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Results for “Communication Disorders”

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PubMed1975

Court-mandated treatment: dilemmas for hospital psychiatry.

The authors present clinical material to illustrate the special treatment and management problems posed by different types of mentally ill offenders; they suggest that court-mandated hospital treatment is often destructive and unrelated to the needs of the patient, the community, and the mental institution. The failure to create new kinds of institutions, combining modalities derived from the hospital and correctional systems, is traced to poor communication among the disciplines involved. The "mentally ill offender" is caught in the interplay of these systems and is consequently both their victim and victimizer.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Survey of the rehabilitation outcome of strokes.

A prospective survey of 174 stroke patients treated in a "fast-stream" rehabilitation unit, is presented. The medical environment in which rehabilitation was carried out is outlined, and the improvement in motor status, functional status, and in communication is tabulated. Factors which influenced disposition (72.2% of patients eventually went home) are presented.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

[Anxiety and depression in deaf and hard-of-hearing adults].

The main purpose of this study was to determine the differences between the anxiety and depression degree in individuals with severe hearing impairments and deaf people in relation to sex and marital status. The sample consisted of 54 subjects, 35 males and 19 females, aged from 18-61 years, with hearing loss greater than 60 dB. We used "SCL-90-R" (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised), to assess the level of anxiety and depression. For the examination of marital stress we used "Stockholm Marital Stress Scale". The results showed that deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals demonstrated certain anxiety and depression levels which correlated significantly with marital status, marital stress, and communication problems. The married deaf subjects showed higher anxiety degree than single one. We determined the statistically significant differences for the anxiety level (p < .03861), age (p < .0006), and communication problems (p < .033) between the married and single deaf people. The females exhibited higher anxiety and depression levels than males, but these differences were not statistically significant. For the prevention of psychological problems in deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals it is necessary to pay attention to their communication problems which are a condition for adequate society integration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Multichannel monopolar ERA (author's transl)].

Six channel monopolar recordings are superior to single channel bipolar recordings when considering equal phased potentials, partially missed or only partially occurring potentials. It is hoped that additional information concerning defects of speech or behaviour in disorders of communication and coordination can be gained by mapping topographically excitation of the neural population.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1990

[Memory disorders following rupture of anterior communicating artery aneurysm. 22 cases].

Twenty-two patients who underwent surgery for ruptured aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery were investigated by a battery of neuropsychological tests, including memory evaluation tests. According to the results obtained at these tests the patients were divided into three groups: 1) 7 patients had no memory disorders; 2) 10 patients presented with memory disorders affecting memory; their complaints concerned behavior, and the memory deficit was discovered at neuropsychological examination; 3) 5 patients presented with an obvious amnesic syndrome, and the tests confirmed a severe learning deficit and a severe forgetting while recognition remained normal in 4 patients. Age, residual lesions at CT and electrophysiological signs of focalization correlated well with the residual neuropsychological disorders. Leaving aside quantitative aspects, the memory deficits observed in the second and third groups seemed to be qualitatively different and might correspond to different anatomical and functional sequelae.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Discourse studies in neurologically impaired populations: a quest for action.

Organism and environment are in a state of constant interaction, and discourse is viewed as one form of manifestation of this interaction. Through the study of discourse insights can be gained into those components that bring about mental events. Verbal structure, communication of beliefs and action/interaction are highly interactive dimensions of discourse. Taking this perspective as a framework, the findings of discourse studies with a particular emphasis on right-hemisphere brain-damaged individuals are discussed. Neurolinguistic studies of discourse can be divided into four categories: (1) studies that focus primarily at providing a detailed description of the structural and interactional abilities of brain-damaged individuals, (2) studies that are mainly concerned with investigating the processing aspects of discourse, (3) studies that investigate the influence of cognitive systems such as attention or memory on discourse processing, and (4) studies that try to relate discourse processing mechanisms to underlying biological substrates or neurophysiological mechanisms. A quest is made for future research to base discourse studies on well-defined processing theories, to include different processing components and levels, and to systematically investigate the impact of facets of cognitive systems on such processing. Established methodological approaches should be complemented by electrophysiological procedures (such as the event related potentials technique) or functional imaging techniques (such as fMRI) to tackle relationships between discourse processing mechanisms, cognitive systems and underlying biological mechanisms. Consideration of the influence of biochemical processes (such as asymmetries of neurotransmitters, endocrine functions, or influence of pharmacological agents) on component processes may add to our insights.

