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PubMed2006

Gene expression and physiologic responses of the heart to the initiation and withdrawal of caloric restriction.

Aging increases and caloric restriction (CR) decreases morbidity and mortality associated with the cardiovascular system. Using Affymetrix microarrays, we identified changes in heart gene expression induced by aging and CR in male mice. Eight weeks of CR (CR8) reproduced 19% of the long-term CR (LTCR)-related expression changes. Because CR8 begins to extend the life span of these mice, these genes may be keys to its cardioprotective effects. CR8 and LTCR changed gene expression in a manner consistent with reduced remodeling and fibrosis, and enhanced contractility and energy production via lipid beta-oxidation. Molecular and histochemical studies indicated that CR reduced natriuretic peptide precursor type B and collagen expression, and reduced perivascular collagen deposition. We found smaller cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle of old-LTCR mice, suggesting reduced age-related cell death. Eight weeks of control feeding returned 97% of the LTCR-responsive genes to control expression levels. Thus, key CR-induced effects are rapidly responsive to diet, suggesting reduced caloric intake has rapid, positive effects on the heart.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The unfortunate influence of the weather on the rate of ageing: why human caloric restriction or its emulation may only extend life expectancy by 2-3 years.

Much research interest, and recently even commercial interest, has been predicated on the assumption that reasonably closely-related species--humans and mice, for example--should, in principle, respond to ageing-retarding interventions with an increase in maximum lifespan roughly proportional to their control lifespan (that without the intervention). Here, it is argued that the best-studied life-extending manipulations of mice are examples of a category that is highly unlikely to follow this rule, and more likely to exhibit only a similar absolute increase in maximum lifespan from one species to the next, independent of the species' control lifespan. That category--reduction in dietary calories or in the organism's ability to metabolize or sense them--is widely recognized to extend lifespan as an evolutionary adaptation to transient starvation in the wild, a situation which alters the organism's optimal partitioning of resources between maintenance and reproduction. What has been generally overlooked is that the extent of the evolutionary pressure to maintain adaptability to a given duration of starvation varies with the frequency of that duration, something which is--certainly for terrestrial animals and less directly for others--determined principally by the weather. The pattern of starvation that the weather imposes is suggested here to be of a sort that will tend to cause all terrestrial animals, even those as far apart phylogenetically as nematodes and mice, to possess the ability to live a similar maximum absolute (rather than proportional) amount longer when food is short than when it is plentiful. This generalization is strikingly in line with available data, leading (given the increasing implausibility of further extending human mean but not maximum lifespan in the industrialized world) to the biomedically and commercially sobering conclusion that interventions which manipulate caloric intake or its sensing are unlikely ever to confer more than 2 or 3 years' increase in human mean or maximum lifespan at the most.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

[Relation between intake of omega 3 fatty acids and CD4 count in patients with HIV infection: a transversal study].

OBJECTIVES: Polyunsaturated fatty acids are immunomodulatory agents. These agents could develop a main role in patients with HIV infection. The aim of our study was to analyse the relation between polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and CD4 count in HIV infected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients with HIV infections were enrolled. In all patients, the next variables were recorded; age, sex, drugs, anthropometric evaluation (weight, height, tricipital skinfold, midarm circumference, body mass index) and a biochemical evaluation (albumin, prealbumin, trasferrin, total proteins, total lymphocytes and CD4 count). A 3 day dietary intake questionnaire was performed, too. RESULTS: The mean age was (24 males and 16 females) 37.6 +/- 9.4 years, mean weight 65.6 +/- 12.2 kg and body mass index 23.2 +/- 3.25. Anthropometric evaluation showed a mean tricipital skinfold of 15.1 +/- 5.3 mm, midarm circumference 27.5 +/- 3.1 cm. Caloric intake and macronutrient distribution were normal (carbohydrates 48%, proteins 18% and lipids 34%). Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids was omega 3 (1.22 +/- 3.1 g/day) and omega 9 (31.5 +/- 11 g/day). Multivariante analysis, with CD4 count as a dependent variable, showed omega 3 intake as a independent variable (F = 6.2; p < 0.05), with an increase of 32 (IC95%: 9.86-52.14) CD4+ (count/uL) with each 1 g of omega 3 dietary intake adjusted by age, sex, and drugs. CONCLUSION: In patients with HIV infection, dietary intake of omega 3 fatty acids increase CD4 count.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Nutrient intake of marathon runners.

