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Results for “Cold tolerance”

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At least 1,513 records · Page 84Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines in children: results of a field trial.

One hundred three young children were inoculated intranasally with either influenza A/California/10/78 cold-recombinant vaccine (10(6.7) 50% tissue culture infective doses [TCID50] per child), CR-37 (H1N1), or influenza A/Washington/897/80 cold-recombinant vaccine (10(6.5) TCID50 per child), CR-48 (H3N2). The vaccine was well tolerated. Of the 51 children vaccinated with CR-37 (H1N1), 45 were initially seronegative for this virus; 33 of the 45 became infected with the vaccine virus, as indicated by a fourfold rise in antibody titer or by shedding of vaccine virus. Of the 52 children vaccinated with CR-48 (H3N2), six were initially seronegative and all were infected; 46 were initially seropositive and 25 of these children developed fourfold rises in antibody titer. An outbreak of influenza A (H3N2 type predominated) occurred in Huntington one to three months after the children were vaccinated. Significantly fewer febrile illnesses occurred in the CR-48 (H3N2) vaccine group than among the CR-37 (H1N1) vaccine group. Hemagglutination inhibition antibody (titer, greater than or equal to 1:32) to H3N2 was significantly associated with protection from illness and infection with influenza A/H3N2.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1995

Low-temperature signal transduction: induction of cold acclimation-specific genes of alfalfa by calcium at 25 degrees C.

To study the role of calcium in cold acclimation, we examined the relationship between calcium influx and accumulation of transcripts of two cas (cold acclimation-specific) genes of alfalfa, cas15 and cas18. Whereas a decline in temperature from 25 to 15 degrees C had little effect on the influx of extracellular 45Ca2+, an increasing influx was observed when the temperature was lowered further. The influx of 45Ca2+ at 4 degrees C was nearly 15 times greater than at 25 degrees C. The addition of calcium chelators or of calcium channel blockers, which have been shown to prevent cold acclimation, inhibited the influx of extracellular 45Ca2+ as well as the expression of cas genes at 4 degrees C. The addition of a calcium ionophore or a calcium channel agonist to nonacclimated cells caused the influx of extracellular 45Ca2+ and induced the expression of cas genes at 25 degrees C. These results suggest that a cold-induced calcium influx plays an essential role in cold acclimation. To further study the role of calcium, we isolated two sequences corresponding to calcium-dependent protein kinases. The transcript level of one of them was markedly upregulated at 4 degrees C. We propose a sequence of signaling events that is likely to occur early during cold acclimation and leads to the expression of cas genes and the development of freezing tolerance.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2004

Pancreatic islets isolation using different protocols with in situ flushing and intraductal collagenase injection.

Human islet transplantation seems to be a very promising clinical procedure for patients with type I diabetes mellitus. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of in situ intravascular flushing with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution and intraductal collagenase injection at the time of pancreas procurement on the isolated islets and exocrine tissue injury. Our experiments indicated that in situ perfusion with the UW solution has a beneficial effect on pancreatic islets and intraductal distention results in an increase in the concentration of pancreatic enzymes released into the cold preservation solution during ischemic conditions. Cold ischemia reduced islet yield, but pancreas perfusion with the UW solution showed better ischemic tolerance of isolated islets during glucose static incubation. We conclude that intravascular pancreas flushing has a crucial effect on recovery and yield of pancreatic islets and protects against exocrine tissue injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Useful information on exchange and humidification of air in rooms (author's transl)].

The physical and also to some extent physiological facts which underlie the quality of the air we breathe-primarily exchange and humidification of the air in rooms - are presented to make clear what hygienic significance is attributable to these climatic factors. It is essentially a matter of the air in densely populated rooms, particularly under the complicating conditions of the cold and cool seasons. The ways which can be adopted to make the indoor climate tolerable by economic and technically simple means are shown. For this, the co-operation of all offices of the civil service is absolutely necessary to promote the quality of this vital condition of the air in rooms.

