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PubMed1992

The effect of using layered specimens for determination of the compressive strength of glass-ionomer cements.

Compressive strength is widely used as the criterion of strength of glass-ionomer dental cements, despite the difficulties in interpretation of the findings. With the introduction of light-cured glass-ionomer cements, which can be used only in thin layers, the question arises of how test specimens should be prepared for the measurement of compressive strength. A suggested method has been to prepare test pieces by building them up in layers, an approach which is examined critically in the current paper. Two different conventional (acid-base) glass-ionomers were studied with the use of layered and unlayered specimens of dimensions 6 mm (height) x 4 mm (diameter) and 12 mm (height) x 6 mm (diameter). While smaller samples gave the same value of compressive strength as larger specimens, layered specimens gave significantly lower values of compressive strength for both sizes. In view of these findings, and since the layered specimens are tedious to prepare, we conclude that compressive strength is unsatisfactory as a criterion of strength for light-cured glass-ionomer cements.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1993

The short-term fluoride release of a hand-mixed vs. capsulated system of a restorative glass-ionomer cement.

The present study investigated whether variability in fluoride release was reduced by use of a capsulated system as compared with a hand-mixed system based on the same qualitative and quantitative glass-ionomer formulation. Five operators independently prepared five disks of each type of glass-ionomer restorative filling material. The amount of fluoride released in water by each specimen after 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days was determined. The variance and the mean value of the fluoride release at a given time were independent of the operator, regardless of the glass-ionomer system considered. However, the variance and the mean value of the fluoride release at a given time were considerably greater for the capsulated system than for the hand-mixed system. A regression analysis further showed that the cumulative amount of fluoride released, [F], as a function of the time t conformed to [F] = a[1 - exp (-bt)] + ct0.5 for each glass-ionomer specimen, suggesting the simultaneous occurrence of two processes. Whereas the parameter b was the same for the hand-mixed and capsulated system and was independent of both a and c, the latter parameters were positively correlated. Moreover, the values for a and c were significantly greater for the capsulated system. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that the mixing process drastically influences the short-term as well as the long-term fluoride release.

Capsules↗
PubMed1996

IR and NMR analyses of hardening and maturation of glass-ionomer cement.

It has been reported that the silicate phase as well as the cross-linking of the polycarboxylic acid by aluminum and calcium ions played an important role in the hardening of glass-ionomer cement. The objective of this study was to investigate the structural change during hardening of the cements by means of infrared (IR) spectroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and to confirm the role of the silica phase in the hardening of the cement. For that purpose, we measured the change in compressive strength of an experimental glass-ionomer cement, two commercial glass-ionomer cements, and a polycarboxylate cement and carried out 29Si and 27Al NMR analyses of the cement samples after the strength measurement. In the IR spectra during hardening, a characteristic band of the silicate network around 1000 cm-1 shifted toward high frequency with time. The spectrum after hardening was similar to that for a hydrated amorphous silica structure. The 27Al NMR analysis showed that Al3+ ion was tetrahedrally coordinated by oxygen in the original glass, but a part of the Al3+ ion was octahedrally coordinated after hardening to form Al polyacrylate gel. The chemical shift of Si in the 29Si NMR spectra also changed during hardening. The variation in the chemical shift reflected the structural change in the silicate network. The initial increase in compressive strength of the cement was mainly caused by polycarboxylate gel formation. However, it was concluded that the reconstruction of the silicate network contributed to the increase in strength with time during the period after the gelation by cross-linking was completed.

Compressive Strength↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence and depth of artificial caries-like lesions adjacent to cavities prepared in roots and restored with a glass ionomer or a dentin-bonded composite material.

One potential advantage of glass-ionomer materials for the treatment of root caries is their ability to release fluoride and so resist cariogenic attack. A commercially available composite material has also been reported to release fluoride which reduced caries lesions in the tooth tissue adjacent to it. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a conventional glass-ionomer restoration compared with a dentin-bonded, fluoride-releasing, composite restoration when exposed to a microbial artificial caries system. Artificial caries-like lesions produced in relation to the restorations were examined and classified either as outer (surface) lesions or as wall lesions. A split-unit experimental design allowed for within-tooth comparisons of the 2 experimental restorations at different sites on the root surface. These were either totally within the root surface or positioned at the amelo-cemental junction. Outer lesion depths were significantly (p < 0.001) shallower at all sites adjacent to the glass ionomer when compared with the composite restorations. Wall lesions were significantly (p < 0.01) more prevalent adjacent to the composite material. In addition, the cavity margin position significantly (p < 0.05) affected the incidence of wall lesions, particularly in the composite group. In conclusion, glass ionomer was successful in reducing the caries-like lesion production in the adjacent root surface. This resulted from improved marginal integrity and fluoride release from this material when compared with the composite bonding system used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Ion distribution in matrix parts of glass-polyalkenoate cement by SIMS.