Three-day food records from a large group of marathon runners (291 men, 56 women) were analyzed and compared to various standards of dietary quality. Intake by the runners exceeded two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for all nutrients except vitamin D and zinc in female runners. Energy and nutrient intake levels in the marathon runners were higher than those of the general U.S. population except for total fat, vitamin B-12, and zinc in both men and women and sodium in men. In general, runners consumed better diets than the general population. However, both caloric intake and percent energy as carbohydrate were lower than recommended for individuals engaging in endurance exercise. The need for professional help in planning high-carbohydrate diets for runners is indicated. Increasing amounts of training were not associated with significant increases in nutrient densities across three activity categories within this group of runners. However, more than 75% of the runners perceived their diets to be much improved after they began regular training (men 8.2 +/- 0.3 years of running experience, women 6.7 +/- 0.6). Together, these data suggest that regular moderate-to-heavy endurance exercise is associated with a better quantity and quality of nutrient intake than that found in the general population, which may in part be related to the adoption of such exercise by previously sedentary individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Dietary intake and hyperlipoproteinemias].

The role of nutrition on the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is largely, but not exclusively linked to the effect of dietary intake on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Among the regular nutrients, saturated fats, and to a lesser extent cholesterol, do raise plasma cholesterol, namely in the LDL fraction. Classical recommendations consist of reducing dietary lipids to < or = 30% and saturated fats to < or = 10% of total caloric intake. However, recent findings demonstrate that not all saturated fatty acids are exerting a similar effect on cholesterol metabolism. Likewise, whether saturated fatty acids should be most appropriately replaced by carbohydrates or monounsaturated lipids is a matter of controversy, especially when managing patients with high plasma triglycerides and/or insulin resistance. In contrast, there is currently some agreement for limiting the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids; and for considering separately the essential n-6 or omega 6 fatty acids (largely present in many vegetable oils) and the n-3 or omega 3 derivatives (present in algae and fish oils). This leads to evaluate other properties of fatty acids (and of other dietary components) such as the capacity to modulate inflammatory responses and thrombotic reactions, as well as to influence cell sensitivity to stimuli, cell to cell communication, and cell proliferation. Finally, the confirmation that peroxidative processes are playing an important role in lipoprotein metabolism and the development of atherosclerotic lesions largely explains the present interest to antioxidants.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1990

Impact of energy intake and exercise on resting metabolic rate.

Resting metabolic rate is modulated by the amount of calories consumed in the diet relative to energy expenditure. Excessive consumption of energy appears to increase resting metabolic rate while fasting and very low calorie dieting causes resting metabolic rate to decrease. Since the metabolic rate at rest is the primary component of daily energy expenditure, its reduction with caloric restriction makes it difficult for obese individuals to lose weight and to maintain weight that is lost. Whether exercise has a carry-over effect on resting metabolic rate remains controversial, even though this question has been studied extensively during the last 90 years. Reasons for contradictory results include variations in control of prior diet and exercise patterns, inadequate exercise frequency, intensity and duration, and the possibility of response to exercise varying between individuals. Several lines of evidence suggest exercise may modulate resting metabolic rate. Bed rest in sedentary individuals leads to a reduction in resting metabolic rate. Similarly, in highly trained runners, cessation of daily exercise training lowers resting metabolic rate by about 7 to 10%. Resting metabolic rate is depressed in previously sedentary obese individuals on a very low calorie diet, but it quickly returns to the predieting level when exercise of sufficient frequency, intensity and duration is undertaken while dieting. These findings suggest caloric intake and daily exercise can modulate resting metabolic rate. Exercise of adequate intensity and duration may also enhance resting metabolic rate.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed2006

Low-carbohydrate diets cause obesity, low-carbohydrate diets reverse obesity: a metabolic mechanism resolving the paradox.

