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PubMed1988

The lambda fetal heart rate pattern: an assessment of its significance in the intrapartum period.

The "lambda" fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern was first described in 1977 as a pattern involving an acceleration followed immediately by a deceleration. However, its clinical significance has not been elucidated. During 6 months, 56 patients with this pattern were identified, representing 4% of all deliveries during this period. These were compared with a control group of 500 consecutive low-risk term patients who had been monitored electronically. The lambda pattern generally appeared early in labor and lasted for a variable period of time, but rarely persisted throughout labor. The relative rates of low Apgar scores, cesarean sections, and associated nonreassuring FHR patterns were similar between the two groups. The timing or depth of the decelerative portion of the pattern did not appear to correlate with any adverse outcome. Therefore, it does not appear that the lambda pattern is associated with any adverse outcome, nor does it predict the development of other concerning FHR patterns.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed1996

Transcutaneous PO2 of the scalp in male pattern baldness: a new piece to the puzzle.

Our study was designed to measure the transcutaneous PO2 of the scalp to determine if there was a relative microvascular insufficiency and associated tissue hypoxia in areas of hair loss in male pattern baldness. A controlled prospective study was performed at Butterworth Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Eighteen nonsmoking male volunteers aged 18 years and older were studied. Nine men had male pattern baldness (Juri degree II or III), and nine were controls (no male pattern baldness). Scalp temperature and transcutaneous PO2 were obtained at frontal and temporal sites in each subject. Peripheral circulation was assessed from postocclusive transcutaneous PO2 recovery time by means of maximum initial slope measurements. Statistical significance was assessed at p < 0.05. There was no significant difference in scalp temperature between male pattern baldness subjects and controls. Temporal scalp blood flow was significantly higher than frontal scalp blood flow in male pattern baldness subjects; however, there was no significant difference in controls. Transcutaneous PO2 was significantly lower in bald frontal scalp (32.2 +/- 2.0 mmHg) than in hair-bearing temporal scalp (51.8 +/- 4.4 mmHg) in men with male pattern baldness. In controls, there was no significant difference in transcutaneous PO2 of frontal scalp (53.9 +/- 3.5 mmHg) and temporal scalp (61.4 +/- 2.7 mmHg). Transcutaneous PO2 also was significantly lower in the frontal scalp of male pattern baldness subjects (32.2 +/- 2.0 mmHg) than in either frontal or temporal scalp of controls (53.9 +/- 3.5 mmHg and 61.4 +/- 2.7 mmHg, respectively). There is a relative microvascular insufficiency to regions of the scalp that lose hair in male pattern baldness. We have identified a previously unreported tissue hypoxia in bald scalp compared with hair-bearing scalp.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The effects of hook pattern and kyphotic angulation on mechanical strength and apical rod strain in a long-segment posterior construct using a synthetic model.

STUDY DESIGN: Synthetic spine models were used to compare the effects of hook pattern and kyphotic angulation on stiffness and rod strain in long-segment posterior spinal constructs. OBJECTIVES: To examine the biomechanical effects of hook patterns and kyphotic angulation on long-segment posterior spinal constructs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Kyphotic deformities managed by increasing rod diameter and hence construct stiffness have shown decreased postoperative loss of correction and hardware complications. The biomechanical effects of hook pattern and kyphosis are unknown. METHODS: Spine models of 0 degrees, 27 degrees 54 degrees sagittal contour, composed of polypropylene vertebral blocks and isoprene elastomer intervertebral spacers, representing T3-T12, were used for biomechanical testing of long-segment posterior spinal constructs. Models were instrumented with 6.35-mm titanium rods and one of the following hook configurations: 20-hook compression, 16-hook compression, 16-hook claw apex-empty,16-hook claw apex-full, or 8-hook claw. Construct stiffness and rod strain during axial compression were determined. RESULTS: The compression-hook patterns provided at least a 45% increase in construct stiffness (P = 0.013)and a 22% decrease in rod strain (P < 0.0001) compared with those obtained with the claw-hook pattern with the best biomechanical performance. When analyzing all five hook patterns, there was a 19% decrease in construct stiffness and 27% increase in rod strain when progressing from straight alignment to 27 degrees of sagittal contour (P < 0.0001). Progressing from straight alignment to 54 degrees decreased construct stiffness by 48% and increased rod strain by 55% (P < 0.0001). Construct stiffness was inversely correlated to rod strain in all five hook patterns (R2 = 0.82-0.98, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using compressive-hook patterns and decreasing the kyphotic deformity significantly increases construct stiffness and decreases rod strain.