The microstructure of the set glass-polyalkenoate cement has not been undertaken beyond a study where an Electron Probe Micro Analyser was used. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the ion distribution in matrix parts of the set cement by means of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). Among the techniques for surface and microscopic analysis, SIMS is said to be the one with the highest sensitivity. O2+ ions were used as the beam probe to detect silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and carbon. The scanning images showed a clear difference among these elements in their distribution. A large amount of aluminum was found throughout the matrix area, with only a slight concentration gradient, while silicon appeared to be concentrated on the surface of the undissolved glass core. The distribution pattern of calcium was not as clear as that shown by aluminum and silicon. A comparatively higher content of carbon was found closer to the glass surface. These results indicate that aluminum plays an essential role in the setting of the matrix and the surface of the glass dissolved by acrylic acid and changed into the siliceous gel.

Aluminum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lung burden of a glass fiber by inhalation.

Pulmonary deposition and clearance of deposited particles from lungs are very important factors in order to induce pneumoconioses. In this paper, five Wistar male rats were exposed to glass fiber particles (mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), 2.8 microns) for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. The average exposure concentration was controlled by a continuous fluidized bed with a screw feeder and an overflow pipe at 0.79 mg/m3 during the exposure period. The fibrous particles concentrations in the exposure chamber were monitored by a light scattering method and showed to be constant during the exposure. The rats were sacrificed at 24 hours after the termination of the exposure and then the wet lung weight and the silica concentration in the lungs were measured. The lungs were treated for low temperature ashing (ca. 150 degrees C) by a plasma asher. After ashing, these samples were melted with sodium carbonate in platinum pot for the measurement of the silica content by the absorption spectrophotometry. The maximum content of SiO2 was 45 micrograms in the exposed rats and 20 micrograms in the control. The deposited amount of SiO2 by the exposure to glass fiber was 25 micrograms. The apparent deposition fraction defined as the deposited amount in the lungs to the amount of the inhaled glass fiber during the exposure was 6.8%. There was no significant difference of the apparent deposition fraction at same MMAD between glass fiber in this study and non-fibrous particles.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2004

In vitro attachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis to surgical sutures with and without Ag-containing bioactive glass coating.

The ability of a silver-doped bioactive glass (AgBG) coating to prevent bacterial colonization on surgical sutures was investigated in vitro. Bioactive glass powders, in the form of 45S5 Bioglass and AgBG, were used to coat Mersilk sutures using an optimized 'in house' slurry-dipping process. In vitro experiments were carried out using Staphylococcus epidermidis under both batch and flow conditions. While the traditional batch culture testing was used to determine the number of viable cells adhered to the surface, the flow-cell was used to visualize attachment and detachment over time. Under batch conditions of up to 180 min, statistically significant differences were observed in the colony forming units (CFU) per suture for both the coated and uncoated Mersilk sutures. The results showed that the AgBG coating had the greatest effect on limiting bacterial attachment (8 x 10(2) CFU) when compared to the 45S5 Bioglass coating (3.2 x 10(3) CFU) and the uncoated Mersilk (1.2 x 10(4) CFU). Also under flow conditions differences were seen between the coated and uncoated sutures. Therefore, this preliminary study has demonstrated the quantification and visualization of bacterial attachment onto sutures in order to compare the antibacterial properties of Ag-containing bioactive glass coatings. The bactericidal properties imparted by Ag-containing glass open new opportunities for use of the composite sutures in wound healing and body wall repair.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2003

Fluoride release from a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement in a continuous-flow system. Effect of pH.

