Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “parainfluenza virus”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,495 records · Page 83Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Prevalence of respiratory viruses, including newly identified viruses, in hospitalised children in Austria.

The aim of this epidemiological study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory viruses, including new viruses, in hospitalised children in Austria. Two hundred fourteen nasopharyngeal samples from hospitalised children were tested for the presence of viruses using cell culture and PCR and/or viral antigen assays. The results revealed a parainfluenza virus 1 (PIV1) outbreak that ended right before the onset of the influenza season, with nearly no overlapping, moderate respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity, and only a few adenoviruses. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was present in 14.5% of the total samples but was detected in combination with other viruses in only five cases: with PIV1 in three cases and with RSV in two cases. There were no cases of dual infection with hMPV and flu or adenovirus. This suggests that hMPV alone is a leading cause of hospitalisation in children under 1 year of age. Interestingly, hMPV, in contrast to RSV, coincided with PIV1 but was absent during the community outbreak of the flu. Samples were also tested for Mimiviridae, a group of newly described DNA viruses that are similar to Legionella spp., replicate in water amoebae, and also have been found in alveolar cells. However, mimivirus was detected neither in respiratory samples nor in amoebae-containing water samples, indicating that this particular type of virus is either not abundant or does not contribute to paediatric respiratory illnesses.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Fever in respiratory virus infections.

The case records of 258 children with adenovirus; influenza A or B virus; parainfluenza 1, 2, or 3 virus; or respiratory syncytial virus infections were studied retrospectively with special attention to the degree and duration of fever. A temperature of 39.0 degrees C or higher was most frequently recorded in adenovirus, influenza A, and influenza B virus infections (in 68%, 84%, and 65%, respectively). The mean highest degree of fever in respiratory virus infections (39.2 degrees C +/- 0.6 degrees C) during hospitalization did not differ from that in defined serious bacterial infections, ie, meningitis, epiglottitis, sepsis, and urinary tract infections (39.3 degrees C +/- 0.7 degrees C). The mean duration of fever varied from 2.5 days (parainfluenza 2) to 5.2 days (influenza B). Of all children with respiratory virus infections, 37% had fever lasting five days or longer. The data show that high and prolonged fever is frequently associated with respiratory virus infections in hospitalized children and that it does not differ significantly from fever in severe bacterial infections.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Recognition of influenza and other acute respiratory virus infections and their combinations by means of immunofluorescence].

The results of postmortem examinations performed in 237 fatal cases of influenza and other acute respiratory diseases are presented. In smears of organs and tissue culture cells infected with these materials and heart blood the immunofluorescent procedure detected influenza virus antigens in 67% of the cases, antigens of other respiratory viruses in 53% including 18-19% of mixed infections. Parallel immunofluorescent studies in living patients and isolation of influenza virus and adenoviruses increased per cent of influenza case confirmation to 82%, other respiratory infections to 63%. Mixed infection was recorded in 22-28%. Antigens of influenza and parainfluenza viruses were more frequently found in smears of bronchi and trachea, antigens of respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus in lung smears. Adenovirus antigen was also found in lymphoid cells of smears of the spleen, bronchial lymph node, tonsils. In immunofluorescent examinations of tissue cultures infected with the heart blood, virus antigen was detected most frequently in influenza and adenovirus infection (24% and 26% of cases, respectively), less frequently in respiratory syncytial virus infection (11%) and parainfluenza (5%). Virus antigens were also demonstrated in tissue culture cells infected with specimens of the liver, spleen, bronchial lymph node, tonsils, brain. The immunofluorescent studies demonstrated long-term persistence of virus antigens in the body. In a portion of cases of laboratory confirmed mixed infection there were no clinical-morphological signs of two virus diseases. In these, one of the infections was latent or was due to a previously experienced disease.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1987

The polypeptides of human parainfluenza type 2 virus and their synthesis in infected cells.

We have studied the structural components of three strains of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPI-2) and identified the virus-specific polypeptides. Molecular weight of P and F1 polypeptides determined by us, when compared with that reported previously, was in reversed order. HN polypeptide existed chiefly as disulfide-linked dimers in cells infected with Toshiba strain, while as monomers and dimers in nearly equal proportion in cells infected with two other strains. Similar disulfide-linked NP oligomers were found in cells infected with all three strains. F1 and F2, cleaved forms of F protein, could be detected in cells infected with all three strains, but the ratio of cleaved (F1 and F2) to uncleaved (F0) forms was markedly lower in 62-M 786- and 63-M 1-infected than in Toshiba strain-infected cells. However, there was no difference of oligopeptide mapping patterns and isoelectric point of F polypeptide between Toshiba and 62-M 786 strains. By contrast, oligopeptide mapping patterns of HN protein of Toshiba strain differed from those of the two other strains. Furthermore, the HN polypeptide of Toshiba strain was phosphorylated in the infected Vero cells, but that of the other two strains was not.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Molecular epidemiology of a parainfluenza type 3 virus outbreak on a pediatric ward.

Parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV-3), an important cause of acute lower respiratory illness in children, can be transmitted nosocomially. To differentiate between nosocomial transmission and community-acquired infection, a polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing assay was developed for the 5' noncoding region of the PIV-3 fusion protein gene and was applied to virus specimens from 10 children infected with PIV-3 during a hospital outbreak. Four strains of PIV-3 were identified among the 10 virus isolates. Six isolates, which appeared to belong to 1 strain, were obtained from a cluster of nosocomial cases in a pediatric intermediate care unit. In contrast, the remaining 4 isolates, which appeared to belong to 3 different strains, were obtained from children infected in the community or elsewhere in the hospital. These data indicate that multiple strains of PIV-3 can be found during a single epidemic and provide evidence that infections within the intermediate care unit were probably caused by transmission of 1 strain of virus within the unit rather than reintroduction of virus by new patients or staff.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Immune-enhanced phagocytic dysfunction in pulmonary macrophages infected with parainfluenza 1 (Sendai) virus.

Cultured alveolar macrophages infected with parainfluenza 1 (Sendai) virus were treated with specific antiviral immune serum and their phagocytic activity for opsonized erythrocytes (EA), Candida krusei, and Staphylococcus epidermidis quantitated. Membrane Fc receptor and candida binding activity were unaffected by the viral infection. In contrast, the virus infection decreased the phagocytic ingestion of EA. The addition of immune serum induced new phagocytic defects in that the treatment of virus-infected macrophages decreased the binding of EA and candida and reduced the ingestion of the yeast and the staphylococci. In addition, treatment with immune serum also enhanced the phagocytic defects induced by the virus infection alone, further reducing the binding and ingestion of EA. Neither virus infection nor treatment with immune serum affected the intracellular killing of S. epidermidis. These data demonstrated that virus infection of alveolar macrophages in vitro induce phagocytic defects that are accentuated by the treatment of the macrophages with antiviral antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The effectiveness of a u-v toothbrush sanitizing device in reducing the number of bacteria, yeasts and viruses on toothbrushes.

Sixty-six sterile toothbrushes were exposed to one of the following microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillis subtilis, Serratia marcescens and Baker's yeast. The Pollenex DS60 Daily Dental Sanitizer was found to be effective in substantially reducing the number of retained bacteria and yeasts as compared to contaminated toothbrushes not treated with such a device. Different toothbrush types had different response rates. Seventy-two sterile toothbrushes were exposed to Herpes Simplex Virus, Type I and seventy-two sterile toothbrushes were exposed to Parainfluenza Virus, Type III. The Pollenex DS60 Daily Dental Sanitizer consistently killed both viruses on all of the toothbrushes treated. Both viruses were consistently retained on non-treated toothbrushes for at least 24 hours.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1990

Sequence of the fusion protein gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus and its 3' intergenic region: lack of small hydrophobic (SH) gene.

cDNA clones representing the fusion (F) gene of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (PIV-2) were isolated from cDNA libraries constructed from virus-specific mRNA and genomic RNA, and the complete nucleotide sequence of the F gene was determined. The F gene is 1854 nucleotides long and encodes one long open reading frame of 551 amino acids. The cleavage site for activation of the precursor Fo protein is Thr-Arg-Gln-Lys-Arg. The F gene of PIV-2 is most closely related to those of simian virus 5 (SV5) and mumps virus (MuV). Interestingly, although the HN glycoprotein of PIV-2 shows no relatedness to the HA glycoprotein of measles virus (MV), a distinct homology is found in the F proteins of PIV-2 and MV. As concerns F proteins, paramyxoviruses can be divided into two subgroups; that is, PIV-2, SV5, and MuV belong to one group, and HPIV-1, SV, and PIV-3 belong to the other group. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and MV are intermediate. Coding regions for small hydrophobic (SH) proteins have been found between the HN and F genes of SV5 and MuV, which are the viruses most closely related to PIV-2. However, such a gene could not be detected in two different strains of PIV-2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

Cell-mediated immunity in experimental parainfluenza type 3 virus infection.

Local respiratory-tract infection was produced experimentally in guinea-pigs by intranasal instillation of a suspension of parainfluenza virus type 3. Histologically, interstitial pneumonitis developed within 10 days and persisted for at least 70 days. Cell-mediated immunity was measured at intervals for 70 days after infection. Dermal reactivity could not be elicited. Leucocyte-migration inhibition and macrophage-migration inhibition were increased. Macrophage aggregation was present. Increased cell-mediated immunity could be transferred from infected donor animals to normal recipient animals by adoptive spleen-cell transfer even 60 and 70 days after infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of complement fixation with two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of antibodies to respiratory viral antigens.