Bone Nails↗
PubMed1984

Relationships among the histologic pattern, intensity, and phenotypes of T cells infiltrating renal allografts.

The evaluation of renal allograft rejection by routine histologic evaluation of transplant biopsy is often a diagnostic problem. Advances in monoclonal antibody and immunohistochemical technology have led to their application in characterizing the phenotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes in transplant recipients, as well as the infiltrating lymphocytes in renal biopsy specimens (both tissue and aspiration cytology samples). Recent reports suggest that the relative number of infiltrating T cells and the T cell phenotypic subset ratio may have some association with graft survival. However, most allograft biopsy studies have not examined the relationship of the intensity and phenotype of T cells to the histologic pattern of infiltration, while fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and peripheral blood analysis do not allow for this assessment. To examine the association of histologic pattern with the intensity and phenotype of T cell infiltrates, immunoperoxidase labeling of cells using monoclonal antibodies was evaluated in 66 renal allograft biopsies performed because of clinical suspicion of rejection. Our findings indicate that the ratio of T helper-inducer (Leu 3) cells to T suppressor-cytotoxic (Leu 2) cells is significantly lower in the pattern of diffuse renal cortex infiltration (cortical diffuse [CD] pattern) when compared with other histologic patterns (cortical aggregate or perivascular), regardless of the overall intensity of the T cell infiltrate. A significant difference in T cell phenotypes was also found among different histologic patterns as expressed by Leu 3/Leu 2 ratios and by the number of Leu 2 cells. An increase in the overall intensity of T cell infiltrate was not associated with significant changes in T cell phenotype seen in any pattern, but an increase in the intensity of the cortical diffuse T cell infiltrate was associated with a significant decrease in the Leu 3/Leu 2 ratio (P less than 0.04), which was due to an increase in the population of Leu 2 cells (P less than 0.002). Interestingly, increases in the intensity of either cortical aggregate or perivascular T cell infiltrates were associated with significant increases in both Leu 3 and Leu 2 cells, as well as a tendency towards higher Leu 3/Leu 2 ratios. These findings indicate that evaluation of T cell infiltrates by phenotype in renal allografts is dependent upon the pattern as well as the intensity of infiltrate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal adenoma recurrence in a European intervention trial.

The relations between individual foods and nutrients to colorectal tumours are conflicting. Few studies have taken into account the interdependence between individual components of diet and their possible interactions. The aim of the study was to examine the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal adenoma recurrence in the European fibre-calcium intervention trial. Among the 640 patients with confirmed adenomas at the index colonoscopy, 592 had an initial dietary assessment using a diet history questionnaire. The present analysis was restricted to 277 men and 165 women without history of adenoma prior to the index colonoscopy and who completed the study. The main end point was the 3-year recurrence of adenomas. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns from 50 food groups. Ninety-two patients presented new colorectal adenomas at the 3-year colonoscopy (65 men and 27 women). In men, three meaningful dietary patterns emerged from analysis, explaining 21.3% of variability. They were called 'Mediterranean', 'Sweets and snacks' and 'High fat and proteins' patterns. None of them were significantly related to the overall recurrence of colorectal adenomas either in univariate or multivariate analyses. Among women, the 'Mediterranean', the 'Western' and the 'Snacks' patterns explained 21.9% of variability. The 'Mediterranean' pattern characterized by a high consumption of olive oil, vegetables, fruit, fish and lean meat significantly reduced adenoma recurrence [second tertile: adjusted odds ratio (OR)=0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.18-1.42; third tertile: adjusted OR=0.30, 95% CI=0.09-0.98; P for linear trend=0.04]. The 'Western' and 'Snacks' patterns were not associated with recurrence among women. In conclusion, this study suggests that the Mediterranean dietary pattern may reduce the recurrence of colorectal adenomas, at least in women. These exploratory results need to be confirmed by larger studies.

Adenoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The prognostic significance of Gleason pattern 5 in prostate cancer patients treated with Pd 103 plus beam radiation therapy.