Fluoride is added to many dental restorative materials, including glass-ionomer cements, for the specific purpose of leaching fluoride into the surrounding tissues to provide secondary caries inhibition. During the caries process, an acidic environment attacks the dental tissues as well as the glass-ionomer cement. We hypothesized that pH significantly affects the rate of release of fluoride from the glass-ionomer cement. A continuous-flow fluoride-measuring system that monitors the amount of fluoride released over time was used to determine the release of fluoride from a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (KetacFil). The results show that the release rate began with a fast burst of fluoride which quickly diminished to low levels in 3 days. Under neutral pH conditions, the rate of fluoride release at 72 hrs was significantly slower than at pH 4.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Water-dependent interfacial transition zone in resin-modified glass-ionomer cement/dentin interfaces.

The function of the interfacial transition zone (absorption layer) in resin-modified glass-ionomer cements bonded to deep dentin remains obscure. This study tested the hypotheses that the absorption layer is formed only in the presence of water derived from hydrated dentin and allows for better bonding of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements to dentin. Ten percent polyacrylic acid-conditioned, hydrated, and dehydrated deep dentin specimens were bonded with 2 resin-modified glass-ionomer cements and sealed with resins to prevent environmental water gain or loss. A non-particulate absorption layer was identified over hydrated dentin only, and was clearly discernible from the hybrid layer when bonded interfaces were examined with transmission electron microscopy. This layer was relatively more resistant to dehydration stresses, and remained intact over the dentin surface after tensile testing. The absorption layer mediates better bonding of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements to deep dentin, and functions as a stress-relieving layer to reduce stresses induced by desiccation and shrinkage.

Compomers↗
PubMed1979

Mechanisms of cellular adhesion. IV. Role of serum glycoproteins in fibroblast spreading on glass.

We have investigated the exogenous factors required for the transition from the round shape of suspended fibroblasts to the characteristic spread shape on serum-coated glass. Following the evidence of others that the transition is facilitated by adsorbed component(s) related to CIG/LETS (cold-insoluble globulin/large external transformation-sensitive) proteins, we have isolated 2 such preparations from chick serum. Their influence has been investigated on fibroblast adhesion, spreading and growth and they have been characterized by gel electrophoresis, immunological cross-reactivity, amino acid and carbohydrate residue analysis, sedimentation velocity behaviour and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The preparations have molecular weights of 225/215,000 and 140,000 Daltons respectively and are closely similar in composition and secondary structure. The 225/215 000 Dalton doublet is probably a product of limited proteolysis which almost certainly occurred in the avian circulation. For cells seeded on glass precoated in different ways and in different supplemented media we could detect no change in the extent of attachment but there were profound influences on cell shape following this initial adhesion. We confirm that prior adsorption of either CIG-related preparation to glass does indeed promote fibroblast spreading in the absence of other serum components and that CIG is the sole serum component with this type of activity. We now add 2 important qualifications: (i) the presence of substrate-adsorbed serum CIG is not essential for spreading when other serum components are present in the medium; and (ii) the adhesive organization shown by interference reflexion microscopy is incompletely formed unless the additional serum components are present in the medium. We therefore conclude that 16C fibroblasts have the ability when given the stimulus of soluble serum components other than CIG, but not otherwise, to synthesize all the components necessary for the highly organized contacts with glass, including endogenous CIG/LETS proteins.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Indirect selective laser sintering of an apatite-mullite glass-ceramic for potential use in bone replacement applications.

The feasibility of using indirect selective laser sintering (SLS) to produce parts from glass-ceramic materials for bone replacement applications has been investigated. A castable glass based on the system SiO2 x Al2O3 x P2O5 x CaO x CaF2 that crystallizes to a glass-ceramic with apatite and mullite phases was produced, blended with an acrylic binder, and processed by SLS. Green parts with good structural integrity were produced using a wide range of processing conditions, allowing both monolayer and multilayer components to be constructed. Following SLS the parts were post-processed to remove the binder and to crystallize fully the material, evolving the apatite and mullite phases. The parts were heated to 1200 degrees C using a number of different time-temperature profiles, following which the processed material was analysed by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, and tested for flexural strength. An increase in strength was achieved by infiltrating the brown parts with a resorbable phosphate glass, although this altered the crystal phases present in the material.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1994

Pulmonary deposition and clearance of glass fiber in rat lungs after long-term inhalation.

