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PubMed1988

The demographic distribution of drinking patterns in 1984.

The demographic distribution of drinking and heavy drinking in a 1984 survey are presented to provide updated prevalence estimates for these phenomena. Several measures of drinking patterns are used, including: the frequency of drinking, the monthly volume consumed, the frequency of drinking five or more drinks on an occasion, the frequency of drinking eight or more drinks in a day, and the frequency of self-reported drunkenness. In most cases, the present results confirm earlier findings. However, the present data give better information on Black and Hispanic drinking patterns than was available in earlier surveys. Results not consistent with earlier studies are that there are contradictory findings regarding the relationship between socio-economic status and drinking and that the drinking patterns of divorced and separated men diverge from those of divorced and separated women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Clinical correlates of childhood abuse and neglect in substance dependents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of childhood abuse and neglect (CAN) in Turkish substance dependents and to investigate the relationship between CAN with axis I disorders, personality disorders and severity of depression and anxiety symptoms. Among 132 substance dependents, 56.1% met dichotomous criteria for some form of CAN. Current age was lower, whereas rate of suicide attempt, self-destructive behavior, divorce of parents, major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), lifetime specific phobia and personality disorders were higher in patients with history of CAN. Severity of depression and anxiety symptoms were also higher in group with CAN and number of abuse type was correlated with depression and anxiety scores. Lifetime major depression, lifetime PTSD, suicide attempt, self-destructive behavior and divorce of parents predicted CAN. The high rate of CAN found among Turkish substance dependents suggests that special attention must be given to identify CAN in this group. Findings of this study showed that there is a relationship between history of CAN and some axis I disorders, personality disorders and severity of depression and anxiety symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Recollections of parent characteristics and attachment patterns for college women of intact vs. non-intact families.

This study contrasted offsprings' attachment patterns and recollections of parent characteristics in two college samples: 147 females from intact biological parents and 157 females of parental divorce. Secure females from intact or non-intact families rated parents positively, while insecure females rated parents as absent, distant, and demanding. In contrast to females from intact families, females of parental divorce reported a less secure attachment, lower self-esteem, a greater fearful avoidance pattern, and rated their biological fathers and mothers more negatively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors for five-year incident age-related macular degeneration: the Reykjavik Eye Study.

PURPOSE: To establish risk factors for five-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Population-based, prospective cohort study, and risk analysis. METHODS: A random sample from the Reykjavik Population Census for individuals 50 years and older was selected. We took fundus stereo color photographs and used standard grading system to study the five-year incidence of drusen, pigmentary abnormalities, and AMD and to examine possible risk factors. A questionnaire including information on disease, medication, diet, and lifestyle from the Reykjavik Eye Study database provided additional information. RESULTS: Current alcohol consumption decreased the risk for drusen. Being married rather than divorced or widowed decreased the risk for soft drusen; being single decreased the risk of hypopigmentation as compared with being divorced or married. Both consuming dietary fiber-rich vegetables and meat and meat products once a week or less frequently was a risk factor for developing soft drusen and decreased the risk of pigmentary abnormalities. Those who had smoked 20 pack-years or more as compared with nonsmokers had decreased survival rate over the five years (odds ratio (OR) 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 0.80; P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for drusen appear to differ from risk factors for pigmentary abnormalities. The effect of smoking on developing AMD is partly masked by selective mortality.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Adult outcomes in women who experienced parental violence during childhood.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this work are to analyze the associations between violence suffered at the hands of fathers and mothers in childhood and adolescence and three outcomes in adulthood--having or not having children, marital status, and occupational status--controlling for the possible impact of partner violence. METHOD: This cross-sectional study examined a sample of 510 women, attending various health care and social services facilities in a Northern Italian city. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. RESULTS: Almost one quarter of the respondents reported some kind of abuse by one or both parents, and 18.2% had experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a partner or ex-partner; women abused by parents were more likely to experience partner violence. Irrespective of whether they experienced partner violence, women abused by parents were more likely to be childless, divorced or never married, and in a precarious occupational situation. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first one carried out in Italy on this subject: results largely confirmed the trends found in studies in other countries. However, two of the associations which emerged, namely between parents' abuse and being divorced or never married and between parents' abuse and being childless, are worth noting, since they could be interpreted as failures or, on the contrary, as active and positive choices made by abused women in a difficult context. Qualitative data from case histories provided insights into the violence some women have suffered and its consequences, but also into women's great resilience and strengths.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Education, gender, and mortality: does schooling have the same effect on mortality for men and women in the US?

