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PubMed1995

Adaptation to high-fat diets: effects on eating behaviour and plasma cholecystokinin.

Twelve male subjects took part in a study to investigate the effects of overfeeding a high-fat diet (19.17 MJ/d; 58% energy from fat) for 2 weeks on plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels, food intake, and subjective feelings of hunger and fullness. Before and after the diet, subjects completed a 2-week weighed dietary inventory, formal measurements of food intake from a pre-selected appetizing evening meal were carried out, and blood samples were taken after a standard breakfast for measurement of CCK. Hunger and fullness were rated on visual analogue scales before and after each of these meals and at evening meals during the diet period. Following the high-fat diet there was a small non-significant increase in food intake from the pre-selected meal (6919 (SE 615) kJ v. 6405 (SE 540) kJ; P = 0.1) and a significant increase in the average daily food consumption measured from the diaries (10.25 (SE 0.49) MJ/d v. 9.59 (SE 0.62) MJ/d; P = 0.05). Corresponding trends of increasing feelings of hunger and declining fullness also occurred over the study period. Plasma CCK responses to the standard breakfast were raised following the diet (1285 (SE 153) v. 897 (SE 78) pM min; 3 h integrated CCK production post v. pre diet; P < 0.01) with the major differences observed at 90 and 120 min following the meal. These results suggest that the increase in food intake may be related to a down-regulation in putative CCK receptors responsible for food intake. Elevated CCK levels might suggest a corresponding down-regulation in CCK receptors responsible for feedback inhibition of CCK release.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

The ability of habitual exercise to influence appetite and food intake in response to high- and low-energy preloads in man.

The present study tested the hypothesis that habitual exercisers demonstrate an increased accuracy of regulation of food intake in compensation for previous dietary energy intake. Twenty-three lean healthy male subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of their habitual exercise levels: non-exercisers (no exercise sessions/week, n 9), and exercisers (>two exercise sessions of 40 min or more/week, n 14). The appetite response to covert liquid preloads of high (2513 kJ) energy (HE) and low (1008 kJ) energy (LE) was investigated Sixty minutes after the preload subjects were offered an ab libitum buffet-style meal and energy intake (EI) was calculated. Subjective hunger and satiety were assessed throughout using self-rated visual-analogue scales. Buffet EI in non-exercisers was not significantly different following the LE or HE preloads (mean compensation 7 %), but the exercise group significantly reduced their energy intake following the HE, compared with the LE, preload (mean compensation 90 %; P=0.0035). A broadly similar pattern of response was observed for both moderate (two to three sessions/week, n 7) and high exercisers (>four sessions/week, n 7). There were no significant differences between hunger or satiety ratings following HE or LE preloads for either group. However non-exercisers scored significantly higher on their self-ratings of hunger at the start of the study, before preload consumption, compared with the exercisers (P<0.01). These findings demonstrate that habitual exercisers have an increased accuracy of short-term regulation of food intake in compensation for preload manipulation, and provide additional support for advocating regular exercise in the prevention of overweight and obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effects of a cereal rich in soluble fiber on body composition and dietary compliance during consumption of a hypocaloric diet.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of oats, a cereal rich in soluble fiber, on body composition changes and dietary compliance during consumption of a weight loss diet. METHODS: Subjects were 41 healthy men and women aged 18 to 78 years. Weight maintenance energy requirements were established over two weeks during consumption of a control diet with low soluble fiber content. Subjects then consumed a hypocaloric diet for six weeks, either consuming a low soluble fiber control diet or a diet containing 45 g/1000 kcal rolled oats, a whole grain cereal rich in soluble fiber (mean energy deficit -895+/-18 kcal/day relative to weight maintenance energy requirements). Changes in body fat and fat-free mass were determined by underwater weighing, and dietary compliance was assessed using the urinary osmolar excretion rate technique. In a final phase of the study, subjects ate ad libitum for six months, and changes in body weight and composition were monitored. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of the oat-containing diet on body weight or composition changes during the hypocaloric regimen or in the subsequent ad libitum period. In addition, fecal energy excretion was not significantly different between groups. However, there were non-significant trends indicating reduced hunger in the oat group compared to controls (frequency of hunger 2.5+/-0.5 vs. 3.6+/-0.4, P=0.1). In addition, fewer oat subjects were non-compliant (four versus seven subjects dropped out or had urinary osmolar excretions greater than 130% of values predicted from dietary intake), but again the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that use of a cereal rich in soluble fiber in a closely monitored hypocaloric feeding regimen does not improve weight loss or dietary compliance. Further studies are needed to examine the possibility that cereals containing soluble fiber may have effects on hunger and dietary compliance that could be important in less tightly controlled protocols than the one described here.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Lack of evidence for a marked endogenous component determining food intake in humans during forced desynchrony.

