening; fear inhibits people from being screened; physicians are viewed as both the main source of expert cancer knowledge and as the gatekeepers to screening; family and peers are the main source of support, ethnospecific groups have different information needs; and finally, that lifestyle suggestions can reduce the risk of cancer. The findings indicated that community health promotion programs for older adults will require multiple approaches with a combination of strategies in order to meet their learning needs.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Study in sexuality of medical college students in India.

PURPOSE: In India, talking about sex is taboo. Little is known about the knowledge, attitude, and sexual behavior of adolescents. This study was carried out with the purpose of examining: (a) the knowledge of medical students about sex, (b) the sources of learning about sex, and (c) the sexual behavior and practices of young adults. METHODS: This study was carried out among the undergraduate students of a medical college in Delhi. A pretested, semiclosed-type questionnaire was voluntarily filled out by the students. Confidentiality and secrecy was assured. RESULTS: Of 500 students, 73% participated in the study. Knowledge regarding sexual intercourse, masturbation, contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases was satisfactory among 70%, 74.8%, 83.5%, and 92.6% of the respondents, respectively. Common source of knowledge about sex were friends (74.5%), pornographic films (56.2%), and books and magazines (55.1%). Only one fifth could communicate with teachers, parents, and persons of the other gender about sex. About 417 of the students viewed homosexuality as normal behavior. Sexual intercourse had been experienced by 11.8% of respondents. The mean age of first sexual intercourse was 17.5 years. Eighty-five percent strongly favored introduction of sex education at school level. CONCLUSION: Evidence is provided for the need to improve knowledge about different aspects of sex among a sample of Indian medical students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Sources of women's education about the puerperium and breast feeding].

Future parents have a wide range of possibilities in gaining theoretical knowledge from books, magazines, relatives' advice, doctor or midwife' consultations in outpatient clinics. The most professional ways of getting skills in that matter are birth schools. The aim of this study was to analyze the sources of knowledge about puerperium and breast feeding at birth schools in comparison to mothers who did not attend such training. The study was undertaken in the Department of Obstetric and Perinatology in Szczecin. Group I (investigated) consisted of 129 women who finished birth school training course and group II (control) consisted of 165 women with no formalized prenatal education. A questionnaire and medical histories were used in our analysis. The results showed that the birth school attendants were more likely to use a lot of education sources in the field of breast feeding and that some law aspects in puerperium and puerperium pathology need more attention because books and magazines are the main source of knowledge in that matter instead of birth schools classes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis.

The history of aquatic environmental pollution goes back to the very beginning of the history of human civilization. However, aquatic pollution did not receive much attention until a threshold level was reached with adverse consequences on the ecosystems and organisms. Aquatic pollution has become a global concern, but even so, most developing nations are still producing huge pollution loads and the trends are expected to increase. Knowledge of the pollution sources and impacts on ecosystems is important not only for a better understanding on the ecosystem responses to pollutants but also to formulate prevention measures. Many of the sources of aquatic pollutions are generally well known and huge effort has been devoted to the issue. However, new concepts and ideas on environmental pollution are emerging (e.g., biological pollution) with a corresponding need for an update of the knowledge. The present paper attempts to provide an easy-to-follow depiction on the various forms of aquatic pollutions and their impacts on the ecosystem and organisms.

Ecosystem↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancing knowledge of colorectal cancer among African Americans: why are we waiting until age 50?

Because of low rates of colorectal cancer screening among African Americans, it may be beneficial to begin educating persons about this disease before age 50. Using the Patient/Provider/System Theoretical Model for cancer screening, this study compared knowledge of colorectal cancer, sources of information, and awareness of programs among participants of age 20-29, 30-49, and 50-75 years. The majority (n = 354) were women and African American (mean age = 37 years, mean education = 12th grade). Younger participants tended to know less about the disease, but there were few differences in knowledge between the two older groups. Persons in the 40-49-year age group were more likely to be familiar with the role diet plays in the risk of colorectal cancer. Participants associated the need for screening with the presence of symptoms. Television and radio were listed as the most frequent source of information about cancer. The Internet was the least used. The majority were not familiar with selected national programs and services focused on increasing awareness of cancer. Findings suggest that colorectal cancer-related information should be targeted toward this population before age 50, using multiple sources such as TV/radio, providers, magazines, and cancer-related organizations. An estimated 104,950 colon and 40,340 rectal cancer cases will be diagnosed in 2005 with an estimated 56,290 deaths from the disease (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2005). Despite a stabilization of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rates since the 1980s, African American males and females have higher incidence and mortality rates associated with this disease compared to Whites. The 5-year survival rate for CRC among African Americans improved to 54% during the years 1995-2000, but lagged well behind the 64% survival rate for Whites during the same time period. Screening and early detection of CRC followed by effective treatment is crucial to reducing these mortality rates.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Self-knowledge: its limits, value, and potential for improvement.