In this paper I examine whether the effect of education on mortality for US adults differs by gender. Discrete time logit models were used to analyze a nationally representative dataset (NHANES I) with 12,036 adults who were 25-74-years-old at the baseline survey in 1971-1975, and then re-interviewed three times through 1992. Demographic characteristics, health behaviors and economic status were controlled as potential confounding or mediating factors in the education-mortality relationship. The results showed that education had a comparable effect on mortality for men and women. No statistically significant gender difference was found in all-cause mortality, or mortality by cause of death, among younger persons, and among the elderly. Analysis by marital status, however, suggested that these findings apply only to married men and women. Among the divorced, there was a statistically significant gender difference whereby education had no effect on mortality for men while divorced women evidenced a strong education gradient (seven percent lower odds of dying for each year of schooling). Possible explanations for these patterns are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Race, ethnicity, and sociocultural characteristics predict noncompliance with lipid-lowering medications.

BACKGROUND: Sociocultural factors that predict noncompliance with lipid-lowering medications are not well understood. METHODS: Interviews and medical record review were conducted for 510 patients treated with lipid-lowering medications. Compliance with lipid-lowering medications was measured by patients' self-assessment of medication-taking practices. RESULTS: Adjusted for age and sex, there was a higher frequency of noncompliance among Black and Hispanic subjects. Adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, noncompliance was associated with medication side effects, feelings of sadness or depression, fair or poor health status, primary use of a language other than English, single or divorced status, fewer and less frequent contact with friends, children in the household, and lower education. Independent predictors of noncompliance in multivariate models were side effects (OR = 3.9, P < 0.01), sadness or depression (OR = 1.9, P = 0.05), Black (OR = 3.7, P < 0.01, vs. White), Hispanic (OR = 6.3, P < 0.01, vs. White), single or divorced (OR = 2.1, P < 0.01), children in the household (OR = 1.5 per child, P < 0.01), and lack of health insurance (OR = 2.4, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Unmarried status, feelings of sadness or depression, lack of insurance, and children in the household were independently associated with poorer compliance with lipid-lowering medications in this urban population. Nonetheless, higher noncompliance among minority patients persisted independently of these and other specific social, cultural, and economic factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Factors associated with disposition of cryopreserved reproductive tissue.

OBJECTIVE: To study patient characteristics associated with the preferences for the disposition of cryopreserved semen and embryos in the event of death or divorce. DESIGN: Retrospective exploratory study. SETTING: Tertiary care academic medical center. PATIENT(S): One hundred twelve men banking sperm, 54 female patients (partners of men banking sperm) undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), and 112 women undergoing IVF who were not partners of men banking sperm. INTERVENTION(S): Male patients banking sperm and couples undergoing IVF completed a standard consent form detailing their desired dispositions (disposal or release to a surviving party) of cryopreserved sperm and embryos in the event of death or divorce. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Effect of marital status, age, reason for sperm banking, infertility diagnosis, partner status (single or significant-other partner) on sperm, and embryo disposition choice. RESULT(S): In the event of death, married men were 5.5 times more likely to release banked sperm to a surviving party than were single men. The estimated odds of giving sperm to a survivor were 1.07 times greater with every 1-year increase in age. The choice of sperm disposal was significantly related to the banking reason for the case of banking prior to chemotherapy and/or radiation for malignancy. In the case of male death, the decisions of couples undergoing IVF for embryo disposition agreed with choices of male patients for sperm disposition approximately 33% of the time more often than by chance alone. CONCLUSION(S): Decisions surrounding disposition of cryopreserved sperm are significantly associated with marital status, age, and reason for banking sperm. Respective choices of sperm and embryo disposition in couples undergoing IVF were similar in the situation of male death.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cervical cancer screening: spatial associations of outcome and risk factors in Rotterdam.