In an attempt to investigate the relative importance of endogenous and exogenous factors in determining food intake, 14 healthy subjects were studied while living in an Isolation Unit (where external time cues were absent) for eighteen 28 h "days" (equal to 21 solar days). The subjects were free to spend their waking time as they chose, and they had a free choice of what they ate and when they ate it. The only restrictions were that no naps were allowed in the "daytime," that some time was required to perform a variety of tests at regular intervals throughout the 18.67 h waking periods, and that any food preparation had to be performed by the subjects themselves. Core (rectal) temperature and activity were monitored throughout, and the subjects answered a questionnaire on their eating habits at 3 h intervals during the waking periods. The questionnaire investigated reasons for eating or not eating a meal during the previous 3 h and, if a meal had been eaten, its type, the factors influencing that choice, and the subjects' subjective responses (hunger before, enjoyment during, and satiety after) to it. The results were analyzed (two-way ANOVA) in terms of both the imposed day length (the exogenous component) and the free-running period of the temperature rhythm (the endogenous component). Results indicated that by far the main reason for eating/not eating was hunger/lack of hunger rather than factors such as food availability and time-pressure. There were statistically significant effects of time within the imposed waking periods upon the type of meal eaten--"breakfast" tending to be a snack, "lunch" a small hot meal, and the "evening meal" a large hot meal. Hot meals (whether small or large) were associated with more hunger before the meal, more enjoyment of the meal, and a greater degree of satiety afterward than were cold meals. These effects suggest that the individuals adjusted their eating habits to fit in with the imposed wake times. By contrast, the effect of circadian phase upon food intake, the type of meal eaten, and subjective responses to the meal was much weaker, and either statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.10) or only marginally so (0.10 > P > 0.05). For example, a large hot meal was chosen as readily for an "evening meal," and subjective responses to it were the same, at whatever circadian phase it was eaten. We conclude that food intake during forced desynchronization is dominated by the waking schedule rather than by circadian influences; some of the implications of these findings when eating habits and the metabolism of food are concerned, particularly in night workers, are considered briefly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Across-the-day monitoring of mood and energy intake before, during, and after a very-low-calorie diet.

Mood, hunger, and energy intake were monitored in eight obese women before, during, and after 2 wk on a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD). Energy intake was significantly lower by approximately 30% in the week after the VLCD compared with the prediet week, both from food diaries and at a controlled ad libitum test meal. There was a gradual reduction in hunger, irritability, and urge to eat after 1 wk on the VLCD, which persisted through the postdiet week. Hunger and discontent were greatest in the evening during the first few days of the VLCD but diminished as the duration of the VLCD increased.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Psychological measures of eating behavior and the accuracy of 3 common dietary assessment methods in healthy postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Factors affecting the accuracy of reported energy intake (rEI) need to be identified. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the association of psychological measures of eating behavior with the accuracy of rEI assessed by 7-d weighed intakes, a 24-h recall, and a food-frequency questionnaire. DESIGN: Subjects were 26 restrained eaters aged 60.3 +/- 0.6 y (mean +/- SEM) and weighing 63.8 +/- 1.7 kg and 34 unrestrained eaters aged 59.4 +/- 0.6 y and weighing 64.0 kg. rEI was assessed by using 3 dietary assessment methods and total energy expenditure (TEE) was determined by using doubly labeled water. Calculated EI (cEI) was determined as TEE corrected for the estimated change in body energy. Subjects completed the Eating Inventory. RESULTS: rEI values were significantly lower than TEE values for all 3 dietary assessment methods (P < 0.05); there was no significant relation between rEI and TEE by any method. There was no significant difference in 100 x rEI:TEE between restrained and unrestrained eaters by any of the dietary assessment methods. When combined data from the 3 methods were used, 100 x rEI:cEI was not significantly different from 100% in unrestrained eaters (99 +/- 6.8%) but was lower in restrained eaters (89.1 +/- 5.3%; P < 0.05). There was a positive relation between hunger and 100 x rEI:TEE (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Low hunger is associated with undereating relative to normal eating during measurement of dietary intake; high dietary restraint may be associated with a reduction in reporting of consumed foods. Dietary hunger and restraint assessed with use of the Eating Inventory may help to identify subjects likely to underreport dietary intake.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2002

