Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,513 records · Page 84Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

The Mirena levonorgestrel system.

The levonorgestrel intrauterine system is a safe, efficacious, long-term contraceptive device. Additionally, it results in a decrease in the volume of menstrual blood loss in women with normal periods and those with menorrhagia. It may also have a role in the treatment of other benign gynecological disorders, such as adenomyosis or endometriosis, and it has been advocated as a means of delivering progestogen to the endometrium as part of combined hormone replacement therapy. Despite the beneficial effect on menstrual volume, compliance is sometimes limited by breakthrough bleeding during the first months of use. The precise mechanism of this bleeding is unclear, but it may be related to a direct effect of levonorgestrel on endometrial vascular development. Detailed counseling is crucial to explain this anticipated side effect in order to reduce unnecessary discontinuation of treatment.

Contraceptive Agents, Female↗
PubMed1989

Plasma reduced and total ascorbic acid in healthy women: effects of smoking and oral contraception.

This is the first report of both reduced (RAA) and total (TAA) plasma ascorbic acid levels in women who smoke and are on oral contraception. 155 normal healthy subjects were investigated. A study questionnaire was completed including age, method of contraception, smoking status, and food intake at breakfast, prior to attending the clinic. Biochemical assays were promptly carried out without knowledge of subject's clinical or dietary status. One-way analysis of variance revealed that oral contraception per se, barrier or IUD methods have no effect on plasma ascorbic acid levels. The mean values (mg/dl +/- SD) for plasma RAA between smokers and nonsmokers were 0.512 +/- 0.241 and 0.601 +/- 0.263; and that for TAA were 0.565 +/- 0.232 and 0.682 +/- 0.231, respectively. Significant decreases in both plasma RAA (p less than 0.05) and TAA levels (p less than 0.001) were observed in smokers. Age was an interacting variable. No association of smoking or oral contraceptive use was seen with RAA or TAA levels among women less than 26 years, but decreases in both RAA and TAA levels were evident among smokers aged 26 years or older. The present study emphasizes the total exposure to smoking, e.g., pack years, is a significant confounding variable in the study of plasma ascorbic acid levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Sexually transmitted disease among women attending a family planning clinic in Zaria, Nigeria.

Three types of sexually transmitted infections were investigated among 150 family planning clients using different methods of contraception and 50 controls. For oral contraception, intrauterine contraceptive device, medroxyprogesterone acetate (depo-provera) and controls, the incidence of trichomonas was 0%, 6%, 8% and 4%; for gonorrhoea it was 0%, 8%, 2% and 6%; for syphilis it was 4%, 34%, 16% and 12%. Only the difference in prevalence of syphilis among intrauterine contraceptive users and control was statistically significant (P less than 0.3).

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1999

Epidemiologic differences between women with borderline ovarian tumors and women with epithelial ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to study the relationship between borderline ovarian tumors (BLOT) and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) by comparing the epidemiologic features of women with BLOT with those of women with EOC of similar histology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The epidemiologic features of 32 women with serous and mucinous BLOT were compared with those of 273 women with primary serous or mucinous EOC. We included all women with the documented respective histologic diagnoses admitted to Roswell Park Cancer Institute between 1982 and 1996 who returned a self-administered epidemiologic questionnaire which contained 44 items pertaining to reproductive, contraceptive, medical, social, dietary, occupational, and family histories of cancer. Individual variables between both groups were compared using the Student t test, chi2 analysis, the Mantel-Haenszel test, and the Wilcoxon nonparametric test. Two-tailed P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The response rate to the questionnaire was 63% in the BLOT group and 60% in the EOC group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in geographic location, race, education, income, smoking, marital status, age at first pregnancy, age at first birth, history of hysterectomy, history of infertility, history of tubal surgery, use of hormone replacement therapy, or history of diaphragm or intrauterine contraceptive device use. There were no significant differences in family history of malignancy between women with BLOT and those with EOC. Women with BLOT were significantly younger than those with EOC (mean age 47 +/- 14.0 versus 56 +/- 13.7, P < 0.01). There was an apparent difference in oral contraceptive pill use between both groups. However, when we adjusted for age by stratification this difference was not significant (P = 0.089). CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiologic features of women with BLOT are similar to those of women with EOC with the exception of an earlier age of onset. These findings might be consistent with one etiology for both conditions.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed2002

Contraceptive practice in a teaching hospital in south-east Nigeria.

During the study period of 31 months (1 November 1994-31 May 1997), the sociodemographic characteristics of 200 women attending the family planning clinic of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi, South East Nigeria were studied. The peak age group of the family planning acceptors was 31-35, constituting 82 (42%) of the study population. Women of parity 5-7 constituted 99 (49.5%) of the study population; 66 (33%) women sought contraception less than 4 months after delivery and 120 (60%) within 1 year of delivery; 104 (52%) were still breastfeeding at time of visit; 120 (60%) had never used any form of contraception. The intrauterine contraceptive device was the most popular method, being chosen by 128 (64%) women, while only five (2.5%) women accepted bilateral tubal ligation. One hundred and eight (54%) women wanted more children in future. Most of the patients acquired knowledge of family planning through clinic personnel (nurses). The contraceptive prevalence rate in relation to deliveries at the hospital over the period of study was only 12.8%. There is a need for increased awareness on the availability and benefits of family planning on child spacing, family health and ultimately population control and society health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A follow-up study of methods of contraception, sexual activity, and rates of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis.