OBJECTIVE: Obtaining insight into the geographic distribution of attendance and smear test results at the cervical cancer screening program in Rotterdam neighbourhoods, associated with socio-economic status, marital status and the percentage migrants. DESIGN: Ecological analysis was carried out on data on cervical cancer screening outcome and population figures, provided by the Rotterdam Local Health Information System, in which health information is collected at neighbourhood level. SETTING: The cervical cancer screening program in the city of Rotterdam. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-three neighbourhoods, with overall 569,105 inhabitants, of whom 70,621 women between 1992 and 1994 were invited for the screening program. MAIN RESULTS: Between neighbourhoods a large difference in attendance rate and the percentage positive smears exists. A high socio-economic level of a neighbourhood, and a low percentage migrants, single or divorced women correspond with high attendance. A high socio-economic status of a neighbourhood and a low percentage migrants correspond with a low percentage smear test Pap 3B or higher. Socio-economic status, percentage migrants and marital status are highly interrelated on neighbourhood level. Multivariate analysis showed a negative correlation between the attendance rate and the percentage of single and divorced women, and a positive correlation between the percentage migrants and the percentage of positive smears (Pap 3B or higher). CONCLUSION: Various risk groups, showing low attendance or a high percentage of positive smears, are clustered in neighbourhoods and can be identified by socio-economic status, marital status and nationality. Activities to improve attendance can be focused towards these neighbourhoods.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Perceived social support among depressed elderly, middle-aged, and young-adult samples: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

BACKGROUND: A number of studies have concluded that the perceived quality of support is more strongly associated with mental health than with the actual structure of personal networks. This study examined clinical, historical, and phenomenological variables associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with perceived social support. METHODS: Participants included elderly, middle-aged, and young-adult depressed samples derived from the Duke Clinical Research Center for the Study of Depression in Late Life. RESULTS: Cross-sectional multivariate analyses revealed that perceived social support was: (1) for the elderly associated with pessimistic thinking, being divorced, having strange ideas, the degree of social interaction, and instrumental support; (2) for middle-age associated with dysthymia, divorce, pessimistic thoughts, social interaction, and instrumental support; and (3) among young adults with instrumental support only. Longitudinal multivariate analyses indicated that only perceived social support at Time 1 predicted perceived social support 1 year later among elderly and middle-aged subjects, whereas only instrumental support predicted perceived social support 1 year later among the young-adult sample. LIMITATIONS: The small number of subjects among the young-adult sample limit conclusions regarding this group. In addition, only patients provided data. Future studies should consider using multiple informants to enhance the accuracy of reported social support. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that in addition to whatever else they do for depressed patients, clinicians must endeavor to address relationship or social support difficulties, especially in the elderly.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Paternal remarriage as a modifier of proneness to depression in young adulthood.

