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PubMed2003

Shaping up adaptive immunity: the impact of CCR7 and CXCR5 on lymphocyte trafficking.

The effective onset of adaptive immune responses requires that naïve antigen-specific lymphocytes, being inherently rare throughout the body, rapidly encounter foreign antigens. This problem has been elegantly solved in evolution by inventing secondary lymphoid tissues as intersections in the migratory pathway of antigen-presenting dendritic cells and antigen-specific lymphocytes. Chemokines play a central role in guiding cell movements in the course of immune responses and in lymphoid system homeostasis. In particular, the chemokine receptors CCR7 and CXCR5 are key molecules for the entry of lymphocytes and dendritic cells into secondary lymphoid organs and their homing to T-cell and B-cell zones therein. CCR7 and CXCR5 are differentially expressed on the cell surface of lymphocytes and dendritic cells depending on the stage of cellular differentiation and activation, thus allowing these cells to change their homing capacity and prospective traffic routes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Animal models for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and transformation.

Over the past 25 years, animal models of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and transformation have provided critical knowledge about viral and host factors in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). The virus consistently infects rabbits, some non-human primates, and to a lesser extent rats. In addition to providing fundamental concepts in viral transmission and immune responses against HTLV-1 infection, these models have provided new information about the role of viral proteins in carcinogenesis. Mice and rats, in particular immunodeficient strains, are useful models to assess immunologic parameters mediating tumor outgrowth and therapeutic invention strategies against lymphoma. Genetically altered mice including both transgenic and knockout mice offer important models to test the role of specific viral and host genes in the development of HTLV-1-associated lymphoma. Novel approaches in genetic manipulation of both HTLV-1 and animal models are available to address the complex questions that remain about viral-mediated mechanisms of cell transformation and disease. Current progress in the understanding of the molecular events of HTLV-1 infection and transformation suggests that answers to these questions are approachable using animal models of HTLV-1-associated lymphoma.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The Wnt code: cnidarians signal the way.

Cnidarians are the simplest metazoans with a nervous system. They are well known for their regeneration capacity, which is based on the restoration of a signalling centre (organizer). Recent work has identified the canonical Wnt pathway in the freshwater polyp Hydra, where it acts in organizer formation and regeneration. Wnt signalling is also essential for cnidarian embryogenesis. In the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis 11 of the 12 known wnt gene subfamilies were identified. Different wnt genes exhibit serial and overlapping expression domains along the oral-aboral axis of the embryo (the 'wnt code'). This is reminiscent of the hox code (cluster) in bilaterian embryogenesis that is, however, absent in cnidarians. It is proposed that the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians invented a set of wnt genes that patterned the ancient main body axis. Major antagonists of Wnt ligands (e.g. Dkk 1/2/4) that were previously known only from chordates, are also present in cnidarians and exhibit a similar conserved function. The unexpectedly high level of genetic complexity of wnt genes evolved in early multi-cellular animals about 650 Myr ago and suggests a radical expansion of the genetic repertoire, concurrent with the evolution of multi-cellularity and the diversification of eumetazoan body plans.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Two-dimensional supramolecular self-assembly probed by scanning tunneling microscopy.

Supramolecular chemistry has a very large impact on chemistry of current interest and the use of non-covalent but directional forces is appealing for the construction of 'supramolecular architectures'. The invention of scanning probe microscopy techniques has opened new doorways to study these concepts on surfaces. This review deals with recent progress in the study of two-dimensional supramolecular self-assembly on surfaces probed by scanning tunneling microscopy, with a special emphasis on structure, dynamics and reactivity of hydrogen bonded systems.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2004

Macro-to-micro interfaces for microfluidic devices.

Since the concept of miniaturized total analysis systems (microTAS) was invented, a great number of microfluidic devices have been demonstrated for a variety of applications. However, an important hurdle that still needs to be cleared is the connection of a microfluidic device with the rest of the world, which is often referred to as the macro-to-micro interface, interconnect, or world-to-chip interface. In this review, we will examine the methods used by pioneers in the field and other investigators, review the approaches for capillary electrophoresis-based devices and those using pneumatic pumping, and present additional discussion on interface standardization and choosing and designing interconnects for your applications.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed2006

Observation of mechanically induced luminescence from microparticles.

We have invented a new device based on atomic force microscopy that measures the emission from a single microparticle by force direct application using the AFM probe, and successfully observed emission in the region of the elastic deformation, friction, and destructive deformation.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed2006

FOXOs in the maintenance of vascular homoeostasis.

