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PubMed2001

[Disease vector control strategy in the French army].

Disease vector control is a major priority for the Medical Health Corps of the French Armed Forces which maintains around 23,000 troops in tropical areas and is involved in numerous military and humanitarian missions throughout the world. Control strategy includes both general and personal control measures. Personal control measures include wearing permetherin-impregnated combat uniforms, application of repellents to the skin, and use of deltamethrin-impregnated bednets. General measures are implemented in facilities and in the environment. Measures in facilities include not only physical deterrents such as screens on openings and air-conditioning but also application of chemical insecticides to walls, curtains, and screening. Environmental measures include control of larval deposits and elimination of potential breeding areas. Low-volume wide-area spraying of imagocides is a supplemental option used in case of disease outbreak. For units stationed in tropical areas, command and surveillance of vector control operations is under the responsibility of the mosquito control committee which includes personnel from the affected field unit. Strategies are chosen in function of local climate and operational conditions. The efficacy of vector control programs is assessed annually by reviewing the incidence in armed forces personnel of the main vector-transmitted diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and leishmaniasis. Documentation and training are dispensed to all units stationed in tropical areas. To ensure that knowledge of military physicians remains current, three courses on malaria control are offered each year at the Tropical Medicine Institute of the Armed Forces Health Corps (Le Pharo) in Marseille. Field research conducted in collaboration with military or civilian organizations independent of the Armed Services Health Corps makes it possible to keep chiefs of staff informed of state-of-the art vector control measures adapted to use by personnel on assignment or mission in tropical areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Control of haematophagous flies on equines with permethrin-impregnated eartags.

The efficacy of 10% (w/w) permethrin impregnated eartags for the control of the haematophagous fly pests Stomoxys calcitrans L., Haematopota dissimilis Meigen and Hippobosca maculata Leach on equines in India was determined. The tags were found to be effective for 1-2 months against S. calcitrans and H. dissimilis but completely ineffective against H. maculata. No tags were lost during the study. Tags can be used as part of an integrated control programme. This is the first reported use of eartags for control of haematophagous flies on horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The trapping of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Improvement of a model: the Vavoua trap].

The control of tsetse flies with traps needs a decrease of their cost/efficiency. In the forest belt of Côte d'Ivoire, the research on Glossina palpalis palpalis behaviour allows to propose a new model of trap, the "Vavoua" trap, issued from the biconical and the pyramidal traps, with a similar efficiency but a twice lower cost (1139 F CFA without manpower, i.e. 3.55 US $, respectively 6.68 and 6.98 US $ for the biconical and the pyramidal). This trap has an upper cone (polyamide mosquito net) overcoming three screens (length 45 cm), sewed at 120 degrees, composed of a blue external part (cotton/polyester) and a black internal part (polyamide) with a blue/black ratio equal to 2. Its low cost and the possibility for the farmer to soak themselves the trap with insecticide allow to consider its use for large-scale control of tsetse flies in the forest zones by rural communities.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Epidemiological impact of vector control. I. Incidence and changes in prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus infection.

Since 1974, the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) has been engaged in a large scale attempt to control the savanna species of the vector of onchocerciasis in seven West African countries. The effect of the vector control effort has been measured by epidemiological evaluation. For this purpose 474 villages have been examined by means of skin snip surveys between 1975 and 1983 and of these, 184 have been retained to-date for follow-up surveys which have documented over the years the reduction of the parasite population. The latest results of the epidemiological evaluation clearly demonstrate an outstanding success of the vector control campaign. The parasite has been or is close to being eliminated from the hyperendemic foci of the core area of the Programme. Major improvements have been registered in the reinvaded areas located at the Western and Eastern borders of the Programme. A major improvement has been found along the river Marahoué, the only focus of the intermediate area between the savanna and the forest where at the previous survey, the endemic situation was still similar to the pre-control situation. The exceptions to this gratifying picture are foci along the Dienkoa and Kulpawn rivers, both located in the core area, where transmission has relapsed and several more years of an effective vector control will be needed to eliminate the local parasite population.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Absence of Phlebotomus argentipes Ann & Brun. (Diptera: Psychodidae) the vector of Indian kala-azar from Kamrup district, Assam.

