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Acromegaly in Ibadan--a report of six cases.

Six patients with acromegaly were seen over a six year period at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. There were 5 males and 1 female giving a sex ratio which differed from the equal sex prevalence observed in larger caucasian series. The diagnosis was made strictly on clinical grounds with corroborative evidence from x-ray of the skull and limbs. An unusual and unexpected finding was the observation of a hernia or a history of herniorrhaphy in 4 out of the 5 male acromegalics. It was not certain whether the association was real or what the explanation might be. Transfrontal surgery was the only definitive form of treatment that could be offered to the patients because of lack of facilities for transphenoidal adenomectomy or pituitary irradiation. The operation was refused by 4 of the 5 patients to whom surgery was recommended because of cultural fears regarding operations on the brain. Bromocryptine was prescribed as an alternative therapy but its scarcity and prohibitive cost precluded any serious compliance. There is a need to highlight the problems of the silent sufferer of endocrine disorders in developing countries.

Acromegaly↗

[Treatment of acromegaly with octreotide, a synthetic analog of somatostatin with extended action].

Octreotide, an analog of somatostatin, is a valid tool for the cure of acromegalic disease. This compound has a prolonged half-life and is more selective than native somatostatin in suppressing growth hormone (GH) secretion. Octreotide, 100 micrograms tid sc, decreases GH levels and improves clinical symptoms in about 85% of acromegalic patients, lowering GH to below 5 ng/ml in 45% and to below 2 ng/ml in 17-21%. Octreotide normalizes somatomedin-C (IGF-I) levels in 36-50% of patients. The increase of dosage up to 1500 micrograms/day does not appear useful in poor responsive patients. No adverse effects on other endocrine functions submitted to hypothalamus-pituitary control have been observed. A slight shrinkage of the pituitary tumor is observed in 30-50% of cases. Octreotide therapy is well tolerated and side effects are usually mild. However the possibility of colelithiasis, liver damage and diabetes mellitus in patients with glucose intolerance must be taken into account. In conclusion octreotide is a useful complement to therapeutic means now used for the treatment of acromegaly.

Acromegaly↗

Ascertainment and natural history of treated acromegaly in Northern Ireland.

The prevalence of known cases of acromegaly in Northern Ireland in 1984 was 6.3 per 100,000 population. The incidence of newly-diagnosed cases over the preceding 25 years was 5.5 patients per year, or 0.4 patients per 100,000 population per year. This rate would be equivalent to about 200 new cases per year in the United Kingdom. Four options have been available to most of these patients--surgical hypophysectomy (transfrontal or transsphenoidal), pituitary radiotherapy (usually external cobalt beam), drug treatment with bromocriptine, or no treatment. Choice of treatment has been mainly influenced by tumour size, with the larger pituitary adenomas having surgery initially. No single form of treatment has been successful in achieving a clinical remission or cure in more than a minority of cases. The most successful outcome has been where total pituitary ablation has been achieved. Life-table analysis for the whole group shows life expectancy which is not markedly different for that of an age-matched population from Northern Ireland. Morbidity related to long term osteoarthritis and treatment complications remain a major problem. The incidence of malignant tumours is higher than would be expected.

Acromegaly↗

Octreotide treatment of acromegaly.

The experience of St Bartholomew's Hospital in the treatment of acromegaly with octreotide is presented. When administered intravenously and subcutaneously, octreotide had a longer circulating half-life than natural somatostatin. Subcutaneous octreotide in a range of doses (50-400 micrograms) caused a very similar degree of growth hormone (GH) suppression, but the duration of suppression increased with size of dose. A dose of 100 micrograms octreotide 8-hourly provided very good suppression of GH in acromegalic patients; occasional nocturnal escapes may be a problem of inadequate dosage. Long-term octreotide treatment in 14 patients reduced GH to below 20 mU/l and only 1 case was apparently unresponsive. No serious side effects have so far been seen. Octreotide antibodies have been detected in 1 patient unresponsive to octreotide infusion. Gallstones have been found in 6 of 14 patients.

Acromegaly↗

[Acromegaly and pregnancy].

Pregnancy in women with acromegaly is very rare. The introduction of dopaminergic treatment revealed new possibilities for conception. Four acromegalic women who conceived during a course of bromcryptin treatment and after an unsuccessful transsphenoidal adenectomy are presented. Two of the women have given birth to a normal child, the third woman aborted willfully and the delivery of the fourth woman is forthcoming. Bromcyptin was given during the whole course of pregnancy in progressively increasing doses up to 15 mg daily according to the increased levels of the somatotrophic hormone (STH). The action of bromcryptin on some hormones of the mother and the child is discussed. The mother's serum STH level increased in the course of the pregnancy progressively despite the treatment and fell after the delivery while the child's STH levels were normal.

Abortion, Induced↗

Acromegaly as the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome.

The presence of amenorrhea with galactorrhea, elevated prolactin levels, and a pituitary tumor does not always imply the diagnosis of a prolactinoma. Other pituitary disorders, including acromegaly, should be considered.

Acromegaly↗

Acromegaly in an infant.