We compared complement fixation (CF) for the measurement of antibodies against influenza A, influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human adenovirus, and parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3 (para-1, para-2, and para-3) with 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA kits, A and B). The IgG ELISA kits compared very well with each other except for the influenza A and B IgG ELISAs. The IgG ELISAs, in general, did not agree with CF In contrast, the IgM ELISAs compared well with CF and each other except for the consensus parainfluenza panel from ELISA B. The poor agreement of the IgG ELISAs with the CF test can be explained by the increased sensitivity of the ELISAs and differences between CF antigens and the ELISA antigens. The influenza A and influenza B ELISA antigens differed between both kits, which may explain their poor agreement. The ELISA is a suitable replacement for CF, providing greater sensitivity, isotype specificity, and ease of use.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1987

Pneumonia in Ottoman vipers (Vipera xanthena xanthena) associated with a parainfluenza 2-like virus.

A paramyxovirus related to parainfluenza 2 (PI2) virus was recovered from the lungs of two dead Ottoman vipers from a zoological collection. Snakes of other species in the collection were unaffected. Histologic examination of the vipers' lungs revealed interstitial pneumonia, and degeneration and hyperplasia of bronchial and atrial epithelia. Scattered vacuoles, some of which contain eosinophilic inclusion bodies, were seen in the cytoplasm of several cells of affected epithelial tissues. The virus recovered from pulmonary tissues of the snakes replicated optimally at 30 C in a variety of cell cultures and hemagglutinated chicken erythrocytes. Viral hemagglutination was inhibited by PI2 virus antiserum, but not by antisera to PI1, PI3, respiratory syncytial, and canine distemper viruses. Indirect immunofluorescence with PI2 antiserum specifically stained inclusions in the epithelial cells of respiratory tissues and infected cell cultures.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Electron microscopic evidence for parainfluenza type III/retrovirus phenotypically mixed particles.

Sublines of malignant permanent human fibroblast cell lines were shown to be infected by a type-D retrovirus (PMFV) and by a parainfluenza virus type III in an earlier study (2, 6). Careful electron microscopical investigations of these sublines have proved "viral structural elements" of both viruses in the same cell. We obtained electron microscopic evidence--though rarely--for parainfluenza type III/PMFV mixed-particles.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1993

Human herpesvirus-6 infections in infants admitted to hospital.

Virological studies were carried out on 3 to 36-month-old patients admitted to the Children's Hospital of the University of Modena with febrile syndrome from September 1990 to February 1991. Virological tests were carried out for human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses A and B. Viral infections were confirmed in 60.7% patients: 39.6% were correlated with HHV-6, 5.4% with EBV, 5.4% with both HHV-6 and EBV, 5.4% with adenoviruses, 1.8% with HSV-1, 1.8% with CMV and 1.8% with an unidentified herpes-like lymphotropic virus. HHV-6 isolates were obtained from either peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) or pharyngeal secretion of the infected children. HHV-6 infections included both primary infections (72%) and reactivations (28%). Among HHV-6 infected children, 40%, with exanthem subitum, had infections presenting serological evidence of primary infection and virus isolation from PBLs. The remaining cases of primary infection and the cases of reactivation were found in patients with febrile syndrome without rash (60%). HHV-6 isolates were obtained either from PBLs or pharyngeal secretions from these patients. Southern blot hybridization of the DNAs of 4 HHV-6 isolates showed that the circulating HHV-6 strains all appeared similar, but differed from the HHV-6 strain U1102 used as a positive control.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1991

Gene expression of nonsegmented negative strand RNA viruses.

Nonsegmented negative strand RNA viruses comprise major human and animal pathogens in nature. This class of viruses is ubiquitous and infects vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. Our laboratory has been working on the gene expression of two prototype nonsegmented negative strand RNA viruses, vesicular stomatitis virus (a rhabdovirus) and human parainfluenza virus 3 (a paramyxovirus). An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L and P protein) is packaged within the virion which faithfully copies the genome RNA in vitro and in vivo; this enzyme complex, in association with the nucleocapsid protein (N), is also involved in the replication process. In this review, we have presented up-to-date information of the structure and function of the RNA polymerases of these two viruses, the mechanisms of transcription and replication, and the role of host proteins in the life-cycle of the viruses. These detailed studies have led us to a better understanding of the roles of viral and cellular proteins in the viral gene expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

In vitro virucidal activity of selected anthraquinones and anthraquinone derivatives.

Anthraquinones and anthraquinone derivatives were characterized for their antiviral and virucidal activities against viruses representing several taxonomic groups. One of these compounds, hypericin, had activity against vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, parainfluenza virus, and vaccinia virus (from 0.5 to 3.8 log10 reductions in infectivity) at concentrations of less than 1 microgram/ml as determined by a direct pre-infection incubation assay. Human rhinovirus was not sensitive to hypericin at concentrations up to 10 micrograms/ml. Addition of small amounts of Tween-80 to solutions containing hypericin enhanced, by up to 2.6 log10, hypericin's virucidal activity. Anthraquinones and anthraquinone derivatives with the hydroxyl and alkyl substitution pattern of emodin (i.e. emodin, emodin anthrone, emodin bianthrone and hypericin) were active against the enveloped viruses tested. The following general pattern of activity was found: hypericin greater than emodin bianthrone greater than emodin anthrone greater than emodin. Chrysophanic acid, aloe-emodin, and sennosides A and B did not possess activity against any of the viruses tested.

Animals↗