Attention↗
PubMed1993

A longitudinal study of cognitive skills and communication behaviours in children with Rett syndrome.

Changes in the cognitive, communicative and interactive development of a group of six girls with Rett syndrome (three younger and three older) were documented over a 3-year period. All six maintained a profound level of intellectual performance and a preintentional level of communication in which caregivers assigned meaning to the girls' limited behaviours. However, marked individual variation was noted in both cognitive and social interaction skills. The study supported the notion of an increased perception of social interactiveness by the caregivers over time. The development of means-end behaviour, in particular, seems closely linked with the measured increase in behaviours inferred as communicative. However, the results also show that factors such as cognitive level, physical status and educational intervention may be related to this perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Communication training in mute autistic adolescents using the written work.

The expressive and receptive use of three written words was taught to three mute autistic adolescents using a procedure based on Terrace's errorless discrimination model and Premack's language training with chimps. Expressive language was measured by the subject's selection of the appropriate word card from among the available alternatives when the corresponding object was presented. Receptive language was measured by the subject's selection of the appropriate object from among the available alternatives when the corresponding word card was presented. The sequence of the presentations and the order of placement of the available alternatives were randomized. The three subjects required 979, 1,791, and 1,644 trails, respectively, to master both the expressive and receptive use of the three words. The correct response rates for the three subjects over the entire training program were 92, 92, and 90%, respectively. It was concluded that, as concrete visual symbols, written words may provide a viable communication system for the mute autistic. The implications for treatment are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Syndromes derived from the Child Behavior Checklist for clinically referred Israeli boys aged 6-11: a research note.

Child Behavior Checklists (CBCL) were completed by parents of 450 clinically referred Israeli boys aged 6-11. Principal components analyses with varimax rotation yielded 10 syndromes: aggressive, uncommunicative/social withdrawal, depressed, delinquent, hyperactive, somatic complaints, anxious, immature, unpopular, and odd. The first seven syndromes were highly correlated with American and Dutch syndromes derived from the CBCL providing further evidence of their cross-cultural robustness.

Aggression↗
PubMed1980

The squiggle-drawing game in child psychotherapy.

The squiggle-drawing game is an adaptation of Winnicott's Squiggle Technique using the story-telling approach of Gardner and Kritzberg. It is a useful technique in obtaining thematic material and communicating through metaphor with latency-age children, who often resist direct questioning about their problems and feelings.

Art↗
PubMed1981

[Attempt at a classification of manic-depressive disease course a communications pathology principle].

Delusion, attempted suicide and suicide are represented as phenomena of pathological communication by means of system theory. On this basis the longitudinal observation and treatment of 158 syntonically delusive manic depressives is reported and classified. Here five typical courses of illness can be formulated in terms of communication pathology. The consequences which follow directly from this seem to be of particular interest for therapeutic measures in social psychiatry.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1979

