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PubMed2004

[Conservation efficiency of local chicken breeds in different farms as revealed by microsatellite markers].

Twenty-eight microsatellite markers were used to analyze the conservation efficiency of two local chicken breeds (Dagu Chicken and Beijing Fatty Chicken) in different farms. Genotypes were detected in 125 samples. The genetic variations among and within the populations were calculated by the number of alleles, gene frequency, genetic heterozygosity (H), PIC, F-statistics, Nei's genetic distance and UPGMA. High polymorphism was found in the four populations, and H and PIC values of each population were more than 0. 5. All loci detected in the study showed polymorphism and the number of alleles ranged from 2 to 22 in total population. Most of these loci were at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except two loci (LE110194, MCW0032). The four conservation farms for the two breeds were shown to have retained substantial biodiversity, indicating that the conservation programs are efficient. However, differences between the farms of the same breeds were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Animal welfare aspects regarding the raising of breeding ostriches in Germany].

The commercial housing of African Ostriches in Germany for the breed and meat production still represents a disputed topic under the criterion of the animal's welfare. Above all critics state that the frequently wet-cold weather in Germany impairs the well-being and health of the animals. So far however there are just a few scientifically documented data about requirements for housing conditions of ostriches in Central Europe and thus hardly answers whether housing in Germany is possible under the criteria of the animal's welfare. This study tried to evaluate ostrich housing under South German climatic conditions (Rhine level), on the basis of behavioral observations of breeding ostriches. The use of the stable and the influence of different climatic parameters on the behavior were considered. In addition the behavior of 18 adult animals in 5 breeding groups from January to December 2002 was observed. Parallel various climatic data were raised. The housing of the animals took place in open stables with unrestricted pasture possibility. The ostriches reacted in their behavior to different climatic conditions. Particularly at cold weather and adverse soil conditions they used the open stable increasingly as weather protection. In addition, with increased wind velocities the animals spent more time in the stables. The daily amount of precipitation showed no influence on the frequency or duration of the stable use. Rainfall did not animate the animals to look for protection within the stable, but more to set itself on the ground in the external enclosure. The locomotion activity of the animals was strongly in dependence to the reproduction time and the territorial behavior and therefore highest in spring. On cold days the animals performed their reproduction behavior mainly in the stable. For the comfort behaviour distinct weather dependence was seen particularly for sand bathing. Warm temperatures and dry sand were the preconditions for it. Regarding the results it seems, that with the conditions existing on the examined farm, housing of ostriches under respect of animal welfare in Germany is possible. New regulations are to be demanded, adjusted to the newest level of knowledge about ostrich husbandry, with requirements for care, support, accommodation and nutrition of the animals as well as about the qualification of the owners. An occasional hobby animal husbandry limited to few single ostriches is to be rejected. Further scientific investigations at other farms, possibly also under variable climatic conditions are however necessary.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reconstruction of the origin of modern swine breeds by mitochondrial gene polymorphism].

Mitochondrial DNAs of six pig breeds of Euro-American origin, one breed of Asian origin and of wild boar were studied using PCR-RFLP analysis to detect probable maternal lines of Italian origin among modern pig breeds. In the studied animals the Italian Wild boar haplotype characterized by single nucleotide substitution in the 15524 position of pig mitohondrial genome has not been detected.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Socio-demographic and environmental factors associated with Aedes breeding places in Phuket, Thailand.

This study aimed to determine the socio-demographic and environmental factors influencing potential breeding sites of the dengue vector in Phuket Province. Three hundred houses were recruited by cluster random sampling for larval inspection. Of all the types of water containers, a high proportion of tires and discarded items were infested by Aedes larva (42% and 32%, respectively). Due to the abundance of water tanks, jars for using water and discarded containers (1.7, 2.1, 0.8 per house), these were the main breeding sites (0.29, 0.35, and 0.28 infested containers per house, respectively). Buddhists' houses were significantly more likely to have a larvae-infested flower vase than Muslims' houses. Townhouses had relatively few infested containers, while those on rubber plantations had 18.3 times higher odds of having at least one container with larva. No window screens increased the odds of larva infestation in the discarded containers by 4.2 times. With this information and given a reliable piped water supply, the number of water containers can be reduced to minimize the breeding places. Garbage should be properly disposed of. Screens should be installed, if possible. Buddhists should be advised on the proper protection of flower vases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Selection for increased production and the welfare of dairy cows: are new breeding goals needed?

In many European countries, milk production per cow has more than doubled in the last 40 years. The increase in production has been accompanied by declining ability to reproduce, increasing incidence of health problems, and declining longevity in modern dairy cows. Genetic selection for increased milk yield increasingly is viewed as increasing profit at the expense of reducing animal welfare. The economic future of the dairy industry is related directly to public acceptance of its breeding and production practices. It is important to the dairy industry that welfare problems should be addressed before there is widespread condemnation of breeding and management practices. A new breeding goal aimed at improving fitness and tolerance of metabolic stress is necessary to prevent the decrease in the quality of life of dairy cows and instead, perhaps, enhance it.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2005

The use of marker-assisted selection in animal breeding and biotechnology.