In the past Assam was devastated by epidemics of Kala-azar. However, inspite of resurgence of this disease in Bihar and neighbouring areas Assam has remained untouched by this disease since the mid 1950s so far. The study undertaken in Kamrup district, sought to provide an entomological explanation for Assam's present freedom from Kala-azar. Sandfly collections were made in 15 villages. Three different methods were used; namely hand collections by aspirator and torch, sticky traps and examination of soft parts of cattle in the villages for mating swarms. 1049 sandflies were collected which did not include any specimens of P. argentipes. The vector of Indian Kala-azar has either been eliminated by continuous insecticide spraying in this high P. falciparum, and chloroquine resistance area or reduced to such low levels of prevalence that routine sampling methods are unable to reveal its presence. The implications of this finding are discussed in relation to Kala-azar control in India, in general.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Current status of the diagnosis and control of African horse sickness.

African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious, non-contagious, highly fatal viral disease of Equidae, transmitted by arthropod vectors of the genus Culicoides, and endemic in Africa south and east of the Sahara. The disease is caused by a virus of the Reoviridae family, genus Orbivirus, and 9 serotypes have been recognized. Recent outbreaks of AHS in the Iberian peninsula and Northern Africa emphasize the need for accurate diagnosis and rapid implementation of control measures. In this paper, the epizootiological factors, clinical signs and necropsy findings of AHS are discussed, and an updated review of diagnostic laboratory methods together with a description of the main control measures is given.

Africa↗
PubMed1994

[Assessment of resistance to permethrin of german cockroaches (Blattella germanica L.) caught in Poland].

Resistance to permethrin was tested in cockroaches caught in health service institutions in various parts of Poland. The tests were carried out by the contact method as recommended by the WHO. The density of the insecticide was 20 mg/m2. The experiment was done only on male insects, calculating the values of LT50 and LT90 in insect groups caught in various localities. These values were compared with LT50 and LT90 values in sensitive insects exposed to the insecticide, and the resistance indices R50 and R90 were calculated. This made possible determination of permethrin resistance of the populations from various areas. The results showed that the sensitivity of the insects varied. Cockroaches caught in Opole, Biała Podlaska, Szczecin, Warsaw were highly resistant to permethrin, while those from Płock, Piotrków Trybunalski, Chojnów, Nowy Sacz tolerated the insecticide, and those from Jedrzejów were as sensitive as control laboratory insects.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Epidemic of louse-borne relapsing fever in Ethiopia.

During summer 1991 an outbreak of louse-borne relapsing fever occurred simultaneously in two transit camps established for prisoners of war being returned from Eritrea at the end of the Ethiopian civil war. Only antibiotic treatment was given at the Bahr Dar camp where the frequency of cases increased for 20 days. Vector control by delousing in addition to antibiotics was given at Mekele camp where the frequency of cases fell over a similar period. This difference was significant (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the decreasing proportion of camp inhabitants that had not been deloused at Mekele camp each day and the numbers of patients with fever (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). Taken together, these results confirm that effective control of an epidemic of louse-borne relapsing fever is dependent on efficient vector control in addition to antibiotic treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Participatory investigations of bovine trypanosomiasis in Tana River District, Kenya.

Participatory research on bovine trypanosomiasis was conducted with Orma pastoralists in Tana River District, Kenya. The use of participatory methods to understand local perceptions of disease signs, disease causes, disease incidence by cattle age group, seasonal patterns of disease and preferences for indigenous and modern control methods are described. Results indicated that local characterization of diseases called gandi and buku by Orma pastoralists was similar to modern veterinary knowledge on chronic trypanosomiasis and haemorrhagic trypanosomiasis (due to Trypanosoma vivax), respectively. The mean incidence of gandi varied from 10.2% in calves to 28.6% in adult cattle. The mean incidence of buku varied from 3.1% in calves to 9.6% in adults. Pearson correlation coefficients for disease incidence by age group were 0.498 (P < 0.01) and 0.396 (P < 0.05) for gandi and buku, respectively. Informants observed cases of trypanosomiasis in 24.1% of cattle (all age groups); these cases accounted for 41.8% of all sick cattle during the preceding 12-month period. Eight indigenous and three modern trypanosomiasis control methods were identified. Results indicated that an integrated approach to trypanosomiasis control based on private, individual action was well established in the assessment area. When presented with four different trypanosomiasis control methods, community representatives selected 'better use of trypanocides' as the most preferred intervention and 'community-based tsetse control' as the least preferred intervention. This finding prompted researchers to modify the original project activities. Constraints facing the sustainability of community-based tsetse control are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Field studies on efficacy of host odour baits for the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus in Scotland.

