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Informed by the admissibility requirements of the broad and narrow Frye tests as well as Daubert's general acceptance factor, the present study elicited the views of a homogeneous group of forensic document examiners and a heterogeneous group of handwriting scientists regarding the degree to which a set of principles relating to the nature of handwriting and its identification were generally accepted within the respondents' fields. Among forensic document examiners, the greatest agreement was found concerning the process of examination, and somewhat less agreement on other matters. Forensic document examiners and handwriting scientists appear not to agree on the acceptability of most of the propositions.
In the last few years, brain science has exhibited an explosive growth in hemodynamic/metabolic data on brain function. In particular, PET and functional MRI provide excellent spatial resolution, but their temporal resolutions are severely limited by relatively slow responses of brain metabolism. By contrast, EEG and MEG are able to track modulations of current source activity at millisecond time scales, but suffer from poor spatial resolution. Hence, high-resolution spatiotemporal imaging of brain activity requires integration of information from multiple signal modalities. In this paper we discuss what is known about the physical and physiological basis of the imaging signals, suggest various approaches that have been proposed for integrating information across multiple modalities, and briefly analyze the future directions and remaining challenges in the field of multi-modality integration.
The technical complexity of previous rheometers has tended to limit the availability of blood viscosity data obtained over a wide range of shear rates. However, an automated tube-type viscometer, the Rheolog, has been developed; it employs a disposable flow assembly and less than five minutes are required to obtain blood viscosity results over a shear rate range of 1-1500 s(-1). We have carried out validation studies of the Rheolog using normal human blood and have compared these results with those obtained by cone-plate and Couette viscometers; storage time and temperature effects were also evaluated. Replicate measurements indicated mean CV levels less than 5%, and were independent of hematocrit and shear rate. Rheolog blood viscosity data agreed closely with those from other viscometers: average Rheolog differences from mean cone-plate and Couette values were -0.3% at 28% hematocrit, -1.4% at 41% hematocrit (i.e., native), and 1.0% at 56% hematocrit. Storage at room temperature up to 8 hours and at 4 degrees C up to 4 days had minimal effects whereas notable changes were observed when stored for 3 hours at 37 degrees C. Our results indicate that, within the hematocrit and shear rate limits employed herein, the Rheolog provides rapid, accurate and reproducible blood viscosity data, and suggest its usefulness for both basic science and clinical studies.
OBJECTIVE: To find out prevalence rate of urine incontinence (UI) in a representative sample of women aged 50-65 years in south Jordan. The study will also investigate the relationship between UI (stress and urge) and the following variables: age of the woman and her parity, diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infection (UTI), body mass index (BMI), medications (diuretics), menopause, past history of hysterectomy, and poor mobility. METHODS: For achieving the objectives of this study, a sample of women (n=182) in the age group 50 - 65 years in south Jordan (Karak, Taffileh, Aqaba) was selected using a multistage sampling procedure to represent women in this age group in south Jordan. A questionnaire and face-to-face interviews were used as the instrument for data collection. The questionnaire was tested in a pilot study before starting data collection from the field. Data was collected from the field in July 2003. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Chi Square Test and Fisher's Exact Probability Test were used to identify the significance of associations between UI and characteristics of the respondents. RESULTS: Approximately one third of respondents had urinary incontinence; 23.1% had stress UI, 26.4% had urge UI, and 18.1% had the mixed type. Prevalence rate of UI was 56.3% for women suffering from UTI and 50% for those who use diuretics. Approximately 54% of women who need help to go around inside the house were complaining of UI. High prevalence rates were also observed if parity was 5 - 6 (43.5%), women at menopause (39.7%), obese women (39.3%), and in diabetic women (35%). High prevalence rates of stress incontinence were found in women suffering from UTI (37.5%), in women using diuretics (39.5%), if parity was 5 - 6 (34.8%), and in women with past history of hysterectomy (28.6%). Stress UI was increasing with the increase in the BMI. The associations between urge incontinence, BMI, UTI, use of diuretics, and the ability to go around inside the house were all significant at the 0.05 level. CONCLUSION: Prevalence rate of UI varied from one country to another and from one study to another study. Possible reasons for such inconsistency were discussed. Appropriate treatment of UI should be based on valid diagnosis of cases, type of UI, and the identification of contributing factors. Lines of treatment and interventions for UI were discussed. Further studies of this condition are needed in Jordan for both males and females and in all age groups. Such studies should emphasize the size of the problem, etiology and risk factors, and the cost of the problem for both the incontinent person and for the health care system.