Improvement of livestock has focused on the selective breeding of individuals with superior phenotypes. With the development of increasingly advanced statistical methods that maximise selection for genetic gain, this simple approach has been extremely successful in increasing the quantity of agricultural output. However, information now available on the organisation and functioning of the genome could be used in breeding programmes to improve a range of traits. Many traits are under the control of several genetic loci, each of which contribute to the variation in the trait and hence are called quantitative trait loci (QTL). While genetic markers for QTL that are linked to the trait gene could be used to choose animals for selective breeding programmes, the most effective markers are the functional mutations within the trait genes. Strategies to identify markers for traits and the application of these markers are described by reference to examples of loci that control a range of different traits.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[PCR-RFLP analysis of the mtDNA Cytb gene in three different horse breeds].

Restriction endonucleases, namely BamH I, Taq I, Hae III, Rsa I and Hinc II, were used to analyze the polymorphism of partial mtDNA Cytb gene sequences from 256 horses 6 types (Thoroughbred, Sanhe, Wuzhumuqin, Xinihe, Wushen and Pony) including the imported breed, cultivated breed and local breed. The products of endonuclease digestion were run on 8% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected by silver staining. Results indicated BamH I and Taq I polymorphism. In all 7 restriction patterns were defected that could be sorted into 3 haplotypes, of which haplotypes I and III were the basic haplotypes. We infer that these horses came from one female ancestor through the analysis thorough one pattern, namely BamH I-B.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis of effect of microsatellite markers on Escherichia coli F4 (K88) receptor in different swine breeds].

Four microsatellite markers linked with Escherichia-coli F4 receptor gene were selected from chromosome 13 of pig (authorization) to analyze difference in hereditary between the genotype and F4 receptor adhesive appearance. Results showed that the microsatellite markers were highly polymorphic and the heterozygosities ranged from 0.6117 to 0.7500. The value of PIC was over 0.5749 and the heredity diversity of Chinese pig breeds more higher than oversea's. On F4ab adhesive appearance of S0222, the difference among genotypes was significant in SZL breed. The AC genotype of SW458 had no adhesive appearance in SZL and LW breeds. Marker SW458 can thus be potentially used as a genetic marker for E. coli F4 resistive gene.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eradication of subgroups A and B lymphoid leukosis virus from commercial poultry breeding flocks.

A specific-pathogen-free pedigreed breeding population of White Leghorns was determined to be free of lymphoid leukosis subgroups (LL-A and LL-B) on the basis of the standard resistance-inducing factor (RIF) test of sera of individual birds. The fourth pedigreed generation (G-4) was the first to test free of viruses of both sub-groups. In three subsequent pedigreed generations (G-5 through G-7) no viremic birds were found. The RIF test of sera was also used to detect carriers infected with LL-A and LL-B in sample populations of commercial broiler, brown-egg layer, and other White Leghorn breeding lines. When only known nonviremic dams were used for reproduction, in only one instance were viremic birds detected in samples of their progeny in succeeding generations. Some implications for a virus-free breeding program are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Captive breeding of the white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum, and the Cape buffalo, Syncerus caffer.

Breeding records of 40 white rhinoceros and 155 Cape buffalo were analysed. Three rhinoceros cows bred in captivity, themselves conceived for the first time at 84, 87 and 95 months of age, respectively. Rhinoceros cows breed throughout the year. There is no evidence of a relationship between calving interval and month of birth. Calving intervals were normally distributed about the mean of 34 months and there were no significant differences between bulls, cows or sex of calf. There was no difference in the sex ratio of calves born to young cows nor older cows. The male:female ratio of the calves was 1:1. Younger cows did not have shorter birth intervals. Although captive Cape buffaloes breed throughout the year, there is a preponderance of births in midsummer. There was some evidence that larger cows produce heavier calves and that season of birth may influence birth weight. Male calves weighed 41.20 +/- 0.68 kg vs 39.00 +/- 0.73 kg (range 24-60 kg) for female calves but this difference was not significant. Calving intervals were normally distributed about the mean of 395 days and the male:female ratio of the calves was 1:1.2.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Determination of ancestral proportions in synthetic bovine breeds using commonly employed microsatellite markers.

The International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) has chosen nine microsatellites (international marker set) as a standard that should be included in all cattle parentage studies. They are BM1824, BM2113, INRA023, SPS115, TGLA122, TGLA126, TGLA227, ETH10, and ETH225. We decided to ascertain whether this microsatellite set could be used to determine ancestral proportions in individual animals of synthetic breeds produced by crossing zebu and taurine cattle. Since the genotypes of these markers are routinely available, this would constitute a practical and cost-free method to estimate the ancestry of synthetic breed animals. Genotypes of 100 Gir and 100 Holstein animals were examined for this ISAG marker set. As expected, there were very significant allele frequency differences between the two breeds at most loci. We also typed 20 Girolando animals for which there was complete genealogical information. "Structure" software easily distinguished Holstein and Gir animals based on their microsatellite genotypes; it also attributed the genomic proportion of zebu and taurine of each of the 20 Girolando animals. The proportion of Holstein ancestry was then regressed on the genealogical data; there was a highly significant correlation (r = 0.84, P < 0.0001). The nine microsatellites that compose the ISAG international marker set were capable of estimating the ancestral Gir and Holstein genomic proportions in individual Girolando animals within narrow confidence limits. This microsatellite set might also be useful for estimating the proportions of taurine and zebu origins in commercial meat products.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

DGAT1 K232A polymorphism in Brazilian cattle breeds.

