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At least 1,495 records · Page 83Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

The haemorheological and antithrombotic potential of pentoxifylline ('Trental'): a review.

Haemorheological knowledge achieved in the past decade has revealed the essential interactions of flow properties of blood with haemostatic, coagulation, and vessel wall mechanisms in blood flow disturbances. Fine tuning of these factors maintains the physiologically adequate perfusion of the nutritive microcirculation. Under pathological conditions, therefore, the most beneficial effect can be expected from the therapeutic approaches which, apart from the disturbed flow properties of the blood itself, improve also all the other factors involved. In consequence, it is suggested that treatment of circulatory disturbances should be directed not only at the reduction of enhanced red blood cell aggregation and improvement of impaired red blood cell deformability, but also at a diminuation of enhanced platelet and white cell hyperreactivity as well as at an amendment of hypercoagulability and of the affected endothelial and vessel wall systems. Experimental and clinical studies are reviewed to show that pentoxifylline meets these different requirements to a great extent. Its multi-functional pharmacological profile suggests new aspects in the treatment of circulatory disorders in many diseases and in the prevention of thrombotic events.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Reeducative treatment of female genuine stress incontinence.

Three-months re-education treatment of genuine stress incontinence was given to 26 female outpatients: 22 patients completed the treatment programme and 4 interrupted it for various reasons. The aims of the treatment were both to correct compensatory habits that patients used to conceal or reduce leakage accidents and to give specific education and strengthening of pelvic floor muscles. All patients who completed the three-months treatment definitely improved and 7 were cured. Accordingly a marked reduction or absence of weekly incontinence episodes as well as a reduction of the daily frequency of micturition was observed. On vaginal palpation a clear-cut improvement of pubococcygeous muscle contractility was detectable. Urethral closure pressure profilometry showed significant improvement of functional urethral profile length at rest and of maximal urethral closure present both at rest and during maximal voluntary contraction of the pelvic floor muscles. Micturition cystourethrography, repeated in 15 patients at the end of the treatment, showed a clear-cut improvement of bladder neck suspension defects in all but 2 patients. Follow-up assessments showed that the clinical effects were long-lasting. Possible mechanisms of this re-educative technique are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Evaluation of 16 severe pharyngo-esophageal caustic stenoses. Value of the anterior approach in an ileo-colic transplant].

Results of treatment of 16 cases of severe pharyngo-esophageal stenosis of caustic origin are reviewed. Emergency treatment is described, the place of otorhinolaryngology in investigation of lesions of upper respiratory and digestive tract discussed, and a description given of a technique of esophagopharyngoplasty by right ileocolic transplant with a suprahyoidal or supraglottic anterior cervical approach with epiglottectomy. Strict selection of patients is essential, taking into account their psychiatric profile. The functional result of this operation, with its long and difficult postoperative course, was inconstant (11 of the 16 cases could be fed liquids and solids by mouth exclusively, ensuring maintenance of body weight, although endoscopic dilatation might be necessary in one or two cases), and appears to depend on the outcome of corrosive lesions and psychologic behavior of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Pulmonary functions in children exposed to polluted air.

In a preliminary study of the effects of polluted air on the functional pulmonary profile in children, 101 children living in an area with heavy air-pollution (Group B) and 103 children from an area with relatively non-polluted air (Group A) were examined. In Group B we found out a significant impairment of the parameters of the flow-volume curve at low volume levels of air in lungs, i.e. FEF25, FEF25/FVC and FEF50/FVC. Tiffaneau's index FEV1% was impaired significantly in girls only. This impairment may be an expression of the peripheral airways lesions due to chronic exposure to polluted air.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1983

[Dosimetric characteristics of the bremsstrahlung beam from the LUE-15M medical linear electron accelerator].

The paper presents methods and results of a study of radiation-physical characteristics of inhibitory radiation beam with the Grenz energy of 15MeV generated by an electron linear accelerator LUE-15M. Special emphasis is laid on primary dosimetric information used for the planning of radiotherapy: depth doses, beam profiles, dose functions of a collimated beam. It has been shown that in general the accelerator meets the requirements of the International Electrotechnical Commission. General error in the focal absorbed dose at the expense of variable parameters of the accelerator was evaluated. It does not exceed +/- 3.5%.

Particle Accelerators↗
PubMed1983

The immotile-cilia syndrome compared to other obstructive lung diseases: a clue to their pathogenesis.