The mammalian FoxO (forkhead box O) transcription factors FoxO1, FoxO3 and FoxO4 represent one of several effector arms of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)-Akt signalling network that has been linked to cancer, metabolism and aging. Specific roles of the FoxOs in the vascular cell types have been investigated to reveal that they play redundant yet critical roles in the proliferation and survival of ECs (endothelial cells). Somatic deletions of all FoxOs engendered progressive, widespread and highly penetrant haemangiomas associated with altered proliferative/survival dynamics of ECs in our genetic model. Related work by Akt-FoxO manipulation reported differentially regulated genes in ECs that may represent novel FoxO targets, controlling EC growth and morphogenesis and mediating many of the consequences of FoxO inactivation in the endothelium. Further studies on the action of these surrogate genes may provide important new insights into how the PI3K-Akt-FoxO pathway could be exploited clinically to treat vascular diseases and lead to the invention of novel therapeutic approaches. Here recent studies elucidating the role of FoxOs in the maintenance of vascular homoeostasis and supporting that the mammalian FoxO family serves essential roles in the maintenance of vascular stability and the suppression of aberrant vascular outgrowth are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Nasal emission as a component of the misarticulation of sibilants and affricates.

Nasal emission confined solely to the sibilants or sibilants and affricates may be encountered as an articulatory phenomenon in speakers who do not demonstrate velopharyngeal incompetency. This phenomenon may occur both in patients who previously had an incompetent mechanism and in patients in whom such incompetency has never been documented. In the latter case, the patient may be referred to a cleft palate clinic on suspicion of a submucous cleft or other form of palatopharyngeal incompetency. Typically the nasal emission is combined with incorrect tongue placement. The persistent oral-nasal misarticulation may be viewed simplistically as a residual of earlier velopharyngeal incompetency, documented or undocumented. The speaker's own acoustic target for these consonants is grossly deviant, perhaps owing to such factors as malocclusion and earlier compensatory articulation gestures. Many such cases prove impervious to extensive articulation therapy, yet physical management may constitute "over-correction" with undesirable sequelae. Inventive approaches to articulation therapy may be required in these cases, since correction of the combined oral-nasal distortion requires the speaker to make many simultaneous changes in articulator placement without benefit of visual cues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

A psychosocial perspective on the glossectomy experience.

This analysis of the glossectomy experience based on Goffman's concepts of the preservation of self and of stigma management suggests several helpful responses for speech-language pathologists and other clinicians. Attention to psychosocial dimensions of recovery. In the face of life-threatening illness and necessarily radical treatment, the patient and others may trivialize or overlook psychosocial needs. The importance of specific social behaviors--talking on a telephone or eating in a restaurant--can only be understood in terms of the patient's own self-definition. The psychological impact is more than frustration at lost or inadequate functioning. It may be profound grief, a response to threats to aspects of self-definition most valued by the patient. Help in the presentation and preservation of self. While helping to improve speech intelligibility by reinforcing different compensatory mechanisms, clinicians can assist with other compensations in social performance. More attention to nonverbal cues, including dress and physical appearance, may be helpful. Increased use of written communication can facilitate social interactions and reinforce the sense of linguistic competence until intelligibility and fluency are regained. From the perspective of Goffman's analyses, the individual who selectively manipulates social cues to counteract a stigma need not feel "fake." The intent of more conscious manipulations is not to invent a new self or to fool others but to preserve the integrity of the self. More information about stereotypes may help the glossectomee cope with others' inappropriate reactions and evaluate the relative importance of stigmas in different social interactions (e.g., stereotypes expressed by one's employer or family members deserve more attention than those expressed by strangers).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Communication↗
PubMed1982

The acquisition of personal pronouns and proper names by an identical twin pair.

Twins have been reported to suffer both identity confusion and language delay as a result of their twinship. Evidence for such difficulties was sought by studying the acquisition of personal pronouns and naming conventions in one pair of identical twin boys from age 2:1 to 2:10. The twins' acquisition of personal pronouns was in accordance with nontwin norms. Their apparent delay in conventional proper name use was attributed to the invention of the word Gaga as a referent for self and other twin. As proper name use emerged, Gaga use declined, whereas personal pronouns remained relatively independent. We concluded that the twins gave no evidence of either an identity confusion or a genuine delay in naming. Rather, the difference in the acquisition of names between these twins and nontwins was the additional step of first naming the twinship before naming each twin, which nontwins would not have a reason to do.

Child Language↗
PubMed1987

An effect of modeling and imitation teaching procedures on children with and without specific language impairment.

Following a treatment program in which an invented morpheme was taught through either imitation or modeling procedures, the generalization of 40 specific language-impaired children was compared to that of 40 children learning language normally. The results of the comparison indicated that the two teaching procedures have opposite relative effects on the two groups. The abnormal group generalized more extensively following imitation teaching while the normal group generalized more extensively following modeling teaching. The opposing results of the two procedures on the two groups suggest that language-impaired children will benefit more from teaching strategies that are adapted to their unique learning styles than from strategies fashioned after the styles of children who learn language normally.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1994

The counting abilities of children with specific language impairment: a comparison of oral and gestural tasks.