High-fat diets produce obesity in part because, per calorie, glucose produces greater post-prandial thermogenesis than lipids, an effect probably mediated by glucose-sensing neurons. A very low-carbohydrate/high-fat/high-protein Atkins-type diet produces obesity but is marginally ketogenic in mice. In contrast, high-sucrose/low-fat diets, and very low-carbohydrate/high-fat/low-protein (anti-epileptic) ketogenic diets reverse diet-induced obesity independent of caloric intake. We propose that a non-ketogenic high-fat diet reduces glucose metabolism and signaling in glucose-sensing neurons, thereby reducing post-prandial thermogenesis, and that a ketogenic high-fat diet does not reduce glucose signaling, thereby preventing and/or reversing obesity.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1985

The effects of caloric dilution on meal patterns and food intake of ponies.

In order to determine if horses will increase their intake in response to caloric dilution, four pony geldings were fed ad lib a mixed grain diet either undiluted (3.4 Mcal/kg of digestible energy) or diluted (wt/wt) with 25% sawdust (2.6 Mcal/kg) or with 50% sawdust (1.7 Mcal/kg). The mean daily caloric intake was 17,457 kcal (3.4 Mcal diet), 17,546 kcal (2.6 Mcal diet) and 12,844 kcal (1.7 Mcal). The mean time spent eating was 246 (3.4 Mcal), 351 (2.6 Mcal), and 408 (1.7 Mcal) minutes/day. Meal size increased and meal frequency decreased with increasing dilution. The median long survivorships of intermeal intervals were 6.4 min (3.4 Mcal), 3.95 min (2.6 Mcal) and 4.91 min (1.7 Mcal). Ponies responded to caloric dilution by increasing the volume of intake to maintain caloric intake when the diet had 25% diluent. When the diet was diluted by 50%, intake was increased, but not at a rate adequate to maintain caloric intake. However, the ponies were able to maintain body weight.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Protein metabolism in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions: dietary effects on nitrogen retention.

The protein metabolism of rats bearing bilateral lesions in the ventromedial area of hypothalamus (VMH) was studied in nitrogen balance experiments employing high protein and high fat diets. The catabolic effect of VMH destruction was to a great extent counterbalanced by increased protein intake. This indicates that increased amino acid catabolism, rather than impaired mechanisms for protein synthesis, is responsible for the poor nitrogen retention of VMH-lesioned rat fed normal amounts of protein. A trend of increasing nitrogen excretion with increasing dietary fat was found when the caloric intake of VMH-lesioned animals was elevated by substitution of dietary carbohydrates with fat. Persistent liponeogenesis in spite of the high fat intake, is suggested as a possible explanation for this observation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Third variable analysis: application to causal sequences among nutrient intake, maternal weight, birthweight, placental weight, and gestation.

We applied a set of procedures, aimed at enhancing the strength of inferences about the direction of causal paths among variables measured at the same time, to foetal and maternal indices recorded at birth and collected for study of the Dutch famine of 1944/5. The analysis of three-variable sets yielded strong inferences about the relations among caloric intake, maternal weight, birthweight, placental weight, and length of gestation. These procedures constitute not only a useful preliminary to the construction of multivariate path models, but produce useful results in their own right.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1981

[Effect of diurnal distribution of food intake on 24-h profiles of plasma lipoproteins (author's transl)].