In this study Wistar male rats were exposed to glass fiber obtained by the disintegration of a binderless glass fiber filter, for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 12 months. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of the fiber, determined with an Andersen sampler, was 2.6 microns. The count median diameter and length of the fibers measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were 0.51 and 5.5 microns, respectively. The daily average exposure fiber concentration was 2.2 +/- 0.6 mg/m3. Some rats were sacrificed 24 hr after removal from the exposure chamber following the 12 months' exposure. Others were sacrificed 12 months after the end of exposure. The wet organ weights were recorded at the time of death and the silicon content of the lungs was determined by absorption spectrophotometry. After 12 months' exposure, the amount of glass fiber retained in the rat lungs was 1.49 mg, and after 12 months' clearance it was 0.61 mg. The biological half-life in a single exponential model was to be 8.7 months, much longer than the predicted value of 1.5 months obtained in a previous experiment in which rats were exposed for 4 weeks to the same glass fiber.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1994

Chemical behavior of aluminum and phosphorus during dissolution of glass fibers in physiological saline solutions.

The dissolution of textile glass fibers of four different compositions has been investigated at 37 degrees C. In these glasses, which are isolation type, the P2O5 contents scatter between 0 and 2 wt% and Al2O3 from 0.12 to 3.4 wt%. Both static (30-mg fibers; 250-ml solution) and dynamic (50-mg fibers; 40 ml/day flow rate) conditions with or without bubbling of a gas mixture (95:5, N2-CO2) have been used. Two physiological solutions, one proposed by Kanapilly and the other by Scholtze, were used. After each run (1, 3, 7, 14, and sometimes 30, 62 days) the solutions were analyzed for B and Si by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), the weight losses were determined, and the residual solid were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Static runs give a better agreement between measured and calculated weight losses from solution analyses than dynamic experiments. SEM examinations indicate diameter reduction and formation of a hydrated Si-rich layer. Sometimes hollow tubes, suggesting the detachment of these layers, are observed. XPS and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicate the formation of a veneer of calcium phosphate for the most rapidly dissolving glass. In other cases an Al increase is observed at the solid solution interface. Whatever experimental conditions are used, the relative dissolution rates of the four glasses are identical. The kinetics may be modeled with variable dissolution rates from initial high values to final low ones. The latter reflect the very low solubility of the residual product.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1997

Chronic inhalation study of fiber glass and amosite asbestos in hamsters: twelve-month preliminary results.

The effects of chronic inhalation of glass fibers and amosite asbestos are currently under study in hamsters. The study includes 18 months of inhalation exposure followed by lifetime recovery. Syrian golden hamsters are exposed, nose only, for 6 hr/day, 5 day/week to size-selected test fibers: MMVF10a (Schuller 901 insulation glass); MMVF33 (Schuller 475 durable glass); amosite asbestos (three doses); or to filtered air (controls). Here we report interim results on airborne fiber characterization, lung fiber burden, and pathology (preliminary) through 12 months. Aerosolized test fibers averaged 15 to 20 microns in length and 0.5 to 1 micron in diameter. Target aerosol concentrations of World Health Organization (WHO) fibers (longer than 5 microns) were 250 fibers/cc for MMVF10a and MMVF33, and 25, 125, or 250 fibers/cc for amosite. WHO fiber lung burdens showed time-dependent and (for amosite) dose-dependent increases. After a 12-month exposure, lung burdens of fibers longer than 20 microns were greatest with amosite high and mid doses, similar for low-dose amosite and MMVF33, and smaller for MMVF10a. Biological responses of animals exposed for 12 months to MMVF10a were limited to nonspecific pulmonary inflammation. However, exposures to MMVF33 and each of three doses of amosite were associated with lung fibrosis and possible mesotheliomas (1 with MMVF33 and 2, 3, and 1 with amosite low, mid, and high doses, respectively). Pulmonary and pleural changes associated with amosite were qualitatively and quantitatively more severe than those associated with MMVF33. As of the 12-month time point, this study demonstrates that two different fiber glass compositions with similar fiber dimensions but different durabilities can have distinctly different effects on the hamster lung and pleura after inhalation exposure. (Preliminary tumor data through 18 months of exposure and 6 weeks of postexposure recovery became available as this manuscript went to press: No tumors were observed in the control or MMVF10a groups, and no additional tumors were observed in the MMVF33 group; however, a number of additional mesotheliomas were observed in the amosite groups.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2001