Twentyfour adults, aged 19-47 years, with congenitally nonfunctioning cilia were investigated by clinical examination, radiography, spirometry, and in most cases by tracheobronchial clearance measurements and ultrastructural examination of respiratory tract cilia and/or sperm tails. They all suffered from chronic bronchitis, rhinitis and sinusitis, and most of them had bronchiectasis and a history of otitis. Most had spirometrically overt obstructive lung disease and four radiological signs of emphysema. Clinical profile, lung function and mucociliary clearance data were compared to corresponding data from samples of patients with other obstructive lung diseases. These comparisons indicate that a long-standing impairment of mucociliary clearance is of pathogenetic importance in common chronic obstructive lung disease associated with chronic bronchitis, but not in emphysema associated with severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency without chronic bronchitis, and not in asthma. In cystic fibrosis and in hypogammaglobulinemia an impaired clearance is not of primary pathogenetic significance but may contribute to the development of obstructive lung disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The effects of clozapine on neurocognition: an overview.

Clozapine has proved effective in alleviating a wide range of psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia. Its effects on cognitive function in schizophrenia are more variable. Clozapine appears to have a salutary effect on some aspects of attention, response speed, and fluency, whereas it appears to have a mild but adverse effect on visual memory and some executive functions. This profile may be related to the affinity of clozapine for dopaminergic type I and muscarinic receptors and relative lack of affinity for dopaminergic type II receptors.

Clozapine↗
PubMed1995

Molecular approaches toward pathologic mechanisms in giant cell arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis.

Molecular techniques have provided new tools to define genetic systems involved in disease susceptibility and to dissect molecular events driving inflammatory reactions. Inflammatory infiltrates in the wall of large and medium-sized arteries, sometimes associated with giant cell formation, are pathognomic for Takayasu's arteritis (TA) and giant cell (cranial) arteritis. Molecular techniques have been used successfully to define genetic host factors involved in disease susceptibility and to dissect the nature of inflammatory cells and mediators in the pathologic lesions. Careful analysis of incidence data for TA suggests that TA is a worldwide disease. Genetic comparison of western and eastern TA, however, raises the possibility of disease heterogeneity. Emerging data indicate that HLA-DRB1 genes represent important risk factors in giant cell arteritis. Whether disease association is related to the role of HLA-DR molecules in presenting a disease-inducing antigen remains to be seen. Analysis of the molecular diversity of tissue-infiltrating T cells indicates that a small proportion of CD4+ T cells proliferate in situ, potentially as a result of antigen recognition. Tissue cytokine profiles reveal functional selection of T cells and are compatible with the model that Th1 cells recognize antigen on the surface of activated macrophages. The presence of T cell-derived cytokines in temporal artery tissue of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica who are lacking microscopic inflammation indicates subclinical vasculitis.

Cytokines↗
PubMed1994

Recombinant L7/L12 ribosomal protein and gamma-irradiated Brucella abortus induce a T-helper 1 subset response from murine CD4+ T cells.

Immunity to Brucella abortus crucially depends on antigen (Ag)-specific T-cell mediated activation of macrophages, which are the major effectors of cell-mediated killing of this organism. Ribosomal preparations have been used as vaccines against several pathogens, including B. abortus, conferring a high degree of protection. In the present study, we have examined the pattern of T-helper (Th) cell response from infected BALB/c mice after in vitro stimulation with recombinant (r) L7/L12 ribosomal protein or gamma-irradiated B. abortus. In addition to Ag-specific proliferation, CD4+ T cells were tested for interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNA expression and secretion. Detection of cytokine transcripts and secreted cytokines was performed using reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific ELISA assays. Primed CD4+ T cells proliferated to the recombinant protein or whole B. abortus. The functional cytokine profile of the proliferating cells was typical of a Th1 cell phenotype, as we detected transcripts for IL-2 and IFN-gamma but not IL-4. Among the cytokines analysed, only IFN-gamma produced in the Th cell culture supernatants was detected by ELISA when bacteria or recombinant protein were used. Thus, rL7/L12 ribosomal protein and gamma-irradiated B. abortus preferentially stimulated IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells after in vitro stimulation. The results of this study provide for the first time an explanation of why ribosomal vaccines may protect against intracellular infections, and an experimental basis for identifying polypeptides from a pathogen which stimulates the desired cytokine profile and Th cell response crucial for the design of genetically engineered candidate vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[The patterns of focal reorganization of the synaptic pool at the molecular level of the cerebellar cortex in the ischemic period].