Recent reports identified DGAT1 (EC 2.3.1.20) harboring a lysine to alanine substitution (K232A) as a candidate gene with a strong effect on milk production traits. Our objective was to estimate the frequency of the DGAT1 K232A polymorphism in the main Zebu and Taurine breeds in Brazil as well as in Zebu x Taurine crossbreds as a potential QTL for marker-assisted selection. Samples of 331 animals from the main Brazilian breeds, Nellore, Guzerat, Red Sindhi, Gyr, Holstein, and Gyr x Holstein F1 were genotyped for DGAT1 K232A polymorphism (A and K alleles) using the PCR-RFLP technique. The highest frequency of the A allele was found in the Holstein sample (73%) followed by Gyr x Holstein F1 (39%). Gyr and Red Sindhi showed low frequencies of A alleles (4 and 2.5%, respectively). The A allele was not found in the Nellore and Guzerat samples. Our results could be used to guide association studies between this locus and milk traits in these breeds.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Pteridine pattern in the urine of swine of different breeds and halothane genotypes in relation to nutrition and stress].

Urinary pteridine patterns and creatinine concentrations were determined in pigs of the breeds Piétrain, Deutsche Landrasse and their crossbreds. Also the influence of the halothane genotypes, of different feeding and of treadmill exercise was examined. We conclude that creatinine concentration in pig urine is not a reliable reference parameter for the pteridine excretion. Creatinine values were significantly influenced by breed and feeding. The pteridine pattern of pigs' urine depends on the breed and correlates with other metabolic parameters. Stress is reflected by altered pteridine concentrations.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1991

Breeding and management of BB rats by the aid of the computer program BB RADABA.

In the process of breeding laboratory animals for experimental research a host of data will be produced. Our computer program BB RADABA permits the management of breeding and experimental data as well as planning of experiments and evaluation of experimental results. More than one year of practical work with this program has shown that BB RADABA provides a better survey over the data, moreover it is able to supply objective recommendations of suitable breeding pairs and had the advantage of graphic and statistic data presentation.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1991

Pattern of rice cultivation and anopheline breeding in Koraput district of Orissa state.

The potentiality of rice fields in anopheline vector breeding in Koraput district was studied in two agricultural seasons--rubi and kharif. Altogether, 17 species were recorded from the rice fields. The terraced stream bed paddy-fields with a perceptible water flow in top-hill areas support heavy breeding of the principal vector A. fluviatilis at all stages of paddy growth. A. culicifacies and A. annularis breeding became scarce when the paddy plants reached a height of 80 cm. Vector species formed 2 per cent in rabi and 32 per cent in kharif of the anopheline fauna from the paddy fields and the maximum production was during early stage of paddy growth or after harvesting.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

Small scale field trial with polystyrene beads for the control of mosquito breeding.

Mosquito breeding sites confined within four walls as cesspits were selected to carry out the trial with expanded polystyrene beads for the control of mosquito breeding. A comparative study between the use of the beads and oil has also been carried out. Results revealed the superiority in effectiveness of beads over oil for the control of mosquito breeding. Mosquito catches from cesspits treated with polystyrene beads dropped to zero soon after application of the beads and remained so throughout five months observation period.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Fertilizing capability of breeding boars by evaluation of the early pregnancy factor in test sows].

The fertilizing ability of breeding boars was evaluated on the basis of an early pregnancy factor (EPF) determined in the blood serum of test sows by the method of rosette inhibition. The fertilizing ability was tested in ten boars on an insemination farm: the fertilizing potency of 41 ejaculates was evaluated from the percent conception of 105 test sows. The percent conception of test sows was evaluated from the EPF positive findings in the blood serum of these sows in the average range of 8.02 +/- 1.70 days (the range of 2 to 11 days) after insemination and from the recorded deliveries. The evaluation of the fertilizing of boars on the basis of EPF in test sows revealed in most cases the higher fertilization rate than could be found on the basis of the recorded deliveries of test sows. There was an exception to this trend: one breeding boar with a paradoxical finding of the somewhat higher percentage of deliveries recorder in test sows, in comparison with the fertilization ability according to the results of EPF. Identical results of the two criteria of fertilizing ability were recorder in another boar with a small number of tested ejaculates and test sows. The average fertilization of the whole set of the breeding boars, expressed by the average percent conception of all test sows, reached 86.67% on the basis of the EPF positive findings in 2 to 11 days after insemination, and 67.31% on the basis of recorded deliveries. These differences in fertilization are likely to be related to the share of dams and can be ascribed to embryonic mortality.

Animals↗