Problem children.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Pervasive developmental disorder, behavior problems, and psychotropic drug use in children and adolescents with mental retardation.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the interrelationship between psychopharmacotherapy in general and the use of specific psychotropic drugs and pervasive developmental disorder and other behavior problems in children and adolescents with mental retardation. METHODS: A total of 862 participants 4 to 18 years of age, including all levels of mental retardation, were recruited through facilities for children with mental retardation in Friesland, The Netherlands. Information on medication was collected through parent interviews. Behavior problems were investigated with a standardized parent questionnaire (Developmental Behavior Checklist). A pervasive developmental disorder classification was based on the Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Mental Retardation Scale, completed by psychologists or teachers. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the use of psychotropic drugs and pervasive developmental disorder and other behavioral problems, in the presence of possible confounders. RESULTS: One of 10 participants used psychotropic medication. The main factors associated with psychotropic drug use were pervasive developmental disorder and disruptive behavior. The level of functioning was also associated. Self-absorbed behavior was statistically significantly associated with clonidine use and disruptive behavior with stimulant use. Pervasive developmental disorder and communication problems were the main factors associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs. Age also played a role, whereas gender, living situation, and level of mental retardation did not. CONCLUSIONS: Antipsychotic drugs were associated with pervasive developmental disorder, whereas clonidine and stimulants were associated with self-absorbed and disruptive behavior, respectively. Although clonidine and risperidone are not registered for the problems reported and the other nonstimulants were only sometimes used on-label, their use was associated with specific psychiatric or behavioral problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Multiple functions of problem behaviors: assessment and intervention.

Three individuals with severe intellectual disabilities participated in separate analyses of problem behavior. In each case, a functional analysis was conducted under two parallel conditions. In one condition, self-injury or aggression resulted in escape from difficult tasks; in the second condition, the same problem behavior resulted in access to preferred items. Results indicated that the problem behaviors for each participant were maintained by both types of contingencies. Functional communication training was then delivered first in one condition and then in the second. After each participant was trained in a functionally equivalent mode of communication for one condition, levels of problem behavior decreased in that condition but not in the untrained condition. Only after separate communication forms were trained in both conditions was problem behavior reduced to clinically acceptable levels. These results document three examples of problem behaviors under multiple control, and emphasize the need to organize interventions that address different contingencies of reinforcement that maintain the same problem behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Patient as assistant therapist in paraverbal therapy with children.

The concept of using a patient as "assistant therapist" in the treatment of acting-out children was presented. A description of the pilot case with another type of unresponsive child showed how paraverbal techniques were used in the development of this alternative treatment approach. The adaptation of the concept of using a patient as "assistant therapist" was given in excerpts from sessions in cases of acting-out children. With the multifaceted, pleasurable, and flexible approach basic to paraverbal therapy, the sessions showed the techniques that led to a change in the childrens' acting-out behavior. Their experience as "assistant therapist" in using and sharing novel yet appropriate channels for communication led in each case to satisfactory communication, not only in paraverbal sessions but in the classroom, on the ward, and at home as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Functional communication training to reduce challenging behavior: maintenance and application in new settings.

We evaluated the initial effectiveness, maintenance, and transferability of the results of functional communication training as an intervention for the challenging behaviors exhibited by 3 students. Assessment indicated that escape from academic demands was involved in the maintenance of the challenging behaviors. Social attention was also implicated as controlling the behavior of 1 student. The intervention involved teaching alternative assistance-seeking and attention-getting phrases to the students in an effort to replace challenging behavior with these verbal equivalents. Multiple baseline data collected across the 3 students indicated that not only did the intervention substantially reduce challenging behavior but also that these results transferred across new tasks, environments, and teachers, and were generally maintained from 18 to 24 months following the introduction of functional communication training. These results are discussed in light of recent efforts to develop effective interventions for severe challenging behavior and to understand the processes underlying transfer and maintenance of intervention effects.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2000

Substance misuse and related infectious diseases in a soup kitchen population.

Representative samples of female (N = 119) and male (N = 100) guests were selected at two inner city soup kitchens. In the preceding month, 75% used cocaine/crack and 25% used heroin/opiates as determined by hair analysis. Relatively few guests (25%) were in substance dependency treatment. Infectious disease rates were: HIV (16%), hepatitis B exposure (21%), hepatitis B carrier (6%), syphilis exposure (15%). Years of injecting drug use and homelessness/marginal housing were associated with HIV infection and hepatitis B exposure. Soup kitchens should be prime locations for outreach to cocaine/crack and heroin users in need of treatment, medical care, and interventions to prevent infectious disease transmission.

Cocaine-Related Disorders↗