Air↗
PubMed2004

The plasma membrane-bound phospholipase Ddelta enhances freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Freezing injury is a major environmental limitation on the productivity and geographical distribution of plants. Here we show that freezing tolerance can be manipulated in Arabidopsis thaliana by genetic alteration of the gene encoding phospholipase Ddelta (PLDdelta), which is involved in membrane lipid hydrolysis and cell signaling. Genetic knockout of the plasma membrane-associated PLDdelta rendered A. thaliana plants more sensitive to freezing, whereas overexpression of PLDdelta increased freezing tolerance. Lipid profiling revealed that PLDdelta contributed approximately 20% of the phosphatidic acid produced in wild-type plants during freezing, and overexpression of PLDdelta increased the production of phosphatidic acid species. The PLDdelta alterations did not affect the expression of the cold-regulated genes COR47 or COR78 or alter cold-induced increases in proline or soluble sugars, suggesting that the PLD pathway is a unique determinant of the response to freezing and may present opportunities for improving plant freezing tolerance.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1981

Sensitivity of the McGill Pain Questionnaire to intensity and quality of laboratory pain.

Subjects completed a modified McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) to describe one of two laboratory stressors (cold pressor or electrical tooth pulp stimulation) at one of two subjective intensities (pain threshold or pain tolerance). Differences in MPQ-derived scores were associated with both type of stressor and intensity level, as were patterns of frequently chosen word groups and specific words. These data support the validity of interpretations drawn from MPQ differences in clinical practice and research. In addition, the fact that the MPQ can be used in both clinical and laboratory settings suggests one way in which relevant dimensions of similarity and difference among "types" of pain may be clarified in later research.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Peripheral opioid receptors influencing heart rate in rats: evidence for endogenous tolerance.

Opioid peptides injected into the circulation of rats evoke a vagally mediated bradycardia. The intravenous ED50 of morphine for producing a greater than or equal to 10% fall in heart rate was determined in urethane-anesthetized rats. Hypophysectomy, or adrenalectomy plus treatment with dexamethasone (0.5 microgram/h, s.c., 1 day), procedures that remove endogenous sources of opioid peptides, increased the sensitivity of the animal to morphine bradycardia by 6-10-fold. Conversely, stressing the animals by exposure to cold (4-6 degrees C for two days) elevated the ED50 for morphine sulfate and for beta h-endorphin by about 5-fold. Dexamethasone infusions prevented the cold-induced desensitization to morphine. Intravenous administration of rat corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) also desensitized the animals to morphine. CRF alone produced a fall in blood pressure and heart rate. The bradycardia was prevented by pretreatment with naloxone. These results indicate that the sensitivity of vagal opioid chemoreceptors is influenced by endogenous sources of opioid peptides. This phenomenon can be called 'endogenous tolerance'.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pain perception to the cold pressor test during the menstrual cycle in relation to estrogen levels and a comparison with men.

Animal and human research has shown that pain sensitivity changes during the menstrual cycle. This has sometimes been ascribed to hormonal variations. The aim of the present study was to examine how perception of pain, induced by the cold pressor test to the dominant hand, was related to gender and phases of the menstrual cycle. A repeated-measures design was used, where twenty-two female students participated at two different phases of the menstrual cycle (days 2-4 and days 20-24). A control group of nineteen male students participated on two occasions, separated by a three week period. The cycle phase during which each woman began her participation was randomized. Pain was induced using the cold pressor test. Pain threshold was determined as the duration of time between when the subject first reported pain and exposure to the painful stimulus. Pain tolerance was determined as the duration of time until the subject withdraw her/his hand from the test water because the pain was too intensive. The results showed that men tolerated significantly greater pain than women. Women's pain threshold was significantly higher during the second phase of the menstrual cycle. Systolic pressure was higher in men than women, increasing more in men in response to cold pressor testing than women. Further research, including measurements of plasma hormone levels during the menstrual cycle, is needed to clarify the role played by estrogens in pain perception.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia in a patient with adult-onset Still's disease.

We report on a patient with adult Still's disease who developed, at the onset of her illness, an autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA) due to cold agglutinin (CA). Hemolysis spontaneously subsided and CA disappeared before starting therapy with aspirin and prednisone. The occurrence of AHA in patients affected with collagen diseases is currently explained by a loss of tolerance, leading to the emergence of multiple autoreactive clones. In our case the self-limiting course of AHA leads us to propose another interpretation, i.e. that the cold reactive autoantibody might have been related to a transient infection able to play a pathogenetic role in the systemic disease, as suggested by several authors.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Acute on chronic comparative effects of a combination of fenoterol-ipratropium bromide and terbutaline in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.