A randomized, clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the spermicidal agent nonoxynol 9 as prophylaxis for sexually transmitted diseases. Eight hundred eighteen women using birth control who attended a sexually transmitted disease clinic were evaluated monthly for trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis for 6 months. Women using the active spermicide experienced a somewhat lower incidence rate of trichomoniasis (relative rate 0.83; 95% confidence interval 0.61 to 1.12) and bacterial vaginosis (relative rate 0.86; 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 1.12) as compared with placebo users. The rate of candidiasis was nearly identical for spermicide and placebo users (relative rate 1.02; 95% confidence interval 0.77 to 1.35). The number of sexual partners during the preceding month was related directly to the occurrence of trichomoniasis (p = 0.047) and bacterial vaginosis (p = 0.009) but not candidiasis (p = 0.99). Subjects using oral contraceptives experienced a statistically significant lower rate of trichomoniasis than did women using an intrauterine contraceptive device or who had had a tubal ligation (relative rate 0.56; 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.81).

Adult↗
PubMed1972

Copper on intrauterine devices stimulates leukocyte exudation.

Metallic copper in the uterine or abdominal cavities of rats or monkeys stimulates an impressive local exudation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This cellular response to copper persists for at least 7 months, without significant local tissue damage or detectable systemic effects on the test animal. This finding provides a possible explanation for the capacity of copper to increase impressively the antifertility effect of polyethylene intrauterine contraceptive devices.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Fertility following discontinuation of different methods of fertility control.

The possibility of permanent sterility following use of modern contraceptive agents is a concept which causes great concern amongst members of the lay public. However, a thorough review of the literature gives a great deal of reassurance on this topic. The combined oral contraceptive pill causes slight delay, and the injectable contraceptives a moderate delay in the return of fertility following discontinuation, but there is no evidence of a greater likelihood of permanent infertility than in the normal population. The progestogen-only minipill should be risk-free, but final data are lacking. Epidemiological studies do not indicate an increased risk of infertility following IUD use, but it seems likely that there must be a very small number of IUD users who develop permanent infective damage to the Fallopian tubes. Barrier methods and periodic abstinence probably do not have any significant effect on subsequent fertility. Barrier methods could be protective. Therapeutic abortion may have a small deleterious effect on long-term reproductive success, but the data are inconclusive. Detailed information on fertility following use of other methods is not available.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of pelvic inflammatory disease associated with Mycoplasma hominis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

We studied selected epidemiologic, clinical, serologic, and microbiologic findings and their interrelationships among 57 women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Cervical cultures positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae alone and for both N. gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis were associated with young age, nulliparity, and use of birth-control pills. Positive serologic findings for C. trachomatis were associated with the isolation of C. trachomatis and/or N. gonorrhoeae from the cervix and predicted the presence of a pelvic mass. High levels of antibody to Mycoplasma hominis were associated with increasing age and parity, and predicted a low concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), a long hospital stay, and a high convalescent-phase erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Women with recurrent PID had higher titers of antibody to C. trachomatis than those with primary PID. The use of an intrauterine contraceptive device predicted high CRP, high acute-phase ESR, long hospital stay, and was frequently associated with positive serologic tests for M. hominis. These results demonstrate that the clinical picture of PID depends not only on the microorganisms involved but also on many epidemiologic factors such as age, contraceptive method, and parity.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Contraception.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1980

Contraceptive habits in women between thirty and fifty years of age. A comparison of two periods, 1967--69 and 1972--74.

The use of contraception by women 30--50 years of age is presented. The material was composed of participants in the prophylactic investigations for cancer colli uteri in the southern part of Storstøms County, which was first performed in the period 1967--69 and secondly in 1972--74. A total of 17 028 women were examined, of whom 8 234 participated in both surveys. A comparision of the two periods of investigation revealed a significant increase (p<0.01) in the utilization of contraception and in shifting to more effective methods. This improvement was attributed to the increased amount of information about contraceptive methods which was made available in the country. It was observed that a remarkably large percentage of the women did not use contraception, 24.9 per cent among those 30--34 years of age, 26.9 per cent among those 35--39 years of age, 40.7 per cent among those 40--44 years of age and 57.2 per cent among those 45--49 years of age. Analysis of the influence of socioeconomic conditions showed that women of the lowest social stratum, with slight education and low income, made up a large proportion of those who abstained from contraception. The number of pregnancies was found to play a role in the use of contraception. An expansion of the distribution of information about contraception to the public is recommended, as well as a possible economic subsidy to the socially disadvantaged for procurement of contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraception. Helping patients choose.

Clients have more contraceptive alternatives available today than at any time in the past. While most clients have some knowledge of the various contraceptive methods, they frequently require more specific information from the health-care professional to determine the suitability of a particular method for individual use. Nurse practitioners are trained to provide clients with accurate information and to help them explore individual needs and preferences for a contraceptive method.

Contraception↗