Because of personal motives and the architecture of the mind, it may be difficult for people to know themselves. People often attempt to block out unwanted thoughts and feelings through conscious suppression and perhaps through unconscious repression, though whether such attempts are successful is controversial. A more common source of self-knowledge failure is the inaccessibility of much of the mind to consciousness, including mental processes involved in perception, motor learning, personality, attitudes, and self-esteem. Introspection cannot provide a direct pipeline to these mental processes, though some types of introspection may help people construct beneficial personal narratives. Other ways of increasing self-knowledge include looking at ourselves through the eyes of others and observing our own behavior. These approaches can potentially promote self-knowledge, although major obstacles exist. It is not always advantageous to hold self-perceptions that correspond perfectly with reality, but increasing awareness of nonconscious motives and personality is generally beneficial.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Thalassaemia carrier testing in Pakistani adults: behaviour, knowledge and attitudes.

OBJECTIVES: To describe beta-thalassaemia (thalassaemia) carrier testing behaviour (whether tested or intentions of testing) amongst a sample of UK Pakistani adults; their level of knowledge about thalassaemia, and their attitudes toward thalassaemia carrier testing. METHOD: In a cross-sectional design semi-structured interviews, data were obtained from 59 Pakistani adults including 19 parents of children with thalassaemia; 20 of their relatives, and 20 'lay' adults. The outcome measures include: knowledge of thalassaemia and genetic inheritance, carrier testing behaviour, attitudes toward carrier testing and source of information about thalassaemia. RESULTS: Knowledge about carriers and inheritance of thalassaemia was low. Intention to have carrier testing was low in those participants who had not been tested. Participants generally had positive attitudes toward carrier testing. Relatives and lay adults most frequently identified a thalassaemia family member as their source of information about thalassaemia, and only seven parents identified 'a health service source' as their source of information. CONCLUSION: Pakistani adults have insufficient knowledge to be aware of their risk of carrying a gene that may result in the birth of a child with thalassaemia. This finding may explain in part why intention to have carrier testing was low. Although thalassaemia is discussed in families where the disease is present, it is unlikely that information about its inheritance is discussed. Further empirical evidence is needed to improve the quality of information disseminated by both professionals and non-professionals to ensure Pakistani adults are able to make informed decisions about carrier testing, prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Pregnant women and car restraints: beliefs and practices.

OBJECTIVE: Motor vehicle collisions are a leading cause of death and disability in pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to examine current restraint practices by pregnant women. Additionally, the beliefs and knowledge of pregnant women about restraint laws and effectiveness were studied. METHODS: From May of 1997 to January of 1998, women were surveyed at initial prenatal visit at four obstetrical clinics. Data collected included age, gravida, ethnicity, educational level attained, payor source, restraint use, and knowledge of effectiveness of restraint use. RESULTS: A total of 807 women completed surveys. Most always wore restraints before pregnancy, but increased restraint use during pregnancy (79% vs. 86%, chi2, p = 0.02). Only 52% used restraints properly. Significantly fewer women believed restraints were beneficial to mother and fetus in late pregnancy compared with early pregnancy. Only 21% of women were educated on proper restraint use during pregnancy. Comparison by payor mix showed no difference in use or education received. CONCLUSIONS: Most women use restraints and continue to do so during pregnancy, but they use them improperly. Pregnant women are familiar with mandatory restraint laws but are less informed about restraint use in pregnancy. Few women receive education from health care providers about proper restraint use. This study highlights the need for aggressive educational efforts to improve car restraint use in pregnant women, thereby reduce maternal and fetal injury and death.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

Using philosophy, knowledge and theory to assess a patient with lymphoedema.