Twenty patients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) were examined in a randomized intra-individual single-blind study in order to compare the ventilatory response, tolerance and side-effects of a combination of 40 micrograms ipratropium bromide and 100 micrograms fenoterol (Duovent) with 250 micrograms terbutaline, both given by inhalation (2 puffs) three times a day. The ventilatory parameters FVC, FEV1, sGaw, RV and PaO2, tested on the 7th and 14th days at 0, 30, and 240 min after the morning administration of the two drugs, showed significant differences between treatments, revealing a greater persistence of bronchodilator effect and a more prolonged duration of action with Duovent than with terbutaline. We believe that the results obtained suggest the usefulness of a combination of anti-cholinergic and beta 2-agonist drugs in the treatment of reversible bronchial obstruction in COLD, where even the parasympathetic nervous system seems to play an important role. The observed clinico-functional effects (intensity and duration of bronchodilatation) together with the lack of side-effects permit us to affirm that Duovent is a rational pharmacologic combination which represents real progress in the difficult treatment of COLD patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Adaptation and acclimation of photosynthetic microorganisms to permanently cold environments.

Persistently cold environments constitute one of our world's largest ecosystems, and microorganisms dominate the biomass and metabolic activity in these extreme environments. The stress of low temperatures on life is exacerbated in organisms that rely on photoautrophic production of organic carbon and energy sources. Phototrophic organisms must coordinate temperature-independent reactions of light absorption and photochemistry with temperature-dependent processes of electron transport and utilization of energy sources through growth and metabolism. Despite this conundrum, phototrophic microorganisms thrive in all cold ecosystems described and (together with chemoautrophs) provide the base of autotrophic production in low-temperature food webs. Psychrophilic (organisms with a requirement for low growth temperatures) and psychrotolerant (organisms tolerant of low growth temperatures) photoautotrophs rely on low-temperature acclimative and adaptive strategies that have been described for other low-temperature-adapted heterotrophic organisms, such as cold-active proteins and maintenance of membrane fluidity. In addition, photoautrophic organisms possess other strategies to balance the absorption of light and the transduction of light energy to stored chemical energy products (NADPH and ATP) with downstream consumption of photosynthetically derived energy products at low temperatures. Lastly, differential adaptive and acclimative mechanisms exist in phototrophic microorganisms residing in low-temperature environments that are exposed to constant low-light environments versus high-light- and high-UV-exposed phototrophic assemblages.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1988

Identification of major contamination sources during processing of emulsion sausage.

The extent of contamination of an emulsion type of sausage with lactic acid bacteria was determined along the processing line. This was done by aseptically removing sausages after five different processing stages (heat processing, chilling, cold storage, cutting down and packing). Removed sausages were vacuum-packed and stored at 8 degrees C. The microbial growth was followed during storage and the microbiological shelf-life obtained at the different stages of the processing was determined. The spoilage flora of stored sausages was identified/grouped. Two major hygienic problems were identified: (1) a heat tolerant flora of Lactobacillus viridescens which survived the heat processing and was never outgrown by the recontaminating flora; (2) recontamination with a flora dominated by Lactobacillus sp. group 5, which occurred in the cold storage room; this flora dominated in the absence of L. viridescens. The heat tolerant L. viridescens SMRICC 193 survived at 68 degrees C for 40 min. Being exposed to a slowly increasing temperature, only a 10 cfu/ml decrease took place when the temperature increased from 60 degrees C to 70 degrees C over a period of 30 min.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Desiccation stress of entomopathogenic nematodes induces the accumulation of a novel heat-stable protein.

The present study describes a novel heat-stable, water-stress-related protein with a molecular mass of 47 kDa (designated Desc47) in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernemafeltiae (IS-6). The protein was accumulated about 10-fold (from 7.84 +/- 1.85 to 74.09 +/- 4.35 % relative content level [RCL]) in dehydrated clumps of infective juveniles (IJs), which had lost 344.% of their initial water content (from 65.1 +/- 1.7% to 427 +/- 0.72%) in a desiccation-tolerance-inducing treatment (97% relative humidity [RH] for 3 days). The appearance of Desc47 was accompanied by trehalose accumulation (from 300 to 600 mg trehalose/g protein) during the process of inducing the IJs into a quiescent anhydrobiotic state. A second cycle of IJ dehydration did not alter the RCL of Desc47 (79.3% for the first cycle and 73.3% for the second cycle). Desc47 retained its high RCL (69.7%) in rehydrated active IJs for 3 days, reaching 51.2% of its initial RCL only after a week. No homology to other known proteins was found by mass-spectrometry electrospray-ion-trap analysis. However, of the 5 sequences obtained from the 11protein(ranging from to 21 amino acids), the 21-amino-acid peptide N V A S D A V E T V G N A A G Q A G (D/T) A V showed excellent homology (74% identity in 19 amino acids) to the cold-responsive protein COR14b (g6564861) from Triticum aestivum. In the Caenorhabditis elegans predicted proteome database search, the N21 yielded the first-best identity score (59 % identity in 17 amino acids) to the CE-LEA homologue protein (g2353333). In plants, COR and LEA are related proteins, heat-stable, which are expressed in response to both dehydration and cold acclimation. The implication of the involvement of Desc47 and the osmoprotectant trehalose in the desiccation-tolerance mechanisms of S. feltiae is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy and local tolerability of povidone iodine and octenidine hydrochloride solution for the antiseptic preparation of the orificium urethrae.