BACKGROUND: There is little clinical information specifically regarding the clinical significance of Gleason pattern 5 in prostate biopsies. Accordingly, we have analyzed the effect of pattern 5 cancer on the prognosis of prostate cancer treated with Pd-103 brachytherapy. METHODS: Intermediate-risk patients with a Gleason score of 7 or higher and/or a prostate-specific antigen level of 10-20 ng/mL and whose biopsy slides were available for review were treated on a randomized trial. The regimens consisted of implantation with Pd 103 (90 vs 115 Gy [National Institute of Standards and Technology; NIST-1999]), combined with 44 Gy versus 20 Gy of supplemental beam radiation, respectively. Beam radiation was delivered with a four-field arrangement, designed to cover the prostate and seminal vesicles with a 2-cm margin (reduced to 1.0 cm posteriorly). Isotope implantation was per formed by standard techniques, using a modified peripheral loading pattern. All prostate biopsy specimens were reviewed for Gleason score by one investigator (L. T.). Along with assignment of a Gleason score based on established criteria, the presence of any pattern 5 cancer was separately noted and photographed for future review. Freedom from biochemical failure was defined as a serum prostate-specific antigen level < or = 0.5 ng/mL at last follow-up. Four of the 156 patients had insufficient PSA follow-up for inclusion, leaving 152 patients for cancer control analysis. RESULTS: Overall actuarial biochemical freedom from failure was 86% at 3 years, with 20 patients having experienced biochemical failure. Patients with or without Gleason pattern 5 cancer in their biopsy specimen had similar overall biochemical control. There was no obvious trend toward poorer overall biochemical cancer control in patients with pattern 5 cancer, regardless of whether the pretreatment prostate-specific antigen was less than or greater than 10 ng/mL. Of the 17 patients with biochemical failure, clinically evident bone metastases has developed in five. Three of these five patients who had a positive bone scan had pattern 5 cancer in their biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Although the presence of pattern 5 disease may be a risk factor for early systemic failure, we are encouraged that high-dose, brachytherapy-based treatment seems to provide a high likelihood of biochemical cancer control, even in patients with the highest-grade cancer.

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal↗
PubMed2004

Alcohol consumption and problems: the relevance of drinking patterns.

BACKGROUND: Data on risks and benefits associated with drinking patterns provide the scientific basis for moderate, low-risk drinking guidelines. Illustrated are methods to investigate and adjust for heterogeneity in relations between three-dimensional drinking patterns and 41 alcohol problems assessed among current regular drinkers in the 1988 National Health Interview Survey. METHODS: Three dimensions of mean drinking patterns, (i.e., usual quantities, heavy drinking rates (days of 5+ drinks/drinking days x 100), and drinking frequencies) were estimated in overlapping subsets of the population reporting each of the 41 problems, and mean usual quantities and heavy drinking rates were plotted against frequencies. Respondents were categorized into drinking problem groups associated with comparable mean drinking patterns; and main and interactive effects of age and sex on drinking patterns were examined by conducting three regression analyses within each group, with quantity, frequency, and heavy drinking rates as dependent variables, respectively. RESULTS: Analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity in relations between drinking patterns and alcohol problems. Respondents having only minor problems drank on average two days a week, usually had 2.6 drinks, and drank heavily 12-13 days a year. Whereas, those having minor and severe problems drank an average of 3.5 days a week, usually had 4.7 drinks, and drank heavily 58 days a year. Within each problem group, usual quantity and frequency were higher among males than females, but the greatest gender differences were seen in heavy-drinking rates. Age-related differences in drinking patterns were striking. Usual quantity and heavy-drinking rates associated with problems decreased with age, whereas drinking frequency increased. CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrated the importance of assessing and adjusting for heterogeneity in relations between drinking patterns and alcohol problems when aggregating and interpreting such data, (e.g., when assessing alcohol dependence criteria or evaluating guidelines for moderate drinking), and illustrated new methods for doing so.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Correlation of polyelectromyographic patterns and clinical motor manifestations in children with cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the correlation between movement patterns, measured by polyelectromyography (PEMG), and clinical motor manifestations in children with cerebral palsy. DESIGN: Subjects included 53 children with spastic cerebral palsy (diplegic [n = 43] and quadriplegic [n = 10] groups) and 18 normal children. All children underwent PEMG assessments, recorded from pairs of flexor/extensor muscles during voluntary movement. We correlated PEMG patterns with clinical motor assessments, including muscle tone, range of motion, and ambulatory and functional capacities in the children with cerebral palsy. RESULTS: Children with cerebral palsy exhibited four distinct PEMG patterns, ranging from partial reciprocal to complete synchrony. Lower PEMG pattern scores were significantly associated with better ambulatory (rho = 0.88, P < 0.01) and functional (rho = 0.78, P < 0.01) capacities. PEMG patterns also had weakly positive relationships with muscle tone (rho > 0.33, P < 0.01) and range of motion of both lower limbs (rho > 0.31, P < 0.01). Most children of spastic diplegia with PEMG patterns II and III had independent ambulatory capacities and mild limitation of functional capacity, whereas most children with pattern of IV and V had no ambulatory abilities and no independent functional capacities (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PEMG patterns correlate with clinical motor deficits and may allow us to plan treatment strategies based on underlying motor control in cerebral palsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Patterns of red marrow in the adult femur.