The lipid infiltration theory of atherogenesis accepted, 24 h lipoprotein profiles may be more relevant than preprandial morning samples. Such profiles were performed in 12 metabolically healthy volunteers during two dietetic regimes identical in total food content but differing in the distribution over the day: form A meant an evening meal of 15% of total caloric intake, form B of 40%. After one week of each form, 24 h lipoprotein profiles differed significantly in the time course of triglyceride rich lipoproteins and in the mean values over 24 h in VLDL and LDL phospholipids and HDL cholesterol. These findings are cautiously interpreted as possible signs of differences in the catabolism of triglyceride rich lipoproteins, remnants and intermediate lipoproteins. The difference in HDL cholesterol which was higher in form A is discussed in the context of recent epidemiologic evidence.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Nutrient intake and stimulant drugs in hyperactive children.

Recent studies have demonstrated suppressed growth of height and weight in children receiving stimulant drugs for hyperactivity. For approximately twelve months, growth data and food records were collected on two subjects receiving different types and dosages of stimulant drugs. The two cases demonstrated that dextroamphetamine levels of 10 mg. or more and methylphenidate levels of 30 mg. or more decreased caloric intake significantly. This decrease may be limiting for long-term growth. Both subjects had a variety of feeding problems due to poor appetite. Careful nutritional evaluation and planning are important to insure optimal energy and nutrient intake in these children receiving stimulant drugs.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1979

Thiamin requirement of the adult human.

Young adult male subjects maintained on a metabolic ward were fed diets providing controlled intakes of thiamin and either 2800 or 3600 kcal. The higher level of calories was attained by an increased intake of carbohydrates. Constant weights were maintained by the subjects by adjusting daily activity and exercise schedules. Thiamin requirements were evaluated in terms of erythrocyte transketolase activity and urinary excretion of the vitamin. The results of the study revealed that a relationship exists between thiamin requirement and caloric intake and expenditure. Thus, when the calories being utilized were derived primarily from carbohydrate sources, the minimum adult male requirement for thiamin appeared to be 0.30 mg of thiamin per 1000 kcal. Urinary excretion of thiamin and erythrocyte transketolase activity appear to be reasonably reliable reflections of thiamin intakes and thiamin nutritional status. The use of these measurements in nutrition surveys appears justified. The microbiological assay (Lactobacillus viridescens) for measuring thiamin levels in urine samples appears to be a somewhat more sensitive but valid procedure as an alternate for the thiochrome method. Judged from the results of this study, the recommended intake for the adult human of 0.40 mg of thiamin per 1000 kcal by FAO/WHO and the recommended allowance of 0.5 mg per 1000 kcal by the Food and Nutrition Board of the NAS-NRC appear reasonable and amply allow for biological variations and other factors that may influence the requirement for this vitamin.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The effect of caloric restriction on glycation and glycoxidation in skin collagen of nonhuman primates.

The accumulation of Maillard reaction products increases with age in long-lived proteins and can be retarded by caloric restriction. Here we determined whether caloric restriction inhibits formation of glycation and glycoxidation products in skin collagen of squirrel and rhesus monkeys between 1990-1997. Restricted monkeys (n = 11, n = 30, respectively) were maintained at 70% of caloric intake of controls (n = 25, n = 32, respectively). Glycation was assessed by furosine and glycoxidation by pentosidine and carboxymethyl-lysine. With age, the rate of furosine formation moderately but nonsignificantly (p >.05) increased in both control monkey groups. It significantly (p =.011) decreased in the caloric-restricted rhesus, but not squirrel monkeys. Caloric restriction did not significantly decrease the pentosidine or carboxymethyl-lysine rates in either species of monkeys. These results suggest that caloric restriction, when maintained long-term in nonhuman primates, tends to decrease glycation, but not glycoxidation.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Plasticity of fat cell number.