The efficacy of some putative attractants for the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus (Goetghebuer) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) was assessed using odour-baited 'delta traps' and suction traps. 1-octen-3-ol was confirmed as a potent olfactory attractant for C. impunctatus when released at 0.06mg/h. Acetone (23mg/h) and a mix of six phenolic compounds (phenol, 3-ethylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, 3-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol and 4-propylphenol), at undetermined release rate, also significantly increased delta trap catches compared to unbaited controls. When tested in combination, there was evidence of synergism between CO2 (0.2L/min) and acetone, 1-octen-3-ol or cow urine, trap catches being, respectively, 4.7, 6.2 and 9.3-fold greater than for CO2 alone. Highest catches were obtained with triple bait combinations comprising cow urine + acetone + CO2 or cow urine + 1-octen-3-ol+CO2, which increased trap catches by X 22 and X 24, respectively, compared to CO2 alone. Culicoides impunctatus was found to be extremely sensitive to CO2 and responses, gauged over two field seasons, showed a significant dose-dependent increase in catch across the entire range of release rates (0.2-2.5 L/min). Responses to these release rates, ranging from small to large mammal equivalents, emphasized the important role of CO2 in host location by C. impunctatus. Uses of olfactory attractants for monitoring and control of Culicoides are reviewed on the basis of these results.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Insecticide and community interventions to control Triatoma dimidiata in localities of the State of Veracruz, Mexico.

Three different interventions to control Triatoma dimidiata in the State of Veracruz were implemented: X-1 = whole dwelling spraying, X-2 = middle wall spraying, X-3 = household cleaning. Cyfluthrin was sprayed 3 times with 8 month intervals. After each spraying, insects were collected and sent to the laboratory to be recorded and to determine genus and species of the adult triatomine bugs, and nymphs were counted. Trypanosoma cruzi presence was determined. With X-1, the infestation, colonization, and natural infection indexes were reduced to 0% in the 3 localities, with respect to t0. With X-2, the infestation index was reduced to 10% at t3 in 3 localities; the colonization index was reduced to 0% in only 1 locality at t3, and the natural infection index was reduced to 0% at t3. With X-3 the 3 indexes were not effectively reduced but they decreased with respect to the baseline study. Insecticide application to the whole dwelling is a more efficient intervention than its application to only the lower half of the walls and to the cleaning of houses.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Trap height and orientation of yellow sticky traps affect capture of Chaetocnema pulicaria (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Field studies were conducted in Iowa during 2001 and 2002 to determine the optimal sampling height and orientation for using yellow sticky cards to monitor populations of Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer, the vector of the bacterial pathogen Pantoea stewartii subsp, stewartii, the causal organism of Stewart's disease of corn, Zea mays L.. Sticky cards were placed at five different heights (0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.90 m) and three orientations (horizontal, vertical, and 30 degree angle) at three locations (Ames, Crawfordsville, and Sutherland) in 2001 and two locations (Crawfordsville and Johnston) in 2002. No statistical differences were observed among the placement combinations for individual sampling periods or for the total number of C. pulicaria captured in 2001. In 2002, the 0.30 m and vertical cards captured significantly (1.1-35 times) more C. pulicaria than any other placement combination during sampling throughout August at both Crawfordsville and Johnston. Also, the cumulative number of C. pulicaria captured by the 0.30 m and vertical cards was significantly higher than all other placement combinations. This information is important in the development of sampling protocols to aid growers in making management decisions. These management decisions include where and when to apply foliar insecticides during the corn growing season to control C. pulicaria populations, thereby reducing the risk for Stewart's disease of corn.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Infestation by Triatoma pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) is associated with housing characteristics in rural Mexico.

Long-term control of Chagas disease requires not only interruption of the human transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi Schyzotrypanum, Chagas, 1909 by controlling its domestic triatomine vectors but also surveillance to prevent reinfestation of residences from sylvatic or persistent peridomestic populations. Although a number of potential risk factors for infestation have been implicated in previous studies, the explanatory power of resulting models has been low. Two years after cessation of triatomine vector control efforts in the town of Chalcatzingo, Morelos, 78 environmental, socioecological, and spatial variables were analyzed for association with infestation by Triatoma pallidipennis Stal 1872 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), the principal vector of T. cruzi. We studied 712 residences in this rural community to identify specific intradomestic and peridomestic risk factors that predicted infestation with T. pallidipennis. From numerous characteristics that were identified as correlated with infestation, we derived multivariate logistic regression models to predict residences that were more or less likely to be infested with T. pallidipennis. The most important risk factors for infestation included measurements of house age, upkeep, and spatial location in the town. The effects of certain risk factors on infestation were found to be modified by spatial characteristics of residences. The results of this study provide new information regarding risk factors for infestation by T. pallidipennis that may aid in designing sustainable disease control programs in rural Mexico.

Animals↗