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PubMed1997

A new adhesive bonding material for the cementation of implantable devices in otologic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Presently, there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved adhesive bone cements for the surgical fixation of prosthetic materials in the middle ear. A promising new cement, 4-META/MMA-TBB opaque resin, has shown remarkable adhesive properties as a bone cement in vivo. The cement is composed of 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomers and tri-n-butyl borane (TBB) as an initiator. METHODS: An electromagnetic semiimplantable hearing device presently under development was implanted into the middle ear of six cats using 4-META/MMA-TBB resin to cement a titanium-encased magnet to the incus. The animals were subsequently killed (at a mean of 9.6 months) to assess the (temporal bones and specifically the magnet-incus complex in each animal. RESULTS: The titanium-encapsulated magnet was firmly adherent to all incuses without any failure of the cement-bone interface. Histopathologic examination of the implanted temporal bones demonstrated lack of middle ear inflammation. Transmission electron microscopy of the incuses demonstrated a unique "hybrid layer" in the bone-side subsurface of the bone-cement interface that elucidates the mechanism of interfacial adhesion. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation highlights the special biomechanical properties as well as the biocompatibility of 4-META/ MMA-TBB resin that make it an attractive bone-bonding agent for use in otologic surgery, including its potential usefulness during ossicular reconstruction.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Factors influencing the retention of cemented implant-supported crowns.

This study is a retrospective analysis of the influence of cement, coping type, and fixture site on the cementation failure of 36 selected implant-supported single crowns placed between 1991 and 1995. Fisher's exact test and a log linear analysis were performed on the data. Crowns constructed with a milled-metal coping, cemented with a temporary cement, or placed in the maxillary premolar site were more likely to be associated with cement failure than those cemented with zinc phosphate, constructed with cast metal or ceramic copings, or placed in the anterior maxilla. We were unable to account for some variables-for example, bite force or oral habits. For this reason we consider that we would overstate the strength of this case analysis if we drew general conclusions from our results. However, we have altered our treatment protocol to reduce the initial cost and the maintenance associated with recementing implant-supported crowns, discontinuing the use of the milled-gold cylinder in view of the lack of any clear clinical advantage and the results of this study. In addition, and because only one internal gold screw in our series of patients has loosened, we now use a permanent cement.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed1998

100 cemented versus 100 noncemented stems with comparison of 25 matched pairs.

Two series of 100 consecutive primary total hip arthroplasties, each using a single design of noncemented or cemented femoral component (all 28 mm heads), were compared. One cemented and two noncemented stems underwent revision for aseptic loosening. Of unrevised hips, outcome data statistically favored cemented, rather than noncemented, stems. The data for cemented and noncemented stems, respectively, were: An excellent to good result in 97% versus 88%; thigh pain in 3% versus 40%; subsidence in 0% versus 22%; and endosteal cavitation in 6% versus 12%. For patients with 25 unrevised matched pairs, selected by gender, age, diagnosis, and weight, outcome data also statistically favored cemented over noncemented stems, respectively: an excellent or good result in 25 versus 20 hips; thigh pain in two versus eight hips; and subsidence in none versus six hips. Midterm followup data for these concurrent total hip arthroplasty series of a mid 1980s design revealed prevalence of mechanical failure of 1% for cemented stems and 4% for noncemented stems. Corroborating matched pair comparison neutralized selection bias as a causative factor for these differences. These data indicate contemporary cemented femoral stem fixation is superior to second generation noncemented femoral stem fixation. Controlled comparative studies at midterm to long term followup, such as in this report, are needed to define outcome and indications for current third generation noncemented stem fixation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Gentamicin release from old cement during revision hip arthroplasty.

Bone cement containing gentamicin may release antibiotic when fractured during revision operations. Tissue samples taken during surgery may be contaminated by gentamicin and give inaccurate microbiological assessment. We studied five patients in whom cement containing gentamicin had been used in the primary procedure. During revision hip replacement, samples of joint fluid, tissues and cement were taken both before and after disruption of the cement. With the exception of one sample of joint fluid, low concentrations of gentamicin were recorded in the samples taken before the cement was disrupted, but after disruption the specimens contained gentamicin at concentrations high enough to inhibit or prevent growth of sensitive organisms. The cement contained very high levels up to ten years after insertion. Our findings suggest that no reliance can be placed on the microbiological assessment of specimens taken once cement splitting has started and that specimens should therefore be taken as early as possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

An in vitro evaluation of bond strength of three glass ionomer cements.