Rats fed ad libitum (group 1) had little change in fat cell number in epididymal depots from 6 to 27 months of age, but a marked increase in fat cell number in perirenal depots between 6 and 18 months. Food restriction of rats to 60% of group 1 from 6 weeks of age on (group 2) reduced fat cell number in both depots throughout life and prevented an increase between 6 and 18 months in perirenal depots. Food restriction of rats to 60% of group 1 from 6 weeks to 6 months of age and then feeding ad libitum (group 3) markedly reduced fat cell number in both depots at 12 months compared to group 1. However, by 18 months of age, group 3 rats had the same fat cell number as group 1 rats in both depots. Food restriction of rats to 60% of the intake of group 1 started at 6 months of age (group 4) had no effect on fat cell number in epididymal depots but prevented an increase between 6 and 18 months in perirenal fat cell number. Group 5 rats fed ad libitum but restricted in protein (same caloric intake as group 1 rats) had epididymal and perirenal depots with the same characteristics as those of group 1. These findings and others in the literature show that modifying fat cell number is a widely used means of modifying fat mass during both early and adult life.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

The effect of oral nutritional supplements on habitual dietary quality and quantity in frail elders.

BACKGROUND: Frail institutionalized elders have a high prevalence of nutritional risk factors, undernutrition, weight loss, and nutrition-related morbidity and excess mortality. Little information is available on effective means to intervene in this setting. HYPOTHESES: We tested the hypothesis that addition of multinutrient oral supplements to the diet of frail elders would improve their overall nutritional status and functional level. METHODS: Fifty nursing home residents aged 88+/-1 yr. were followed for 10 weeks in the course of a randomized controlled trial of supplementation with a multinutrient liquid supplement vs. a non-nutritive placebo drink. Three-day food weighing was used to analyze their habitual dietary intake before and during the final week of the intervention. Nutritional status was further assessed with nutritional biochemistries, anthropometric measurements, and body composition analysis as well as physical and functional performance tests. RESULTS: The nutritional supplement was consumed with high compliance, but did not significantly augment total caloric intake. Supplementation was associated with significant reductions in total energy, protein, fat, water, fiber, and many vitamins and minerals in the habitual diet of these nursing home residents. Nutritional status improved in terms of folate levels in serum, but no other measured vitamin or mineral indices. Body composition analysis revealed a small gain in weight, increases in fat stores, but no improvement in lean tissue mass associated with supplemention. No physical performance or functional gains were associated with supplementation. CONCLUSION: Short-term nutritional supplementation in elders at nutritional risk is offset by simultaneous reduction in voluntary food intake. It seems likely that changing other components of energy expenditure such as physical activity levels or basal metabolism may be required to produce overall improvements in nutritional intake in this setting.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Dietary modulation of oral amphetamine intake in rats.

The interaction of sucrose availability and oral self-administration of amphetamine was examined in 23 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Fourteen rats were given a 0.075 mg/ml amphetamine sulfate solution as their sole source of fluid and 9 rats were given water. Feeding conditions were alternated between weeks with both granulated sucrose and chow available and weeks with only chow present. Rats drank significantly less of the amphetamine solution when consuming sucrose and chow than when eating chow alone. Sucrose intake had a slight effect on water intake. Rats drinking the amphetamine solution consumed significantly less food, gained significantly less weight, and were significantly less efficient at using calories for weight gain than rats drinking water. However, when given access to sucrose, rats drinking the amphetamine solution chose a significantly greater proportion of their daily caloric intake as sucrose (60%) than rats drinking water (42.5%). The present results demonstrate that 1) amphetamine intake alters nutrient choice and 2) that dietary variables can profoundly affect drug self-administration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of a caloric requirement formula in burned children treated with early excision.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a standard caloric requirement formula, as determined by retrospective analysis of weight gain of patients treated by serial debridement, for patients treated by early excision. The caloric intakes of 61 patients with more than 40% third-degree burn, 27 treated with serial debridement of the burn wound and 34 treated with early massive excision, were reviewed and compared to their calculated requirements. Nutritional support in both groups was similar. Of the 48 survivors there was no difference in their age, % TBSA burn, and per cent meeting caloric requirement. The early excision survivors had a greater percentage third-degree burn and weight change but a decreased length of stay. It was concluded that even though the formula, previously developed at our institution, may lead to a slight overestimation in determination of the caloric needs of early excision patients, it is an acceptable means of determining their requirements.

Body Surface Area↗