BACKGROUND: This study was carried out with an objective to find out the frequency of different reasons of non-compliance to treatment in a sample of out door psychiatric patients. METHODS: This study was conducted at Psychiatry department, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, from Aug. 2001 to Jan. 2002. Data from a non-probability sample of two hundred follow up patients with a definite psychiatric illness was collected. A questionnaire designed for this purpose was administered by a consultant psychiatrist to the patients. The data was categorized into different causes of discontinuation of treatment accordingly. RESULTS: The commonest reasons for non-compliance were unawareness of the benefits of treatment (43%), nonaffordability of drugs (33.5%), physical side effects (28.5%), no awareness given by the doctor (03%) and unfriendly attitude of doctors (02%). The commonest illnesses leading to non-compliance were major depressive disorder (31.5%), schizophrenia (19.5%) and bipolar affective disorder (19%). CONCLUSION: Non-compliance is quite common in Pakistan like any other society. Medical practitioners need to be aware of it and address this problem because compliance is directly related to the prognosis of the illness. It is recommended that all efforts should be exerted to improve the compliance of psychiatric patients by eliminating the factors leading to non-compliance.
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Anopheles culicifacies Giles, the major malaria vector in Sri Lanka, exists as a species complex comprising two sympatric sibling species--species B and E. Species E is reported to be the major vector of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum parasites in Sri Lanka, whilst species B is a poor or nonvector as in India. Knowledge of the breeding habits of the two sibling species can help in designing optimal vector control strategies. Hence, a survey was conducted in Sri Lanka to study the preferential breeding habitats of An. culicifacies species B and E. METHODS: Immature forms of An. culicifacies were collected from identified breeding sites in malarious districts. Collected larvae were typed for their sibling species status based on mitotic Y-chromosome structure. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 10.0. RESULTS: An. culicifacies immature forms were found in 23 collection sites. Among these samples 19 were found to have species E and four to have species B. All species B larvae were collected from Tonigala village in the Puttalam district. None of the 23 sites was found to have both species B and E. Species E, the major vector of malaria, appears to breed in variety of breeding sites which can be of an indication of its adaptive variation to exploit breeding sites with varying limnological characteristics. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The present findings have to be taken into account when formulating more effective larval control measures. They also show the need for a detailed study of possible different preferences for larval breeding sites between species B and E.
The needs of children with emotional, behavioral, and developmental (EBD) problems are a national concern. To assess the health care and well being of children who have chronic EBD problems requiring treatment or counseling, researchers from Oregon Health and Science University and CDC analyzed parent-reported data from the 2001 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. This report summarizes the findings of that analysis, which indicated that, compared with children with special health-care needs (CSHCN) who do not have chronic EBD problems, children with chronic EBD problems were more likely to experience diminished health and quality of life and to have problems accessing and receiving needed care. These children were more likely to have health conditions that affect their daily activities and cause them to miss school. In addition, their health-care needs were more likely to affect their families. The results of this analysis reinforce existing recommendations that encourage expansions in screening and early detection of mental health problems, as well as improvements in access, coordination, and quality of health-care services for children with EBD problems.