The purpose of this study was to determine the bond strength of three commercially available glass ionomer cements when used to bond mesh-backed medium twin (0.130 inch) brackets to enamel surface. Three different enamel surface conditions, which included use of pumice, pumice and polyacrylic acid, and pumice followed by acidulated phosphate fluoride, were also tested to determine their effect on the bond strength. In addition, bond strength of one composite resin was compared with those of glass ionomer cements. The teeth were bonded with all the materials according to manufacturers' instructions. Each specimen was embedded in Super-Die with the bonded facial surface exposed. A surveyor was used to align the teeth in the stone uniformly for all specimens. A special bracket holder was used to hold the brackets precisely under the wings during debonding. An Instron universal testing machine was used to measure the force required for bond failure. To stimulate oral conditions, the direction of pull was so designed that it included an element of torsional stress along with tensile force. The findings indicate that a large variation existed between the bond strengths of all materials tested. The bond strength of glass ionomer cements was significantly less than that composite resin. However, the bond strength of at least one glass ionomer cement appears to be adequate for clinical use. The different surface preparation before bonding did not significantly affect the bond strengths of glass ionomer cements. Further investigation is required to test the bond strengths of glass ionomer cements clinically.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed2005

Effect of temporary cements on the bond strength of ceramic luted to dentin.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of either eugenol-containing or eugenol-free temporary cement removal by excavator or sandblasting on the shear bond strength of ceramic luted to dentin. METHODS: A self-etching primer system, Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray Medical (PF2), and a total-etch bonding system, Excite/Variolink II, Vivadent (EXV), were used. One hundred and forty human molars, ground to expose dentin surfaces, were divided into 14 groups (seven groups for each adhesive system). For each adhesive system, either a eugenol-containing (Temp bond) or a eugenol-free (Temp bond NE) temporary cement was applied to the dentin surface for 7 days, then removed by an excavator or sandblasting (four groups). Three control groups were studied where fresh dentin was either scratched by excavator or sandblasted, or underwent no surface treatment. After application of the adhesives, ceramic cones (Cerafil inserts) were adhesively luted to standardized dentin areas. After 24 h storage in distilled water, the shear bond strengths were determined at a cross-head speed of 0.75 mm/min. RESULTS: For each adhesive system, neither the method of temporary cement removal nor the type of temporary cement affected the bond strength significantly (P<or=0.05). EXV showed statistically higher bond strengths (26.6-31.6 MPa) than PF2 (8.6-12.9 MPa) within all groups. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of temporary cements, either containing eugenol or not, does not alter the retentive strength of ceramic restorations luted to dentin using the tested adhesive systems, whether the temporary cements are removed by excavator or sandblasting.

Air Abrasion, Dental↗
PubMed2003

Microtensile bond strength between adhesive cements and root canal dentin.

OBJECTIVES: The hypotheses tested were that the bond strength of adhesive cements to root canal dentin (1) would be reduced as a function of configuration factor, polymerization process and type of luting material and (2) would be lowered near the apex of the tooth. METHODS: Human canines and premolars were prepared for post cementation using Single Bond/Rely X ARC, ED Primer/Panavia F, C and B Metabond, and Fuji Plus. The specimens were divided into two groups. For intact roots, the posts were luted using standard clinical procedures. For flat roots, the posts were applied directly into flat ground canals. All roots were sectioned into 0.6 mm thick slices, trimmed mesio-distally and stressed to failure at 1 mm/min. The muTBS of each slab was calculated as the force at failure divided by the bonded cross-sectional surface area. The results were compared using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison intervals (alpha=0.05). Least squares linear regression analysis was used to assess the effect of dentin location on bond strength. RESULTS: All cements showed significantly (p</=0.05) lower bond strengths in intact vs. flat roots. The muTBS of posts to intact roots were not significantly different for Single Bond/Rely X ARC and Panavia F, but both were significantly lower (p</=0.05) than the bonds produced by C and B Metabond and Fuji Plus cements. For Single Bond/Rely X ARC and Fuji Plus a significant decrease in bond strength was observed in dentin closer to the apex of the root. SIGNIFICANCE: Stresses from polymerization shrinkage and problems with adequate access to the root canal complicate the formation of high-strength bonds when cementing endodontic posts with resin cements.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Effects of added bioactive glass on the setting and mechanical properties of resin-modified glass ionomer cement.

