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A cry for help.

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Delivery of Health Care↗

A cry for help.

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Emergency Medical Technicians↗

The Cri$i$ in academic medicine.

Many believe that academic medicine is failing to meet all of its responsibilities and is in crisis. We interviewed a number of distinguished academicians and, while they held different views, found agreement that academic medical centers in the USA have gradually changed during the past half century from small, cloistered, scholarly institutions to large, complex, corporate-style organizations. These changes were fueled by large contributions of funds for research and great research accomplishments. However, these institutions seem to have insatiable needs for more money, which refocuses institutional culture, making them behave more like business corporations. The result is very high tuitions, enormous student debt burdens, and pressure on young academicians to become self-supporting more quickly. Almost all non-compensated activities, especially teaching, suffer. Since clinical care pays an increasing portion of school operating revenue, those who teach and do research are under increasing pressure to provide more clinical care, to see more patients per unit of time and do more procedures, resulting in fatigue, less time for teaching and research, and less gratification for doctors and patients. Attention to community needs and providing help to academic medicine in less developed nations are very low priorities. Academic medicine appears on the surface to be vigorous and healthy but is at risk of imploding. The heads of academic centers, working together, must be charged to create plans to restore a healthy culture.

Academic Medical Centers↗

Crying "Whorf".

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Brazil↗

Ca/P mol ratio of cries-affected dentin structures.

BACKGROUND: A new approach called "minimum intervention" has been introduced for restoration of carious lesions to preserve tooth structure. This approach suggests that perhaps caries need not always be removed completely from deeper portions of the cavity. It is, therefore, important to characterize caries-affected dentin structures, because of the potential changes in bonding quality when using different dentinal substrates. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Ninety teeth (30 teeth each group) were studied. The first group (CF) consisted of 30 caries-free teeth. The second group (CC) consisted of 30 teeth, for which caries-free dentin teeth was chemically demineralized. The third group (ND) consisted of 30 extracted human molars with coronal carious lesions. After all tooth samples were water-polished with grit #600 SiC paper, they were tested by surface contact angle measurements and the electron-probe microanalyzer to measure Ca/P mol ratio. RESULTS: Contact angles were CF = 60.07 degrees ; CC = 30.8 degrees; ND = 26.11 degrees , p<0.05. Ca/P mol ratios were as follows; CF = 1.549 (+/-0.0435); CC = 1.324 (+/-0.2305); ND = 1.568 (+/-0.0523), p<0.05. Weibull analyses for Ca/P mol ratio indicated shape parameter (m) of CF was 13.3; it was 12.8 for ND and 11.8 for CC. Above the delta point (=1.65 in Ca/P ratio), for both groups m = 3.4. CONCLUSION: Caries-affected dentin surfaces (naturally-developed and chemically created) were statistically more chemically active than caries-free dentin surface. Ca/P mol ratio of chemically created caries was less than other two groups.

Calcium↗