A comparative analysis of intraneuronal relationship between Purkinje cells and granule cells zones of the cerebellar cortex molecular layer with different extent of expression of destructive and compensatory-adaptive processes was performed in rats in the dynamics of postischemic period. The ischemia was modelled by the 10 minutes long compression of the heart vascular bundle under the ethereal narcosis, Dependence between type and extent of the synaptic profile and functional state of the synapse was shown. Dynamics of changes of the synapse numerical density was demonstrated so as the regularities of the axo-spinous synapses structural organization changes during their dysfunction, destruction and interneuronal contact repair within and outside the nidi of interneuronal interrelations during 30 days of postischemic period.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of the novel cocaine analog 2beta-propanoyl-3beta-(4-tolyl)-tropane in rhesus monkeys.

2beta-propanoyl-3beta-(4-tolyl)-tropane (PTT), is a cocaine analog that inhibits dopamine uptake, binding with high affinity and selectivity to the dopamine transporter. In the present study, the behavioral effects of PTT were evaluated in two models of cocaine abuse: drug self-administration and drug discrimination. In the first experiment, rhesus monkeys (n = 3) were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg/injection, i.v.) under a fixed-interval 5-min schedule. Presession administration of PTT (0.03-0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) or cocaine (0.3-3.0 mg/kg, i.v.) were evaluated. At both self-administered doses of cocaine, PTT decreased response rates and total session intakes and was approximately 0.5 to 1.0 log units more potent than cocaine. In experiment 2, the reinforcing effects of PTT (0.003-0.1 mg/kg/injection) were evaluated in a separate group of monkeys (n = 4) responding under a fixed-interval 5-min schedule of cocaine (0.03 mg/kg/injection) presentation. When substituted for cocaine, PTT maintained response rates similar to saline-maintained rates and significantly lower than rates maintained by cocaine (0.003-0.3 mg/kg/injection). Total session PTT intake was significantly lower than cocaine intake. In experiment 3, the discriminative stimulus effects of PTT (0.003-0.1 mg/kg, i.m.) were evaluated in monkeys (n = 3) trained to discriminate cocaine (0.2 mg/kg, i.m.) from saline (0.5 ml). PTT substituted for cocaine in a dose-dependent manner and was 0.5 to 1.0 log units more potent than cocaine. At the highest PTT dose, cocaine-appropriate responding was observed 8 to 24 hr after the injection. These results demonstrated that the long-acting indirect dopamine agonist PTT was effective in decreasing cocaine self-administration and in abuse liability testing showed a unique behavioral profile, not functioning as a reinforcer when substituted for cocaine and producing discriminative stimulus effects similar to cocaine.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Physical fitness levels vs selected coronary risk factors. A cross-sectional study.

Several studies show significant correlations of blood variables, weight, abnormal electrocardiograms, and blood pressure with the incidence of coronary heart disease, but the quantification of fitness and its correlation with coronary heart disease is more difficult. In this study, approximately 3,000 men, average age of 44.6 years, were examined for blood and lipid profile, pulmonary function, percent body fat determination, and Balke maximal performance treadmill stress testing with multilead ECG monitoring. Five age-adjusted cardiorespiratory fitness categories were determined from treadmill times. A consistent inverse relationship among physical fitness categories and resting heart rate, body weight, percent body fat, serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, glucose, and systolic blood pressure, was observed. Forced vital capacity was directly related to levels of fitness. These results, although cross-sectional, imply that physical fitness is related to lower coronary risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intravenous immunoglobulin preparations as immunomodulatory agents.

Certain immunopathologic conditions, such as hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases, are characterized by quantitative and/or qualitative alterations of immune reactions. It is now believed that such immunologic disturbances generate from inadequate internal control and regulation of immunologic reactivity. Important member of the complex regulatory network that supervises an immune response are antibodies themselves. Since antibody is bifunctional molecule, its regulatory action deals with two separate molecular structures denoted as Fab and Fc portion. By Fab fragment, antibody interferes with the reaction with antigens, or participates in the regulatory idiotype/antiidiotype interactions. Fc-mediated regulation includes influence on complement activation cascade, formation and clearance of immune complexes, phagocytosis, ADCC activity, T- and B-cell function, cytokine profile, etc. In general, antibody triggers immune reactions, but also has the capacity to suppress them. Exogenous antibodies are likely to elicit similar effects on immune processes. Actually, it has been demonstrated that intravenously given immunoglobulins, particularly high-dose IgG, effectively combat harmful immune response in some chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Hence, preparations of immunoglobulins for intravenous use (IVIG) can be considered as an immunomodulatory agent. To achieve the property of modulating the immune response, IVIG products must contain intact (7S) IgG molecule and maintain sufficient concentrations in plasma.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