Use of glass capillaries avoids the time changes in high blood PO(2) observed with plastic syringes.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: In adults, arterial blood samples are usually drawn using plastic syringes. In contrast to glass syringes, plastic syringes let oxygen diffuse through their wall. This results in PO(2) changes during storage, especially when PO(2) is high. An alternative to glass syringes is the Microsampler (Roche Diagnostics; Schaffhausen, Switzerland), a commercially available device consisting of a heparinized glass capillary fitted with a 26-gauge needle and used to collect arterial blood in the same way as a plastic syringe fitted with a needle. DESIGN: We evaluated the performance of the Roche Microsampler for storing arterial blood in view of PO(2) measurement, comparatively with glass and plastic syringes. Five approximate initial PO(2) levels (650, 400, 200, 130, and 80 mm Hg) and two storage temperatures (ambient temperature and 4 degrees C) were studied. SETTINGS: Bench study. RESULTS: Plastic syringes allowed reliable measurement of PO(2) values when initial PO(2) was too low to ensure complete hemoglobin oxygen saturation, but were associated with time-dependent underestimation of PO(2) at higher initial PO(2) values. No such underestimation occurred with the Roche Microsampler stored at 4 degrees C for up to 1 h for all PO(2) levels studied. CONCLUSION: The Roche Microsamplers appeared to be reliable devices in preventing oxygen diffusion.

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMed1987

Tensile bond strength between glass ionomer cements and composite resins.

Etching or roughening the surface of glass ionomer cement before use of composite resins and bond agents produces bond strengths comparable to the bond strength between glass ionomers and dentin. Bond failure at such surfaces occurs within the glass ionomer. Adequate washing with water after acid etching the glass ionomer is essential to obtain optimal bond strength. Apparently, some combinations of ionomer cements and resins are more effective than are others in providing a good bond in the "sandwich technique".

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2001

Clinical performance of resin-modified glass ionomer cement restorations in primary teeth. A retrospective evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The authors retrospectively evaluated the clinical performance of one resin-modified glass ionomer cement as a restorative material in Class I, Class II, Class III and Class V restorations in primary teeth. METHODS: A total of 306 patients who had received a total of 864 resin-modified glass ionomer restorations, which had been in their mouths for a minimum of three years, were included in this evaluation. The authors assessed the clinical observations recorded in patients' records and used bitewing radiographs to assess Class II restorations. RESULTS: The authors found an overall restoration success rate of 93.0 percent, with Class I restorations having a 92.6 percent success rate, Class II restorations having a 93.3 percent success rate, Class III restorations having a 100 percent success rate, and Class V restorations having a 98.0 percent success rate. CONCLUSIONS: The resin-modified glass ionomer cement functioned well as a Class I, Class II, Class III and Class V restorative material in primary teeth. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Resin-modified glass ionomer restorative cement is a durable and reliable material to use for Class I, Class II, Class III and Class V restorations in primary teeth. Therefore, dentists have a proven alternative to silver amalgam and resin-based composite for primary tooth restoration.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Single giant vesicle rupture events reveal multiple mechanisms of glass-supported bilayer formation.

The formation of supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) on glass from giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) was studied using fluorescence microscopy. We show that GUV rupture occurs by at least four mechanisms, including 1), spontaneous rupture of isolated GUVs yielding almost heart-shaped bilayer patches (asymmetric rupture); 2), spontaneous rupture of isolated GUVs yielding circular bilayer patches (symmetric rupture); 3), induced rupture of an incoming vesicle when it contacts a planar bilayer edge; and 4), induced rupture of an adsorbed GUV when a nearby GUV spontaneously ruptures. In pathway 1, the dominant rupture pathway for isolated GUVs, GUVs deformed upon adsorption to the glass surface, and planar bilayer patch formation was initiated by rupture pore formation near the rim of the glass-bilayer interface. Expanding rupture pores led to planar bilayer formation in approximately 10-20 ms. Rupture probability per unit time depended on the average intrinsic curvature of the component lipids. The membrane leaflet adsorbed to the glass surface in planar bilayer patches originated from the outer leaflet of GUVs. Pathway 2 was rarely observed. We surmise that SLB formation is predominantly initiated by pathway 1 rupture events, and that rupture events occurring by pathways 3 and 4 dominate during later stages of SLB formation.

Computer Simulation↗