The way that the world around us is interpreted, the selective use of knowledge to inform patients and different theories to support nursing practice are concepts outlined in this article that have great importance in the holistic nature of the assessment of all patients. The development of lymphoedema is a unique experience for any patient and one that is interpreted by the patient according to previous experiences and knowledge. Patients bring to the assessment their own thoughts, beliefs and understanding of the world around them, together with knowledge acquired from many sources. In order to plan the most appropriate management for a patient's lymphoedema, the nurse is challenged to recognize his/her own thoughts and beliefs and the role they play in understanding the meaning that lymphodema has for each patient. Relevant knowledge, together with a theoretical background to practice can then be incorporated into a holistic framework for assessment of the patient with lymphodema.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

[Effects of different modes for health education on mothers' knowledge of baby feeding].

To study the effects of existing different modes of health education on mothers' knowledge in feeding babies and young children, 414 mothers with their babies aged 0 to 18 months were interviewed with an ad hoc questionnaire in urban and rural areas in Guangdong Province during February to April, 1995. Results revealed that the best source of mothers' nutritional knowledge was derived from a comprehensive mode of health education, the others from mass media and medical care professionals, and the last one from mothers' relatives and friends. Prenatal training course for baby feeding was one of the effective measures in nutritional education, but its effects depended on mothers' occupation and cultural level. Baby-friend hospitals played an important role in improvement of mothers' knowledge level in breast-feeding. It suggests comprehensive education channel, training course for pregnant women, baby-friend hospitals, and so on, all are major means of nutritional education for baby feeding.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Source-detector calibration in three-dimensional Bayesian optical diffusion tomography.

Optical diffusion tomography is a method for reconstructing three-dimensional optical properties from light that passes through a highly scattering medium. Computing reconstructions from such data requires the solution of a nonlinear inverse problem. The situation is further complicated by the fact that while reconstruction algorithms typically assume exact knowledge of the optical source and detector coupling coefficients, these coupling coefficients are generally not available in practical measurement systems. A new method for estimating these unknown coupling coefficients in the three-dimensional reconstruction process is described. The joint problem of coefficient estimation and three-dimensional reconstruction is formulated in a Bayesian framework, and the resulting estimates are computed by using a variation of iterative coordinate descent optimization that is adapted for this problem. Simulations show that this approach is an accurate and efficient method for simultaneous reconstruction of absorption and diffusion coefficients as well as the coupling coefficients. A simple experimental result validates the approach.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perception of HIV and safer sexual behaviors among lesbians.

There is little data on female-to-female transmission of HIV. Some women who have sex with women (WSW) have other high-risk behaviors that could lead to HIV infection. The belief that WSW are at no risk may lead to unsafe sexual practices. In this study, a convenience sample of 78 women was surveyed in order to explore the perception of HIV risk among lesbians, their sexual behaviors, and their sources of information about safer sex. Fifty-three percent reported they were at low risk for contracting HIV. Women reported knowledge of barrier methods (89% to 99%) and no sex during menstruation (92%). However, 35% to 40% reported no knowledge of less common safer sex practices. Women reported their source of knowledge as media (36%), workshops (22%), and friends (12%). Eighty-five percent stated that their health care provider knew they were lesbian, but only 15% reported receiving safer sex education. Nurses and nurse practitioners are aptly poised to provide critical HIV education and health care for this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Knowledge management in health organizations].

BACKGROUND: In 2002 the head of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Technology and Logistics Command took a strategic decision to manage knowledge across the organization. The IDF Medical Corps was one of the initiation sites selected. Insights from the process of establishment of a knowledge management (KM) system in the IDF Medical Corps as a health organization (HO) are described. METHODS: IDF's medical services were identified, mapped and their participants interviewed, as were KM personnel in Israeli HOs. Information analysis pointed to the medical rendezvous (MR) as the central process for initiation of KM. The knowledge challenges were identified, and knowledge services and administrative interventions were planned. RESULTS INCLUDING KM CHALLENGES AND RESPONSE: The MR was found to be the process in which most of the clinically and administratively significant decisions in HO's were taken. Practitioners had large clinical and administrative knowledge gaps. Medical and administrative knowledge originated from various sources, in many formats. It could not be retrieved either easily or completely, was usually presented in an inconvenient form for assimilation, and was not always updated. Therefore, the MR was selected as the initial intervention point. Optimally, a comprehensive solution providing access to high quality knowledge can be a knowledge portal, including diagnostic indexing as a key for retrieval of information. Furthermore, indexed clinical, administrative, services list, quality assurance, risk management, and continuing medical education knowledge services, as well as a collegial and administrative feedback, link all entities involved into a knowledge community. This may increase the opportunity for optimal and efficient managed care.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