PURPOSE: Conversion of red marrow (RM) to fatty marrow in the skeleton of the lower extremities begins at the distal end, ie, feet, and progresses proximally with distal bone marrow (ie, tibia) being converted more rapidly than proximal bone marrow (ie, femur). However, in an individual long bone, conversion begins in the diaphysis and progresses both distally and proximally (more rapidly toward the distal side). In a normal adult's femur, RM is present in the proximal one third or less. Reconversion of fatty marrow to RM is reported to occur in the reverse order of conversion. We assessed the frequency of various patterns of RM in the adult femur on In-111 leukocyte scans for a better understanding of the bone marrow regeneration process in individual long bones. METHODS: The patterns of marrow activity in the femur shown on In-111 leukocyte scans performed in 354 adults were divided into a) RM limited to the proximal one third or less, b) to the proximal two thirds, c) to the proximal one third and distal one third with no activity in the middle shaft, and d) in the entire femur. RESULTS: There were 207 patients with pattern A, 91 pattern B, 14 pattern C, and 42 pattern D. CONCLUSIONS: A considerably higher number of adults showed pattern B than pattern C. This suggests that regeneration of diaphyseal marrow precedes that of the distal marrow in an individual long bone or possibly that conversion of the latter precedes the former, which is different from that proposed in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Inheritance and variation in eggshell patterning in the great tit Parus major.

The inheritance of patterns on avian eggshells is central to understanding the evolution of traits such as egg mimicry (e.g. in cuckoos). Yet little is known about the inheritance, or indeed function, of eggshell patterns. It has long been believed that the evolution of eggshell pattern mimicry required that patterns be determined by genes situated on the female-specific W chromosome. However, it has never been demonstrated for any bird that egg pattern traits (rather than ground colour) are female sex linked, or indeed that they are inherited. We studied the inheritance of three measures of egg-pigment patterns in a wild great tit population. Egg patterns were female specific but unrelated to female attributes such as age or condition and showed only weak environmental effects. Eggs of daughters resembled those of both their mothers and maternal grandmothers, but not of their paternal grandmothers. We conclude that this is the first demonstration of female sex-linked inheritance of avian eggshell patterning, so raising the probability that such a system operates in egg mimics and their hosts.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intact implicit memory for novel patterns in Alzheimer's disease.

Repetition priming is a kind of implicit memory (learning without awareness) that does not depend on the medial temporal-lobe system. For example, the amnesic patient H.M., who underwent bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection, shows intact priming with novel patterns, suggesting that perceptual priming with nonverbal material does not depend on areas critical for explicit memory. A logical candidate for the neural substrate that supports this kind of priming is the peristriate cortex, an area that is relatively spared in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We therefore predicted that AD subjects would be unimpaired on pattern priming. Subjects copied each of six target figures onto dot patterns. After performing a 3-min distractor task, they were given the same dot patterns (without lines) and asked to draw the first figure that came to mind by connecting the dots with straight lines. Subsequently, in a test of recognition (explicit) memory, subjects viewed each of the six patterns of dots that they had copied previously and were asked to indicate which of four possible completions corresponded to the figure that they had copied 3 min earlier. The AD and control groups achieved comparable priming scores, but AD subjects were significantly impaired in recognizing the patterns explicitly. Our finding of intact pattern priming in AD provides, for the first time, evidence that pattern priming depends on the peristriate cortex.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Amplitude equation and pattern selection in Faraday waves.

A nonlinear theory of pattern selection in parametric surface waves (Faraday waves) is presented that is not restricted to small viscous dissipation. By using a multiple scale asymptotic expansion near threshold, a standing wave amplitude equation is derived from the governing equations. The amplitude equation is of gradient form, and the coefficients of the associated Lyapunov function are computed for regular patterns of various symmetries as a function of a viscous damping parameter gamma. For gamma approximately 1, the selected wave pattern comprises a single standing wave (stripe pattern). For gamma<<1, patterns of square symmetry are obtained in the capillary regime (large frequencies). At lower frequencies (the mixed gravity-capillary regime), a sequence of sixfold (hexagonal), eightfold, ...patterns are predicted. For even lower frequencies (gravity waves) a stripe pattern is again selected. Our predictions of the stability regions of the various patterns are in quantitative agreement with recent experiments conducted in large aspect ratio systems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Phase bubbles and spatiotemporal chaos in granular patterns.