Serial hormonal studies were carried out in a girl with a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma and hyperprolactinemia diagnosed at 21 months of age, the youngest verified case of acromegaly. The child had progressive macrocephaly, noted at 6 months of age, which preceded the rapid acceleration of linear growth by nearly 1 year. At 21 months of age, the girl's head circumference measured 55 cm (+5.5 SD) and her height was 97.6 cm (+4.4 SD). Preoperative serum growth hormone level was 135 ng/mL, somatomedin C was 1,540 ng/mL (normal for bone age 18 to 97 ng/mL), and prolactin was 370 ng/mL (normal less than 20 ng/mL). Following total resection of a large adenoma, immunohistochemical staining of the tumor showed growth hormone but not prolactin. With longitudinal monitoring of the child for 2 years postoperatively, persistently low growth hormone levels were demonstrated and normal growth velocity (6 cm/yr). Peak serum growth hormone levels ranged from 2.8 to 4.1 ng/mL after stimulation tests with insulin, arginine, and L-dopa. Maximum sleep-entrained growth hormone level was 3.4 ng/mL. At the same time, serum somatomedin C levels measured serially were normal (29 to 111 ng/mL), whereas simultaneous prolactin levels were moderately increased (30 to 147 ng/mL). The data support the hypothesis that hyperprolactinemia may have contributed to stimulating somatomedin C and sustaining the normal growth rate in this child.

Acromegaly↗

Acromegaly. Diagnosis and therapy.

Acromegaly may be due to various pathologic processes, but the majority of patients harbor a GH-producing pituitary tumor. Careful clinical, biochemical, and radiologic assessment is needed before designing an appropriate therapeutic plan. Treatment options include surgery, irradiation, dopamine agonists, and somatostatin analogues. Indications, limitations, and side effects of each modality are discussed.

Acromegaly↗

Regulation of growth hormone secretion during normal conditions and in patients with acromegaly.

A present considered concept of growth hormone secretion is that the hormone is tonically inhibited by the hypothalamic tetradecapeptide somatostatin. The episodic fashion of GH secretion with 6-8 GH peaks per 24 hours and its modulation by light and sleep are probably governed by factors other than somatostain, one possibly being melatonin. Evidence for a GH-releasing factor also exists, causing a basal release pattern of GH in moderate hourly peaks. The regulotary peptides in their turn, and possibly the GH producing cell itself, are influenced by dopaminergic or noradrenergic neurons. GH secretion is also modulated in a not yet elucidated relation to serotonin activity. Furthermore, GH induced somatomedin may constitute a negative feed-back on the pituitary and/or hypothalamic level. In acromegaly and gigantism, conditions characterized by chronic hypersecretion of GH, the GH producing cells are less differentiated as indicated by their response with GH release to unphysiological stimuli as well as their cessation of GH release to stimuli that normally act as releasors of GH.

Acromegaly↗

[Anesthetic management of a patient with acromegaly complicated with hyperthyroidism].

A rare anesthetic experience of a 30-year-old woman with acromegaly complicated with Basedow's disease is reported. After the thyroid function was successfully controlled by drug therapy, resection of pituitary adenoma was performed under general anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with NLA. No problem was observed during the operation and postoperative period. Careful attention should be paid to the management of circulation, respiration, metabolism and endocrinium through the perioperative period.

Acromegaly↗

[Treatment of hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly with lisuride].

17 hyperprolactinemic and 2 acromegalic patients, aged 19-73, and 47 and 59 years, respectively, were treated with Lisuride (dopergin). 12 of the hyperprolactinemic patients were treated with Lisuride because they could not tolerate the side effects of bromocriptine (Group A), and the other 5 because large doses of bromocriptine failed to reduce their plasma prolactin to normal (Group B). The 2 acromegalic men, were treated with Lisuride because of persistently high levels of growth hormone after hypophysectomy and irradiation of the sella turcica, and because of intolerance to bromocriptine. Lisuride reduced prolactin to normal in 11 of the 12 in Group A (from 217 +/- 175 to 27 +/- 10 micrograms/l, p less than 0.01) and reduced it in the last patient from 3900 to 270 micrograms/l. The prolactin-lowering effect of Lisuride was unsatisfactory in Group B since like bromocriptine, it failed to reduce prolactin levels. One of the acromegalics improved both clinically and biochemically and growth hormone levels were reduced from 56 to 18 ng/ml, while the other did not respond to Lisuride. Its main side effects were somnolence, nausea, and increased appetite (4 patients). These effects lasted only a few weeks. One patient stopped Lisuride because of severe constipation, which had been caused by bromocriptine as well. Lisuride is an effective drug in hyperprolactinemia, especially in those with severe side effects after other dopaminergic drugs. It is effective in some cases of acromegaly, but has little to offer to those resistant to bromocriptine.

Acromegaly↗

[Effect of repeated injections of sandostatine, with increasing doses, in the treatment of 40 acromegalics. French Group for the study of Sandostatine in Acromegaly].