Eating behavior in the Old Order Amish: heritability analysis and a genome-wide linkage analysis.

BACKGROUND: Eating behavior and thus dietary intake affect the development of obesity-related diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the genetic underpinnings of eating behavior. DESIGN: We administered a standardized eating behavior inventory to 624 adults from 28 families participating in the Amish Family Diabetes Study. Three quantifiable components of eating behavior were measured: restraint, disinhibition, and hunger. Associations between eating behavior scores and physical characteristics were evaluated. Heritability analysis and a genome-wide multipoint linkage analysis were performed. RESULTS: Eating behavior scores were associated with obesity and obesity-related phenotypes. Heritability estimates were 0.28 +/- 0.09 for restraint, 0.40 +/- 0.10 for disinhibition, and 0.23 +/- 0.09 for hunger (P < 0.001). The linkage analysis showed 4 regions of suggestive linkage. We observed suggestive evidence for linkage of restraint scores to 2 chromosomal regions, near markers D3S1304 [LOD (log of odds) = 2.5, P = 0.0003] and D6S276 (LOD = 2.3, P = 0.0006). We previously reported that D3S1304 is linked to a locus influencing percentage body fat in this same population (LOD = 1.6), suggesting that this behavioral phenotype may be secondary to obesity. The maximum LOD scores for disinhibition were 1.6 (P = 0.003) near marker D7S657 and 1.4 (P = 0.005) near marker D16S752. The maximum LOD score for hunger was 1.4 (P = 0.005) near marker D3S1278. CONCLUSION: Significant familial effects on eating behavior and suggestive genetic linkage were found in Amish adults.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2004

Energy intake and appetite are related to antral area in healthy young and older subjects.