BACKGROUND: The remarriage of a parent is a major event experienced by many children. Its role in children's depressive symptoms was examined in a follow-up study of a cohort from the age of 16 to 22 years. METHODS: The study population consisted of young people who had experienced parental divorce in childhood (N=356). Associations between a parent's remarriage and potential modifying factors in adolescence (atmosphere at home, school performance, dating behavior, life-events, the importance of siblings, and socioeconomic status) and depressive symptoms at 22 years of age were studied. RESULTS: A poor atmosphere at home at 16 years and father's remarriage (but not mother's) in childhood were associated with subsequent depression. Girls whose father had not remarried, but boys whose father had remarried, were more depressive than others. Dating behavior in adolescence modified proneness to depression in these groups. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate the importance of the father in adolescent development after divorce and that the processes involved may differ by gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors associated with depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken in order to identify the prevalence and factors associated with depression in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Our design consisted of a cross-sectional study at the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán in Mexico City. Study units included 189 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Beck Depression Inventory scale was used to measure the presence of depression, while the independent variables evaluated to explain depression were sociodemographic (gender, marital status, religion, education, occupation, socioeconomic status) and characteristics of the disease were disease duration, comorbidity, compliance, and glycemic control. RESULTS: Prevalence of depression was 39% (74 patients). The following risk factors were identified by univariate analysis: being widowed (OR 3.54, confidence interval [CI] 1.56-8.11, p = 0.0007); female (OR 2.95, CI 1.50-5.82, p = 0.006); housewife (OR 2.08, CI 1.10-3.94, p = 0.01); poor compliance (OR 2.14, CI 1.12-4.10, p = 0.01), and presence of comorbidity (OR 5.60, CI 1.51-24.5, p = 0.002). On the other hand, the most constant associations were presence of blood glucose at the last appointment >or=200 (OR 3.23, CI 1.59-6.60, p = 0.0003) and >or=250 (OR 2.15, CI 0.93-5.03, p = 0.05), as the average of the last five blood glucoses >or=200 (OR 3.67, CI 1.76-7.73, p = 0.0001), >or=250 (OR 4.07, CI 1.61-10.49, p = 0.0007) and >or=300 (OR 2.12, CI 1.48-3.02, p = 0.003). Discriminant function analysis of the variables, previously studied in univariate analysis, was carried out for the presence of depression. A stepwise model included the following variables: average of the last five blood glucoses; 2) widowed or divorced, and 3) female. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of depression in patients with type 2 DM was high (39%). High level of blood glucose stands out as a variable associated with presence of depression. Other associations were presence of comorbidity, being a female, and being widowed or divorced.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

The battered woman syndrome.

Six hundred twenty adult woman volunteers and 30 acutely battered adult women were studied during a 10-week period to establish criteria for diagnosis, define therapy, and conceptualize a theoreical model of the battered woman syndrome. The volunteer group indicated that 35% of those with ongoing relationships have histories of battery. Psychiatric history in either partner, parental divorce and battery, alcohol usage, psychiatric history and significant criminal history, among the victims; and divorce, marriage counseling, and psychiatric history among the women were identified as significant correlates with a battery. A survey of historical and physical findings and a review of current literature are included.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The long- and short-term effects of marriage on drinking.

Descriptive and multiple regression analyses of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a longitudinal survey conducted annually since 1979, offer support for the many studies that demonstrate a relationship between marital status and alcohol consumption. Race, gender, history of heavy drinking, and alcoholic relatives were additional key variables utilized in the analysis. Data from this ongoing survey indicate that long-term marriage is associated with decreased drinking, except among women with a history of heavy drinking. Separation and divorce are not associated with long-term effects on current drinking. Divorce is associated with decreased drinking, at least in the short term, for men and women with a family history of alcoholism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Education, marital status, and total and cardiovascular mortality in Novosibirsk, Russia: a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Russia is among the highest in the world but little is known about its distribution by socio-demographic factors. We investigated this question in a prospective cohort study based on the Novosibirsk MONICA Project. METHOD: The cohort consisted of 6485 men and 4919 women aged 25 to 64 years at baseline, examined in 4 surveys in 1984, 1985/86, 1988/89, and 1994/95, and followed up for an average 10.3 (range 3.1-15.2) years. Participants reported their education and marital status in a questionnaire; the information on risk factors was collected in a short medical examination. RESULTS: A total of 836 male and 226 female deaths occurred during the follow up. High education was associated with reduced mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and coronary heart disease in both genders. Age-adjusted relative risk of death from cardiovascular diseases for university vs. primary education was 0.6 (0.4-0.8) in men and 0.4 (0.2-0.8) in women. Adjustment for coronary risk factors and marital status substantially reduced the relative risk in men but not in women. There was no consistent relation between education and stroke. Unmarried men had higher mortality from all causes, cardiovascular and coronary heart disease than married subjects; the increased risk of divorced men was not explained by coronary risk factors or low education. Unmarried women had higher all-cause mortality than married women but associations between marital status and cardiovascular diseases were inconsistent. CONCLUSION: The educational differences in total and cardiovascular mortality in Russia are of similar direction and magnitude as in western populations. The educational differences in cardiovascular mortality in women and the increased mortality of divorced men were not explained by classical risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Psychosocial experiences among primary care patients with and without musculoskeletal pain.