SMS 201-995 was administered to 40 acromegalic patients, in a multicentric study. Some of the results have been analyzed from 37 patients who remained under a long term treatment. Clinical improvement was noted in most patients, especially as concerns soft tissue swelling, sweating, headache. Digestive adverse effects were noted, leading to the drop-out from the protocol (in 4 patients) or in most patients to a slight discomfort related to increasing doses. There was an effect for all the doses used (300, 600, 900, 1500 micrograms in 3 subcutaneous injections per day), compared with pretreatment values, if we consider the mean GH value of each cycle obtained under the different dosages. The highest dose was most effective than the lowest in some cases. However in most patients the 300 micrograms dose was efficient. We could not obtain normalization of GH secretion. However 22/37 patients could reach a good score as concerns the number of GH values less than 5 micrograms/l, during circadian evaluations. In 5/37 patients, the antisecretory effect was insufficient (mean GH above 50% of the pretreatment level). Reduction in tumor volume was highly significant (more than 50%) in 2/11 patients. In conclusion, this study shows the efficacy of SMS 201-995 in improving clinical signs and symptoms of acromegaly, and GH hypersecretion in approximately 80% of the patients. General and metabolic tolerance are rather good. Some points concerning tolerance remain to be investigated.

Acromegaly↗

[Cardiovascular involvement in acromegaly. Apropos of 3 cases].

The authors report 3 cases of acromegaly diagnosed while the patients were in hospital for cardiovascular disease: arterial hypertension in two and hypertrophic myocardiopathy in all three. Coronary arteriography was normal in the 3 patients. The exercise-induced dyspnoea observed in these 3 cases was unexplained by right and left cardiac catheterization results (normal pressures, normal or increased cardiac index). It was most probably related to the myocardial hypertrophy and to abnormalities in diastolic function demonstrated by radioisotopic methods in patients 2 and 3. The degree of myocardial hypertrophy present in these 3 patients seemed to correlate with the size of the pituitary adenoma and the plasma level of growth hormone rather than with the duration or degree of arterial hypertension. After excision of the pituitary adenoma hypertension persisted in 1 case, due to associated adrenal gland hyperplasia, and subsided in the other cases. Abnormalities of diastolic function and dyspnoea are gradually regressing but left ventricular hypertrophy has not significantly decreased after 6 post-operative months.

Acromegaly↗

Acromegaly.

Acromegaly is caused by GH-secreting pituitary adenomas and, in rare cases, by ectopic production of GRH with resultant hypersecretion of GH. Important systemic manifestations include acral enlargement, swelling, disfigurement, glucose intolerance and diabetes, hypertension, nerve entrapment, arthropathy, and cardiac disease. Tumor-related major manifestations are visual impairment, oculomotor paralysis, and hypopituitarism. Morbidity is substantial, and mortality is increased. Diagnosis should be made as early as possible by measuring plasma GH after an oral glucose load and plasma somatomedin C levels. Assessment of a pituitary lesion is best made by CT scanning in the coronal plane. Therapy is mandatory and consists of surgical removal of the pituitary adenoma (usually by the transsphenoidal route) or of the ectopic source of GRH (carcinoids or islet cell tumors). Adjunctive radiation and/or drug therapy is often necessary if complete surgical ablation of the adenoma is not possible. Radiation therapy can be administered as conventional supervoltage x-ray treatment or in the form of heavy particle beams. Drugs effective in partially lowering GH levels are bromocriptine and (not yet released) somatostatin analogues. Long-term follow-up of treated patients is important to guard against recurrence, progression, or development of hypopituitarism.

Acromegaly↗

Bromocriptine therapy in patients with acromegaly: effects on growth hormone, somatomedin A and prolactin.

Six of ten patients were subjectively improved by bromocriptine treatment as illustrated by diminished sweating, reduction of soft tissue swelling and restoration of sexual potency and menstruations. These six patients had elevated or normal blood levels of prolactin, which could be stimulated by TRH and inhibited by bromocriptine. During medication two clinical responders normalized and one lowered plasma GH concentrations. Three clinical responders with initially increase somatomedin A levels normalized these levels during treatment, in one case despite lack of effect on GH levels. The four nonresponders had undetectable or notably depressed levels of prolactin, which could not be stimulated by TRH. It is suggested that the presence of prolactin, per se or as an indication of a certain dopaminergic situation, is a prerequisite for successful bromocriptine treatment of patients with acromegaly.

Acromegaly↗

Bromocriptine therapy in eleven patients with acromegaly.

Eleven patients with active acromegaly were treated with bromocriptine for one year or more. Nine showed significant reduction in plasma growth hormone levels and eight improvement with respect to clinical symptoms. No serious side effects were observed.

Acromegaly↗

Transient elevation of serum growth hormone level during pituitary apoplexy in acromegaly.

We report a case of acromegaly followed by pituitary apoplexy in which hormonal changes during the course of an acute episode were investigated. Serum growth hormone level increased markedly during the acute phase, and, subsequently, decreased rapidly. Finally, serum growth hormone level remained low and did not respond to stimulation. In contrast, the serum cortisol level remarkably decreased during the most serious stage and returned to the previous level after pituitary apoplexy. The low level of cortisol during the acute phase is compatible with the patient's manifestation of adrenal insufficiency, and hydrocortisone sodium succinate administration improved the critical state of the patient dramatically.

Acromegaly↗