BACKGROUND: Gastric distension reduces food intake, and antral, rather than proximal, gastric distension may be the dominant mechanism in the induction of appetite-related sensations. Healthy aging is associated with reduced appetite. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of different energy preloads on appetite, plasma cholecystokinin, antral area, and subsequent energy intake in healthy older and young subjects. DESIGN: On 3 separate days, 12 young and 12 older subjects consumed 400 mL of a drink containing either 0 kcal (water), 250 kcal, or 750 kcal 70 min before a buffet-style meal. RESULTS: Hunger was less in the older than in the young subjects (P < 0.001). Both nutrient preloads reduced hunger and increased fullness more than did water (P < 0.02), and older subjects were more full than were the young (P < 0.05). Antral area was greater after the nutrient preloads than after water (P = 0.001) and greater in the older than in the young subjects (P = 0.005). In both groups, food intake was suppressed in an energy-dependent manner (P = 0.008). Plasma cholecystokinin was greater in the older than in the young subjects (P = 0.003). Immediately before the meal, hunger (r = -0.59) and energy intake (r = -0.90) were inversely related and fullness (r = 0.66) was directly related to antral area (all: P < 0.001). Antral area, but not plasma cholecystokinin, was a predictor of subsequent energy intake. CONCLUSION: In healthy young and older subjects, the suppression of subsequent energy intake by a liquid preload is nutrient dependent and comparable, and both satiation and satiety are related to antral area and (presumably) antral distension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Neuromedin beta: a strong candidate gene linking eating behaviors and susceptibility to obesity.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is frequently associated with eating disorders, and evidence indicates that both conditions are influenced by genetic factors. However, little is known about the genes influencing eating behaviors. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to identify genes associated with eating behaviors. DESIGN: Three eating behaviors were assessed in 660 adults from the Quebec Family Study with the use of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. A genome-wide scan was conducted with a total of 471 genetic markers spanning the 22 autosomes to identify quantitative trait loci for eating behaviors. Body composition and macronutrient and energy intakes were also measured. RESULTS: Four quantitative trait loci were identified for disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger. Of these, the best evidence of linkage was found between a locus on chromosome 15q24-q25 and disinhibition (P <0.0058) and susceptibility to hunger (P <0.0001). After fine-mapping, the peak linkage was found between markers D15S206 and D15S201 surrounding the neuromedin beta (NMB) gene. A missense mutation (p.P73T) located within the NMB gene showed significant associations with eating behaviors and obesity phenotypes. The T73T homozygotes were 2 times as likely to exhibit high levels of disinhibition (odds ratio: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.89; P=0.03) and susceptibility to hunger (odds ratio: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.15, 3.06; P=0.01) as were the P73 allele carriers. Six-year follow-up data showed that the amount of body fat gain over time in T73T subjects was >2 times that than in P73P homozygotes (3.6 compared with 1.5 kg; P <0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that NMB is a very strong candidate gene of eating behaviors and predisposition to obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged dietary restriction increases the life span in rodents. Some evidence suggests that alternate-day fasting may also prolong the life span. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine whether alternate-day fasting is a feasible method of dietary restriction in nonobese humans and whether it improves known biomarkers of longevity. DESIGN: Nonobese subjects (8 men and 8 women) fasted every other day for 22 d. Body weight, body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), temperature, fasting serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and ghrelin were assessed at baseline and after 21 d (12-h fast) and 22 d (36-h fast) of alternate-day fasting. Visual analogue scales were used to assess hunger weekly. RESULTS: Subjects lost 2.5 +/- 0.5% of their initial body weight (P < 0.001) and 4 +/- 1% of their initial fat mass (P < 0.001). Hunger increased on the first day of fasting and remained elevated (P < 0.001). RMR and RQ did not change significantly from baseline to day 21, but RQ decreased on day 22 (P < 0.001), which resulted in an average daily increase in fat oxidation of > or =15 g. Glucose and ghrelin did not change significantly from baseline with alternate-day fasting, whereas fasting insulin decreased 57 +/- 4% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Alternate-day fasting was feasible in nonobese subjects, and fat oxidation increased. However, hunger on fasting days did not decrease, perhaps indicating the unlikelihood of continuing this diet for extended periods of time. Adding one small meal on a fasting day may make this approach to dietary restriction more acceptable.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Individual weight change is associated with household food security status.

This study examined the relation between household food security status and current measured weight and change in self-reported weight over 12 mo using data from the 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Current measured BMI categories were as follows: underweight (<18.5 kg/m(2)), overweight (> or =25 kg/m(2)), and obese (> or =30 kg/m(2)). Change in self-reported weight used 2 cut-off points, i.e., a gain/loss of at least 2.27 kg (5 lb) and at least 4.54 kg (10 lb). Household food security categories were as follows: fully secure, marginally secure, insecure without hunger, and insecure with hunger. Multivariate analyses were adjusted for race/ethnicity, household income, education level, and current health status. Compared with women in households that were fully food secure, women in households that were marginally food secure [odds ratio (OR) 1.58] and food insecure without hunger (OR 1.76) were significantly more likely to be obese. Compared with women in households that were fully food secure, those in households that were marginally food secure were significantly more likely to gain at least 4.54 kg (OR 1.68). Compared with men in households that were fully food secure, men in households that were marginally food secure were more likely to be obese and to gain at least 4.54 kg, but these effects were smaller in magnitude than those for women and insignificant in some specifications. This study corroborates previous cross-sectional associations between intermediate levels of food insecurity and obesity for women, and it finds an association between intermediate levels of food insecurity and 12-mo weight gain for women.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2004

