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Selenium: geochemical distribution and associations with human heart and cancer death rates and longevity in China and the United States.

The geochemistry of available soil Se varies enormously in different localities, and the corresponding amounts moving up through crops to food vary accordingly. In a belt extending from northeastern to south central China, the available soil Se was measured by human blood Se levels. Severe deficiency occurred at 8-26 ng/mL; subadequate amounts occurred in large areas with 32-83 ng/mL; adequate amounts of 200-300 ng/mL occurred in large cities; and toxic amounts of 3000-7800 ng/mL occurred in terrace areas where runoff from the uplands evaporated, and in certain other soils. Some heart deaths (Keshan Disease) occurred in children 1 to 10 yr of age in the most deficient areas, but were prevented by 230-900 micrograms/wk Se supplementation. One mg Se/wk was the adult dosage. In Se deficient areas, the life span of adults was lowered severely (35 to 45 yr), with heart muscle damage common at autopsy. Se and Zn deficiencies are apparently associated with stomach cancer. The geochemistry of Se in the USA is also highly variable, blood Se ranging from 100-350 ng/mL. Se data for individuals are limited; however, ischemic heart death correlated inversely with blood Se in 25 cities of 22 states (r = -.70; p less than .01). Counties of Wisconsin and Florida are highly variable in human heart death and cancer death rates, as are the 50 states, suggesting Se geographic variability.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Determinants of longevity and all-cause mortality among middle-aged men. Role of 48 personal characteristics in a 40-year follow-up of Italian Rural Areas in the Seven Countries Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Forty-year all-cause mortality and its association with entry risk factor levels are reported for men enrolled in the Italian Rural Areas of the Seven Countries Study of Cardiovascular Diseases. METHODS: Forty-eight potential risk factors were measured in 1712 men aged 40-59 at entry examination in 1960. Mortality data were collected during 40 years of follow-up. The relationship of entry risk factor levels with all-cause mortality was studied by univariate and multivariate approaches. RESULTS: Overall death rate was 83.7%. The main causes of death were cardiovascular diseases, followed by cancer and others. The 48 risk factors were tested with univariate and multivariate approaches. In the final model, 15 risk factors were strongly and significantly related to all-cause mortality and survival. They were age, father and mother history of premature mortality, cigarette smoking, job-related physical activity (protective), body mass index (BMI) (in an inverse J-shaped fashion), mid-arm circumference (protective), mean blood pressure, forced respiratory volume in 3/4 seconds (protective), serum cholesterol, corneal arcus, xanthelasma, presence of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes at entry examination. CONCLUSIONS: During a 40-year period 15 mainly cardiovascular risk factors were highly predictive of all-cause mortality and survival in middle-aged men.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Serum leptin and longevity.

There are changes in the ability to regulate energy balance and caloric intake with aging. Consequently, we investigated whether human aging modifies the levels of serum leptin, a novel hormone implicated in the regulation of energy balance. We studied 268 Caucasian men and women aged 22-85 years, and divided them into groups with mean ages of 30, 40, 50, 65, 75, 80 and 85 years. Fasting serum leptin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Subjects aged 65 or older were followed for five years after the blood sampling. There were no statistically significant differences in fasting serum leptin concentrations across different age groups in females (p = 0.090). Fasting serum leptin concentrations were also similar in different age groups in males, except that males in the 30-year age group had lower serum leptin levels than males in the 75-year age group (p = 0.042). Leptin levels were 2-3 fold higher in females than in males in each age group (p < 0.005 except p = 0.063 in the 75-year age group). Elderly women, who lived longer, had 47% higher (p < 0.05) serum leptin concentrations, and 17% higher (p < 0.001) BMI than the women who died within five years of blood sampling. Leptin levels were not statistically different in these women after adjusting for BMI. Thus, aging has no apparent effect on serum leptin levels in women or men, and the gender differences in leptin is present also in the older age groups. Higher leptin concentrations in the females who live longer may reflect a better nutritional status, and a greater adipose tissue mass rather than a primary factor for survival.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The role of insulin and IGF-1 signaling in longevity.

There are many theories of aging and parameters that influence lifespan, including genetic instability, telomerase activity and oxidative stress. The role of caloric restriction, metabolism and insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in the process of aging is especially well conserved throughout evolution. These latter factors interact with each other, the former factors and histone deacetylases of the SIR family in a complex interaction to influence lifespan.

Aging↗