This study examined the counting abilities of preschool children with specific language impairment compared to language-matched and mental-age-matched peers. In order to determine the nature of the difficulties SLI children exhibited in counting, the subjects participated in a series of oral counting tasks and a series of gestural tasks that used an invented counting system based on pointing to body parts. Despite demonstrating knowledge of many of the rules associated with counting, SLI preschool children displayed marked difficulty in counting objects. On oral counting tasks, they showed difficulty with rote counting, displayed a limited repertoire of number terms, and miscounted sets of objects. However, on gestural counting tasks, SLI children's performance was significantly better. These findings suggest that SLI children have a specific difficulty with the rote sequential aspect of learning number words.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Tracking children from poverty at risk for specific language impairment: a 3-year longitudinal study.

A 3-year longitudinal study of the language performance of children from poverty was designed to address the problem of separating children with a specific language impairment (SLI) from low-scoring normal children in the borderline area on the continuum of language performance where normal ends and abnormal begins. Two approaches to definition were compared: an experimental approach (using story-retelling, rote-memory ability, and invented-morpheme learning) and a traditional approach (using standardized-test discrepancy scores). Results indicated that 6 of 34 children tracked from kindergarten through second grade appeared to be SLI at the end of the study. The best kindergarten predictor for the outcome status of these 6 children was a combination of the score on the Oral Vocabulary subtest of the TOLD-2P and the score on a combination of the experimental tasks. The best single kindergarten predictor of the academic status of the 15 children in the study who received academic remediation was story-retelling. Children's scores on the experimental and standardized tests of language performance and nonverbal intelligence were profiled over the 3 years of the study, and patterns of change in many instances reveal the lifting of the early influences of poverty.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Sir Humphry Davy; his researches in respiratory physiology and his debt to Antoine Lavoisier.

This article shows how the original works of the French scientist Antoine Lavoisier were developed by Humphry Davy, a trainee surgeon from Cornwall, while he was working as a physiologist. Antoine Lavoisier had worked out how oxidation involved the consumption of oxygen and the release of energy. Davy's book, Researches Chemical and Philosophical, Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide, published in 1799, describes the measurement of his own lung volumes, including the first recorded measurement of the residual volume. He measured his own rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. He is famous for his investigations into nitrous oxide, but he also investigated the effects of breathing nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. He made these observations with a gasometer and analysis of his expired air, and his work anticipates the invention of blood gas analysis.

England↗
PubMed1993

An analysis of the concept of grief.

Grief is a universal response affecting every age and culture. However, this concept is surrounded by ambiguity. It is poorly understood by nurses who encounter grieving persons with increasing frequency, especially as the population ages. The ability of nurses to gain an increased understanding of grief depends on the clarification of this concept. A concept analysis is described. Antecedents, attributes, referents and intervening variables of grief are identified. In addition, model, borderline, related, invented and contrary cases are described. This analysis results in a comprehensive definition of grief which is proposed. This definition can contribute to the foundation essential to guide nursing practice with grieving persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Prospects for progress in diagnostic imaging.

New fast-imaging MRI systems designed specifically for cardiac magnetic resonance enable new applications of noninvasive vascular imaging. The use of functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging to map brain function and structure offers a new dimension to an understanding of the human condition. Clinical applications of functional MRI will influence many specialties including surgery, education, and rehabilitation. Functional imaging has the potential to visualize the regional concentration of specific proteins. This imaging at the level of molecules may be possible by use of a contrast material whose signal is changed by local enzymatic activity. The three-dimensional digital data collected in modern imaging techniques allow for virtual endoscopy in the respiratory, alimentary, and cardiovascular systems. Virtual endoscopy may replace many of the more invasive diagnostic methods in the near future. The measurement of clinical decision-making through observer performance studies better informs both the physician and the patient on how to improve upon the quality of clinical practice. These prospects for progress reinforce diagnostic imaging as a cornerstone in medical informatics. The history of creating images used in medicine reveals the invention of diagnostic tools which may provide new information but premature use can result in improper application of a poorly understood technology. Research into the use of new technology may be as important as the technology itself in improving the human condition.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed2000

Minimal compression of ultrathin sections with use of an oscillating diamond knife.

With the aim to minimize compression artefacts in ultrathin sections, coincident with the stroke direction, we have invented an oscillating diamond knife. Results and theoretical considerations explaining its function are discussed. During conventional ultrathin sectioning the resultant compression is in the order of 20-35% of section height. This holds true for sections of samples embedded into Lowicryl HM20 and of the polymer polystyrene, cut with a 45 degrees diamond knife and floated on water. The oscillating knife reduces this compression almost completely. It consists of a diamond knife on which a low voltage piezoelectric translator (piezo) is mounted, which oscillates when the piezo is driven by an alternating voltage source. No additional cutting artefacts were observed in the micrographs when they were compared with sections produced without oscillating the knife.

Acrylic Resins↗