We examined differences in demographic/financial characteristics, burnout, job demands/control/strain and symptoms of depression as measured by GHQ among primary care patients with (n=838) and without pain (n=135). In addition, we examined factors associated with the presence of pain by means of logistic regression analyses among all participants, and inter-relations between demographic/financial/pain/health variables, symptoms of depression, burnout, and disability by means of multivariate regression analyses among pain patients. The patients completed a questionnaire about areas such as job strain and burnout. The design was cross-sectional and data were collected during 15 consecutive days. The univariate analyses showed that pain patients, compared with patients without pain, were more often females, older, divorced, foreign-born, had been more often on sick-leave, were more preoccupied with how to make ends meet and had greater difficulties in raising a reasonable sum of money within a specific period of time. In addition, they had greater levels of depression symptoms, burnout, and job strain. However, the multivariate analyses showed that symptoms of depression and burnout were more associated with such variables as sick-leave and divorce than by pain parameters. The logistic regression revealed that the presence of pain was associated with female gender, sick-leave, and high levels of job strain and mean total burnout. Finally, pain patients had a severe clinical situation in terms of, for example, constant, intense, and prolonged pain, and experienced a high degree of disability due to pain. We corroborated previous findings and may have provided new insights into the experiences of pain patients that may be of importance when considering intervention. Although we pointed to some important factors associated with pain, symptoms of depression and burnout, much of their variation remains to be explained. Thus, further research appears necessary, not least concerning the role of burnout as an antecedent to pain.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Patterns of child fosterage in rural northern Thailand.

Evolutionary theory guides an investigation of foster parent selection in two northern Thai villages with different biosocial environments: one village has high levels of labour migration and divorce, and growing numbers of parental death due to HIV/AIDS, while the other village has lower migration, divorce and parental mortality levels. Focus groups examine mothers' and fathers' motivations and ideals regarding foster caretaker selection, and quantitative family surveys examine real fostering outcomes: specifically, the laterality (matrilateral versus patrilateral) and genetic distance of the foster caretakers of all ever-fostered children in these two villages. As predicted, in environments of high marital stability and paternity certainty, parents seem to prefer close genetic kin from either side as foster parents for their children. In low marital stability and paternity certainty environments, parents trust their own lateral kin, regardless of genetic distance, over close genetic kin from the other side. The striking exception to this pattern, however, occurs in the case of parental death, in which case children are fostered to the deceased parent's kin, regardless of the child's sex or other factors. In general, the foster parents for girls are selected with more care, reflecting the daughter/female preference expected in traditionally matrilineal, matrilocal societies. An ordered decision-making pathway for foster parent selection is proposed, taking into consideration the key factors of (a) the circumstances driving the fostering decision, (b) the gender of the child, (c) the gender of the key decision-making parent, and (d) the degree of marital and population fluidity (and subsequent, paternity certainty) in the village.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Till violence does us part: the differing roles of communication and aggression in predicting adverse marital outcomes.

Measures of communication and aggression, taken from 56 newlywed couples, were used to predict marital outcomes 4 years later. Aggression discriminated between separated or divorced couples and those who remained married. In contrast, communication discriminated between couples who were maritally satisfied after 4 years and those who were married but dissatisfied. Thus, over the 1st 4 years of marriage, marital satisfaction and dissolution appear to be predicted by separate factors. These results remained unchanged after controlling for initial marital satisfaction. Additional analyses showed that 68% of the marriages could be accurately classified into their outcome groups using communication and aggression variables. These results help to integrate prior marital research on communication and aggression, and they suggest that it may be necessary to focus on both factors in efforts to strengthen marriages and prevent divorce.

Adult↗