We use inelastic hard sphere molecular dynamics simulations and laboratory experiments to study patterns in vertically oscillated granular layers. The simulations and experiments reveal that phase bubbles spontaneously nucleate in the patterns when the container acceleration amplitude exceeds a critical value, about 7 g, where the pattern is approximately hexagonal, oscillating at one-fourth the driving frequency (f/4). A phase bubble is a localized region that oscillates with a phase opposite (differing by pi) to that of the surrounding pattern; a localized phase shift is often called an arching in studies of two-dimensional systems. The simulations show that the formation of phase bubbles is triggered by undulation at the bottom of the layer on a large length scale compared to the wavelength of the pattern. Once formed, a phase bubble shrinks as if it had a surface tension, and disappears in tens to hundreds of cycles. We find that there is an oscillatory momentum transfer across a kink, and the shrinking is caused by a net collisional momentum inward across the boundary enclosing the bubble. At increasing acceleration amplitudes, the patterns evolve into randomly moving labyrinthian kinks (spatiotemporal chaos). We observe in the simulations that f/3 and f/6 subharmonic patterns emerge as primary instabilities, but that they are unstable to the undulation of the layer. Our experiments confirm the existence of transient f/3 and f/6 patterns.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Turing pattern formation in fractional activator-inhibitor systems.

Activator-inhibitor systems of reaction-diffusion equations have been used to describe pattern formation in numerous applications in biology, chemistry, and physics. The rate of diffusion in these applications is manifest in the single parameter of the diffusion constant, and stationary Turing patterns occur above a critical value of d representing the ratio of the diffusion constants of the inhibitor to the activator. Here we consider activator-inhibitor systems in which the diffusion is anomalous subdiffusion; the diffusion rates are manifest in both a diffusion constant and a diffusion exponent. A consideration of this problem in terms of continuous-time random walks with sources and sinks leads to a reaction-diffusion system with fractional order temporal derivatives operating on the spatial Laplacian. We have carried out an algebraic stability analysis of the homogeneous steady-state solution in fractional activator-inhibitor systems, with Gierer-Meinhardt reaction kinetics and with Brusselator reaction kinetics. For each class of reaction kinetics we identify a Turing instability bifurcation curve in the two-dimensional diffusion parameter space. The critical value of d , for Turing instabilities, decreases monotonically with the anomalous diffusion exponent between unity (standard diffusion) and zero (extreme subdiffusion). We have also carried out numerical simulations of the governing fractional activator-inhibitor equations and we show that the Turing instability precipitates the formation of complex spatiotemporal patterns. If the diffusion of the activator and inhibitor have the same anomalous scaling properties, then the surface profiles of these patterns for values of d slightly above the critical value varies from smooth stationary patterns to increasingly rough and nonstationary patterns as the anomalous diffusion exponent varies from unity towards zero. If the diffusion of the activator is anomalous subdiffusion but the diffusion of the inhibitor is standard diffusion, we find stable stationary Turing patterns for values of d well below the threshold values for pattern formation in standard activator-inhibitor systems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

A common position-dependent mechanism controls cell-type patterning and GLABRA2 regulation in the root and hypocotyl epidermis of Arabidopsis.

A position-dependent pattern of epidermal cell types is produced during root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. This pattern is reflected in the expression pattern of GLABRA2 (GL2), a homeobox gene that regulates cell differentiation in the root epidermis. GL2 promoter::GUS fusions were used to show that the TTG gene, a regulator of root epidermis development, is necessary for maximal GL2 activity but is not required for the pattern of GL2 expression. Furthermore, GL2-promoter activity is influenced by expression of the myc-like maize R gene (35S::R) in Arabidopsis but is not affected by gl2 mutations. A position-dependent pattern of cell differentiation and GL2-promoter activity was also discovered in the hypocotyl epidermis that was analogous to the pattern in the root. Non-GL2-expressing cell files in the hypocotyl epidermis located outside anticlinal cortical cell walls exhibit reduced cell length and form stomata. Like the root, the hypocotyl GL2 activity was shown to be influenced by ttg and 35S::R but not by gl2. The parallel pattern of cell differentiation in the root and hypocotyl indicates that TTG and GL2 participate in a common position-dependent mechanism to control cell-type patterning throughout the apical-basal axis of the Arabidopsis seedling.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2004

Evidence for improved muscle activation patterns after retraining of reaching movements with the MIME robotic system in subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis.