Cholecystokinin and leptin: their influence upon the eating behaviour and nutrient intake of dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: We have used serial visual analogue scores to demonstrate disturbances of the appetite profile in dialysis patients. This is potentially important as dialysis patients are prone to malnutrition yet have a lower nutrient intake than controls. Appetite disturbance may be influenced by accumulation of appetite inhibitors such as leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK) in dialysis patients. METHODS: Fasting blood samples were drawn from 43 controls, 50 haemodialysis (HD) and 39 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients to measure leptin and CCK. Hunger and fullness scores were derived from profiles compiled using hourly visual analogue scores. Nutrient intake was derived from 3 day dietary records. RESULTS: Fasting CCK was elevated for PD (6.73 +/- 4.42 ng/l vs control 4.99 +/- 2.23 ng/l, P < 0.05; vs HD 4.43 +/- 2.15 ng/l, P < 0.01). Fasting CCK correlated with the variability of the hunger (r = 0.426, P = 0.01) and fullness (r = 0.52, P = 0.002) scores for PD. There was a notable relationship with the increase in fullness after lunch for PD (r = 0.455, P = 0.006). When well nourished PD patients were compared with their malnourished counterparts, CCK was higher in the malnourished group (P = 0.004). Leptin levels were higher for the dialysis patients than controls (HD and PD, P < 0.001) with pronounced hyperleptinaemia evident in some PD patients. Control leptin levels demonstrated correlation with fullness scores (e.g. peak fullness, r = 0.45, P = 0.007) but the dialysis patients did not. PD nutrient intake (energy and protein intake, r = -0.56, P < 0.0001) demonstrated significant negative correlation with leptin. CONCLUSION: Increased CCK levels appear to influence fullness and hunger perception in PD patients and thus may contribute to malnutrition. Leptin does not appear to affect perceived appetite in dialysis patients but it may influence nutrient intake in PD patients via central feeding centres.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, partially attenuates the effects of amphetamine: a pilot study in healthy volunteers.

Preclinical studies suggest that 5-HT3 antagonists modulate dopamine-mediated responses in the limbic system and may therefore have a therapeutic role in psychiatry. We have examined the effect of ondansetron, a specific 5-HT3 antagonist, on the psychological and psychomotor changes induced by amphetamine in human volunteers. Nine healthy males took part in this double-blind placebo-controlled balanced-crossover study. Each subject received one of three treatments in a randomised manner: (a) placebo/placebo; (b) placebo/amphetamine (15 mg); (c) ondansetron (4 mg)/amphetamine (15 mg). Subjects were assessed for self-ratings of hunger, mood, energy, alertness, restlessness, irritability, and asked to rate the abnormality of their overall subjective state. In addition, systolic blood pressure, and performance on psychomotor tests were repeatedly assessed. Although amphetamine did not cause any significant changes in self-rating of mood, energy, alterness, restlessness or irritability, it induced a significant increase in self-ratings for overall subjective state, and a significant decrease in self-ratings of hunger. Amphetamine also caused an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the mean time taken to complete the psychomotor tests. Pretreatment with ondansetron attenuated the effects of amphetamine on hunger and subjective state, but not on blood pressure or psychomotor performance tests. These findings suggest that in humans 5-HT3 receptor antagonists may partially modify the subjective effects of amphetamine, and are in keeping with results from animal studies that 5-HT3 receptor antagonists might affect neurotransmission within mesolimbic brain regions. However, it was not possible to exclude a pharmacokinetic interaction to explain the effects of ondansetron.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eating responses of obese and nonobese humans during dinner meals.

Observations of eating responses of obese and nonobese subjects were made in meal settings. Seven obese and seven nonobese male undergraduates were videotaped as they ate four dinner meals, two low and two high in preference, under low and high hunger conditions. As hunger and preferences increased, the amount of food eaten, the meal length, and the number of bites significantly increased. Time per bite decreased as hunger and preference increased. Obese subjects ate more grams per second than the nonobese subjects. Obese subjects also ate more high preference food and less low preference food than nonobese subjects. These findings are discussed in terms of Schachter's theory of differential stimulus orientation of obese and nonobese people and in terms of the set-point theories of Nisbett and Sclafani and Kluge.

Cues↗
PubMed1994

Nipple feeding premature infants in the neonatal intensive-care unit: factors and decisions.