In a randomized clinical study, 61 hospitalized men were examined to test the local tolerability and antimicrobial efficacy of antiseptic treatment of the genitals with povidone iodine versus octenidine hydrochloride solution. Antibacterial efficacy was established by comparing the total aerobic bacterial colony count from standardized swabs from the orificium urethrae externum before, immediately after, and 30 and 60 min after antisepsis. Tolerability was assessed by dermatoscopy, applying a scale to rate the criteria of reddening, erosions and microbleeding. pH-value was taken and the nitracin yellow test carried out at several intervals. Patients assessed sensations (itching, burning, warmth, cold tension) in visual analogue scales. The test for equivalence in efficacy of both antiseptic agents produced no significant result (P = 0.3). The sum score of tolerability produced a better result for povidone iodine. In addition, the drop in the pH value after observed antisepsis with povidone iodine provides an additional protective mechanism against bacterial colonization.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1976

[Exploration of extra-cephalic pain induced in essential headaches].

The deep pain threshold and migrainous patient's tolerance were investigated by different methods such as: the post-ischemic stasis, muscular exercise in an ischemic condition, sural pressure, comparing them with the cold pain test employed to assess the superficial pain threshold. The tests were carried out simultaneously and symmetrically to both extremities in order to check the possible asymmetry of the pain threshold. Migrainous patients showed a reduced threshold and a lower tolerance to deep pain, while this is not evident when testing the superficial threshold. The simultaneous measurement of both extremities showed higher differences in migrainous patients than in control patients. The meaning of the change of systemic pain is discussed, with special reference to the possible correlation with the hypothesis of a central origin of pain in essential headaches.

Headache↗
PubMed1990

Hypnotic susceptibility and experimental pain reduction.

We exposed 24 subjects high in hypnotic susceptibility and 24 subjects low in hypnotic susceptibility to a cold-pressor pain stimulus under either hypnotic or waking conditions, using each of two pain-reduction strategies (analgesia and distraction) separately. Trance depth level was held constant for hypnotized subjects. We used pain-tolerance levels as measures of pain, and we analyzed them by survival analysis. High susceptibles reported significantly lower pain ratings and kept their hands immersed longer in the cold water than low-susceptible subjects. There were no significant differences between hypnotic and waking condition subjects or between the different strategies. We have discussed the results in terms of a relationship in the literature between choice of experimental design (between-subjects or within-subjects) and the effectiveness of a hypnotic induction for suggested pain reduction.

Arousal↗
PubMed1998

Isolation and characterization of a heat-induced gene, hcit2, encoding a novel 16.5 kDa protein: expression coincides with heat-induced tolerance to chilling stress.

Heat treatment of tomato fruits induces tolerance to chilling injury. We have previously shown that specific heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are expressed in heated tomato fruits after cold storage. To search for heat-induced genes that are expressed at low temperatures, a cDNA library prepared from pre-heated chilled tomato fruits was differentially screened. A novel cDNA clone, hcit2, encoding a protein of ca. 16.5 kDa, was isolated. The predicted protein contains three putative trans-membrane hydrophobic sequences, suggesting that the protein is membrane-localized. The expression of hcit2 in fruits was induced by high temperature, but not by other stresses such as low temperature, drought or anaerobic conditions, and not during fruit ripening. A high level of hcit2 transcript was found in heated fruits after 2 weeks at 2 degrees C. High temperatures also induced hcit2 expression in tomato leaves, flowers and stems. The HCIT2 protein may be involved in the acquisition of tolerance to chilling injury.

Amino Acid Sequence↗