Previously, we reported that chronic stroke subjects had significant improvements in isometric strength, free reaching extent, and clinical evaluations of function after training in the mirror-image movement enabler (MIME) robotic device. Our primary goal in this analysis was to investigate the hypothesis that the robotic training promoted improved muscle activation patterns. To this end, we examined the interaction forces, kinematics, and electromyograms recorded during training of eight different movement patterns in active-constrained mode. In this mode, the robot constrained the reaching movements to be toward the target, and the movement velocity was proportional to the force produced along the trajectory. Thirteen chronic stroke subjects trained in MIME for 24 1-h sessions over an eight-week period. Work output was significantly increased by week five in all eight movement patterns. Low-level subjects increased their extent of reach, while high-level subjects increased their speed. Directional errors in force production were reduced in six of eight movement patterns. Electromyographic data provided evidence for improved muscle activation patterns in the four movement patterns that started at tabletop level and ended at shoulder level. In contrast, there was no evidence of improved muscle activation patterns in any of the tabletop movements, with increased activation of antagonists in two movement patterns. This dichotomy may have been related to compensation at the shoulder girdle during movements that remained at tabletop level. A simple biomechanical model will be introduced to demonstrate the likelihood of this possibility.

Arm↗
PubMed1998

Diurnal patterns of unpleasant mood: associations with neuroticism, depression, and anxiety.

The literature on symptoms of depression has included diurnal changes in mood. The morning-worse pattern is commonly mentioned. This pattern is often associated with endogenous or vegetative symptoms (e.g., weight and appetite loss, loss of pleasure, psychomotor retardation). However, depression researchers have also identified an evening-worse pattern of mood. This pattern is sometimes thought to be associated with milder depressive symptoms, and may characterize chronic dysthymia rather than clinical depression. The present study examines a nonclinical sample to test the hypothesis that an evening-worse diurnal pattern of mood would be associated with trait neuroticism, anxiety, and subclinical depressive symptoms. An experience sampling methodology was employed to assess mood three times a day for 60 consecutive days. This allowed us to calculate a reliable aggregate score for diurnal mood patterns. The evening-worse pattern was associated with many neurotic features, with scores on depression and anxiety measures, and with a cognitive style indicative of hopelessness. Discussion focuses on how an evening-worse diurnal pattern of mood may be indicative of mild subclinical depression, chronic dysthymia, or personality traits associated with negative affectivity.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Proliferation patterns reflect architectural dedifferentiation: a study of nodular basal cell carcinoma.

The distribution of proliferating cells in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) may be related to lesion type and architecture. Single proliferation indexes may not be representative. We aimed to establish the distribution of cell proliferation in BCC as related to architecture. We studied an unselected, consecutive series of 45 resection specimens of nodular BCC from patients in the age range of 25-95 years using MIB-1 staining and systematically reviewed the cases. These lesions included nodular (n=32) and non-nodular (n=9) BCC. Within the nodular BCC, two patterns were recognised, not related to age or gender. In small nodular patterns with well developed peripheral palisading and central parallel streaming of small, elongated nuclei, proliferation is limited to the basal palisading cells in a clustered distribution. In large nodular patterns, proliferation is absent at the basal membrane (BM) and distributed in single random cells throughout the lesion. Both patterns preclude accurate quantitation. Many lesions contained both patterns in a side-by-side, unmixed manner. These pattern differences suggest a loss of differentiation in nodular BCC. Perhaps a single mutation results in the loss of BM associated cell architecture and proliferation control related to tumor-stroma interactions. As a result, the lesion reverts to a low frequency, non-regulated proliferation, diffusely distributed throughout the lesion. The two patterns may exist side-by-side in a single lesion, further supporting the concept of polyclonality. This hypothesis explains perilesional clefting and previously reported variations in intra-lesional laminin synthesis. Based on our findings, representation of tumor cell proliferation activity by a single value is not justified. Nodular BCC exists in one of two dedifferentiation-mutation-determined patterns of cell proliferation; many lesions clearly demonstrate bi-clonality.

Adult↗