In this study, the effects of added bioactive glass on the basic setting properties of a commercially available resin-modified glass ionomer cement were investigated with respect to setting time, mechanical strength, and setting mechanism. It was found to be clinically acceptable whether the setting time was extended or shortened depending on the type of bioactive glass added. The compressive strength of the set cement containing the bioactive glass decreased and was much higher when compared with the conventional type glass ionomer cement containing bioactive glass. The Fourier-transform infrared and 13C CP/MAS-NMR spectroscopies revealed that the extent of the acid-base reaction was larger in the cements containing bioactive glass than in the commercial resin-modified glass ionomer cement because of its high basicity in the bioactive glass. The 27Al MAS-NMR showed that crosslinking of the carboxylates in the polymeric acid by Al proceeded less in the cement containing the bioactive glass.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1979

Biological evaluation on glass ionomer cement.

Biological properties of a new dental cement of glass ionomer cement were compared with other types of conventional cement. The biological test was carried out by tissue culture method and animal examination. The culture cells showed weaker reaction to the glass ionomer cement than zinc oxide-eugenol or polycarboxylate cement. Pulp tissue reaction showed no significant difference between glass ionomer and zinc oxide-eugenol cement from in vivo experiments using monkeys.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1979

Pulpal response in rhesus monkeys to cementation agents and cleaners.

The purpose of these studies was to compare pulpal inflammatory responses induced by cementation of precision amalgam inlays with zinc phosphate cement, with and without a Hydroxyline liner, Durelon cement, and ZOE controls. Hydraulic force was induced by the inlay insertion procedure. Cavilax, water, and polyacrylic acid were compared with ZOE controls. Both studies also used untreated teeth for comparison. The use of zinc phosphate luting cement in the 48-hour inlay study was the only condition provoking moderate to severe responses. Zinc phosphate cement over Hydroxyline liner and Durelon cement in the study of inlays and Cavilax cleaner, water, and polyacrylic acid in the study of cleaners showed mild responses comparable to the ZOE control in the 48-hour and in the 45-day periods.

Acetone↗
PubMed2004

Retentive force and microleakage of stainless steel crowns cemented with three different luting agents.

The aim of this investigation was to compare the tensile strength, microleakage, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) evaluations of SSCs cemented using different adhesive cements on primary molars. Sixty-three extracted primary first molars were used. Tooth preparations were done. Crowns were altered and adapted for investigation purpose, and then cemented using glass ionomer cement (Aqua Meron), resin modified cement (RelyX Luting), and resin cement (Panavia F) on the prepared teeth. Samples were divided into two groups of 30 samples each for tensile strength and microleakage tests. The remaining three samples were used for SEM evaluation. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. The statistical analysis of ANOVA revealed significant differences among the groups for both tensile strength and microleakage tests (p < 0.05). Tukey test showed statistically significant difference between Panavia F and RelyX Luting (p < 0.05), but none between the others (p > 0.05). This study showed that the higher the retentive force a crown possessed, the lower would be the possibility of microleakage.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Effect of endodontic sealers on dowels luted with resin cement.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the retention of prefabricated parallel-sided dowels luted with resin cement in extracted teeth that were obturated with gutta percha using a eugenol sealer or a calcium hydroxide sealer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracted maxillary incisor roots (N = 51) were instrumented to simulate conventional root canal therapy and divided into 3 groups (n = 17). One group was not obturated. Second and third groups were obturated with gutta percha using a eugenol-containing or calcium hydroxide-containing sealer. Gutta percha was removed using a heated plugger, and dowel spaces were prepared to a 7 mm depth. Dowel space walls were acid etched and primed, and prefabricated stainless steel dowels were luted using resin cement. After 24 hours, the load required to dislodge each dowel along a path parallel to its long axis was measured and recorded. A one-way analysis of variance (alpha = 0.05) was performed to identify differences in the means among groups. The incidence of failure within the cement or at the dentin-cement interface was also recorded. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found among the control (159.9 +/- 96.3 N), eugenol sealer (153.1 +/- 77.3 N), and calcium hydroxide sealer (192.0 +/- 89.3 N) groups. Nearly all specimens displayed adhesive failure at the dentin-resin cement interface. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional endodontic obturation using a eugenol-containing or a calcium hydroxide-containing endodontic sealer did not affect retention of prefabricated stainless steel dowels luted with resin cement.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2005

In vitro evaluation of wall-to-wall adaptation of a self-adhesive resin cement used for luting gold and ceramic inlays.

PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the wall-to-wall adaptation of a new self-adhesive resin-based cement (RelyX Unicem) in comparison with that of other cements when luting gold and porcelain inlays in standardized Class II cavities in extracted teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In each experimental group (n = 10), a different combination of inlay and luting material was tested. Group 1: Porcelain Empress II (Ell) and RelyX Unicem (U); group 2: Ell and resin-based cement Variolink II in combination with primer and bonding Excite DSC; group 3: gold inlays (G) and U; group 4: G and Harvard zinc-oxy-phosphate cement; group 4: G and glass-ionomer cement Fuji Cem. After storage and thermocycling, microleakage testing was carried out and dye penetration was examined at the occlusal and cervical margins of each inlay. The differences in microleakage score were tested for statistical significance first comparing all groups, then pooling the groups for inlay material (Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05). SEM observations of the tooth/cement/restoration interfaces were also made in each group. RESULTS: Harvard cement had the highest microleakage. The sealing ability exhibited by RelyX Unicem was satisfactory with both gold and porcelain inlays, and comparable to that of Fuji Cem and Variolink II. CONCLUSION: RelyX Unicem achieved an adequate seal on both enamel and dentin when used to lute in vitro gold and porcelain inlays.

Dental Cavity Preparation↗
PubMed1993

Shear bond strengths of two luting cements to laboratory-cured prosthetic resin composite.

This study evaluated the effect of four types of surface preparations for laboratory-cured prosthetic resin composite on the shear bond strengths of glass ionomer and resin luting cements. Two sizes of light-cured resin composite disks were treated and cemented with two types of luting cements. The specimens were stored in 37 degrees C water for up to 16 weeks before shear mode testing at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min in an Instron. The application of dichloromethane and an unfilled bonding resin was an effective surface treatment which improved the shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement to resin composite compared with no-treatment. However, the resin composite, treated with dichloromethane and then coated with bonding resin containing a silane coupler, followed by cementation with resin cement, consistently yielded the strongest shear bond strength with cohesive failures occurring within the resin composite for all specimens.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

An in-vitro comparative study of the retention of grooved and flat endodontic posts in treated root canals using two different types of cements.

This study evaluated and compared the retentive capability of performed cast posts in endodontically treated premolar teeth using the following: 1--smooth versus grooved post design 2--surface treatment of the root canals with either 17% EDTA followed by 2.25% Naocl or using Naocl only. 3--cementation of the posts with either polycarboxylate cement or C & B Metabond. Cast metal posts were made, cemented in root canals and divided into groups representing combinations of variables. The force required for post removal were recorded and statistically analysed. The results indicated that cementation of the grooved cast metal post with polycarboxylate cement after removal of the smear layer was the most retentive system. More over C & B Metabond resin cement with any post design in presence or absence of smear layer gave high retentive values.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1997

Classification and application of cementation alternatives.

More important than any resin cement is the marginal fit and retentive nature of the ceramic restoration to be bonded. Cementation should not be intended to compensate for poor dentistry, but to assist in producing superior aesthetic results. Responding to the demand for all-ceramic restorations, dental manufacturers continue to refine the resin cements used in luting for this modality. The ideal resin cement for ceramic restorations must demonstrate low viscosity; easy loading; a film thickness which facilitates complete seating high strength; and excellent wear resistance. This article reviews the available resin cements, with particular focus on a new type of initiator and stabilizer for light- and dual-cured resin cements.

Cementation↗
PubMed1978

Film thickness of cements beneath complete crowns.

The results showed that Durelon, EBAC, zinc phosphate, Epoxylite CBA, and Fynal had thinner film thicknesses than EBA and Fluro-Thin. In addition, venting of a crown resulted in lower film thicknesses with all cements except Fynal and EBAC. No significant differences occurred with these two cements whether the crown was vented or not. Obviously many other factors besides film thickness, such as toxicity, strength, and solubility, have to be considered before selecting a cement for clinical use. When only film thickness is to be considered, all of the cements in the study could be recommended for the cementation of crowns with the exception of EBA and Fluoro-Thin.

Cementation↗
PubMed2002

Crowns and other extra-coronal restorations: try-in and cementation of crowns.

Having successfully negotiated the planning, preparation, impression and prescription of your crown, the cementation stage represents the culmination of all your efforts. This stage is not difficult, but a successful outcome needs as much care as the preceding stages. Once a restoration is cemented there is no scope for modification or repeat You have to get it right first time. Decemented crowns often have thick layers of residual cement suggesting problems with either initial seating or cement handling. When the fate of restorations costing hundreds of pounds depends on correct proportioning of cements and the quality of the mix, the value of a well-trained and experienced dental nurse is easy to see. Both dentist and nurse need a working knowledge of the materials they are handling.

Cementation↗