BACKGROUND: Unsafe abortion is the leading cause of maternal death in Ethiopia. It is also known to cause several acute and long-term complications leading to disabilities. In countries like Ethiopia where there is no access to safe abortion, improvement of the available postabortion care services is an important strategy. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to assess the quality of health services with respect to postabortion care in hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross sectional survey on quality of postabortion care was conducted among 422 postabortion patients attending four hospitals in Addis Ababa. Additionally, 42 service providers involved in providing postabortion care services were interviewed. Direct service delivery observation and inventory of equipment and supplies were also conducted. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. RESULTS: Interaction between service providers and patients was found to be satisfactory whereas information provision on important aspects of care such as danger signs and follow-up needs were very limited. Only about 20% and 3% received family planning counseling and contraceptive methods respectively. Other reproductive health related issues such as STIs and HIV/AIDS were rarely raised by the service providers during caring for the patients. Overall 92.3% of the patients responded that they were satisfied with the services they have received. CONCLUSION: The study has shown several missed opportunities and indicated important areas for future service delivery improvement.
An attempt was made to systematize theoretical and experimental epigenetic data in the framework of genetics as a science on laws of preservation, coding, transfer, and transformation of heritable information in the living systems. The structure of the total hereditary memory is discussed in context of the theory of epigenes, hereditary units of the next to genes level of complexity. In epigenes as cells of functional hereditary memory, part of the hereditary information is stored, coded, and transmitted to the progeny irrespective of the primary structure of the genomic DNA molecules. The principles of the structure and the general laws of functioning of cellular governing gene networks are presented. The ontogenetic and phylogenetic role of epigene networks as the second level of the hereditary system is considered. Arguments for inheritance of somatic epimutations are presented, as well as the results of in silico and in vivo experiments showing the possibility of an epigenetic mechanism of primary biochemical divergent determination (autodetermination). A network hypothesis on material carriers of the common heterotary memory is formulated.
Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rHTNF) alone had no effect on L929 tumor cells at 100 units/ml for 20 h of continuous exposure. However, under the same conditions, rHTNF markedly enhanced the cytotoxicity of Adriamycin, actinomycin D, 4'-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-anisidide, teniposide (VM 26), and etoposide (VP 16), all targeted at DNA topoisomerase II. The rHTNF had a minimally enhancing effect on the cytotoxicity of bleomycin, hydroxyurea, and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and no effect on the cytotoxicity of cis-platinum, mitomycin C, vincristine, and vinblastine, all chemotherapeutic drugs with dose-related cytotoxic effects on L929 cells but mechanisms of action which do not appear to involve topoisomerase II. Treatment with rHTNF first and then topoisomerase-targeted drugs yielded no enhanced cytotoxicity, whereas pretreatment with drug followed by rHTNF yielded marked enhancement of cytotoxicity. Topoisomerases have previously been implicated in cell kill phenomena following treatment with certain chemotherapeutic agents [K.M. Tewey, et al., Science (Wash. DC), 226:466-468, 1984]. The data suggest that the lethality to the cell from topoisomerase-targeted drug treatment is increased by rHTNF in vitro. We suggest that rHTNF may be a useful adjuvant to this class of drugs which has well-known antitumor activity.
A method for using a CATLINE SDI (selected dissemination of information) as a current awareness and collection development tool for the health sciences reference department is described. This paper reports three years of experience with this service in an academic health sciences library. It emphasizes the exploitation of four data elements in the CATLINE file: the Abstracting and Indexing Tag (AI) Data Element; the Shelving Location (SL) Data Element; the MeSH Heading (MH) Data Element; the Subheading Qualifier (SH) Data Element.
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Health sciences libraries in hospitals were examined from longitudinal data collected in 1969, 1973, and 1979, to derive parameters for the universe and for resources, services, and manpower. The surveys show that during this period, the number of hospitals decreased whereas the number of libraries increased. Growth in the number of community hospital libraries was counterbalanced by changes in federal, psychiatric, tuberculosis, and chronic illness hospitals.