OBJECTIVE: To rank factors considered important by neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) nurses in identifying hunger in infants weighing 1,800 g or less, to rank factors considered important in making decisions about nipple feeding such infants, to determine whether the two rankings varied among hospitals, and to identify the caregiver with the greatest influence over feeding decisions. DESIGN: Descriptive comparative survey. SETTING: NICUs of three metropolitan hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-seven NICU nurses in those hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nurses ranked factors indicating hunger in preterm infants and factors contributing to feeding decisions for such infants. RESULTS: Vigorous sucking, rooting, and crying were ranked as hunger cues. Nonnutritive sucking and a gestational age of 34 weeks or more were considered indicators of readiness to begin nipple feeding. The centrality of the nurse's role in feeding decisions was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Additional research is needed to determine whether nonnutritive sucking predicts nutritive sucking performance and to study the nurses' responses to infants who suck poorly or refuse to nipple feed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Comparisons of the effects on satiety and eating behaviour of infusion of lipid into the different regions of the small intestine.

Food intake and feelings of hunger and fullness were monitored in paired studies carried out in two groups of six healthy non-obese male volunteers during infusion of isotonic solutions of either a 50% corn oil emulsion or saline into the jejunum or into the ileum. Infusion of the lipid emulsion at a rate of 1.2 ml/min (4.9 kcal/min) into either the ileum or the jejunum significantly reduced the period of eating (p less than 0.01) and the quantity of food consumed (p less than 0.01), but neither affected the rates of drinking or the amount of fluid consumed. Infusion of the lipid emulsion into the jejunum also significantly reduced the sensations of hunger before the meal (p less than 0.05), and the rate of ingestion (p less than 0.01). Ileal infusion did not influence these indices. The results suggest that jejunal and ileal infusion of lipid reduces the size of the meal that could be consumed possibly by inhibiting gastric emptying. The alleviation of hunger before ingestion and the slower rate of eating, however, suggests that jejunal lipid activates an additional mechanism that influences the appetite centre in the hypothalamus directly.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Correlation between echographic gastric emptying and appetite: influence of psyllium.

The correlation between ultrasonographic gastric emptying and appetite was studied. Echographic evaluation of gastric emptying by measurement of the antral vertical diameter and assessment of sensations of hunger and satiety using analogue visual scales were performed simultaneously in 12 healthy volunteers. Measurements were carried out after the intake of 10.8 g psyllium or placebo in a randomised, crossover, double blind trial. The correlation between echographic gastric emptying and sensations of hunger and satiety was excellent (p < 0.001) after the intake of either psyllium or placebo. Psyllium significantly delayed gastric emptying from the third hour after a meal. It increased the sensation of satiety and decreased hunger at the sixth hour after the meal. The association between echographic measurement and visual scales is a simple method of evaluating the relationship between the stomach and appetite. The pharmacodynamic effect of psyllium should be confirmed by longterm therapeutic trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Gastric emptying of a solid meal is accelerated by the removal of dietary fibre naturally present in food.

Exogenous fibre added to liquid meals delays gastric emptying. Its effect on solid meals is uncertain, and nothing is known of the effect on gastric emptying of fibre naturally present in food. This study therefore looked at gastric emptying of two different solid meals in eight healthy subjects and their blood glucose responses. The meals were exactly equivalent except for the total dietary fibre content (high fibre 20 g, low fibre 4 g of dietary fibre per 1000 kcal) and supplied 870 kcal (700 kcal women), 47% of which was from carbohydrates, 36% from fats, and 17% from proteins. Ultrasonography was used to measure antral diameters before the meal (basal), immediately after it (time 0), and at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes. In addition, subjects filled in a questionnaire on their feelings of hunger, epigastric fullness, and satiety before the meal and at hourly intervals after it. Basal and maximal postprandial antral sections were similar for the two meals (basal section: 283.9 (29.5) v 340.9 (44.7) mm2 for the low and the high fibre meal, NS; maximal postprandial section: 1726 (101.9) v 1593 (120.4) mm2, NS). Total gastric emptying time was significantly reduced by fibre removal (186.0 (15.6) v 231.7 (17.3) minutes after the low and the high fibre meal, p < 0.05). Blood glucose was higher after the low fibre meal, and the area under the glycaemic curve significantly greater (226 (23.1) v 160 (20.0) mmol/min/dl-1, p < 0.05). No difference was found in satiety or fullness feelings, but hunger returned more rapidly after the low fibre meal. In conclusion, fibre naturally present in food delays gastric emptying of a solid meal, reduces the glycaemic response, and delays the return of hunger.

Adult↗