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PubMed1999

Mood and drinking: a naturalistic diary study of alcohol, coffee and tea.

Understanding the pattern of associations between mood and consumption of alcohol, coffee and tea may provide information about the factors governing beverage drinking. The associations between mood and the consumption of alcohol, coffee and tea during everyday life were assessed. A naturalistic study was carried out with 18 male and 31 female volunteers from two working groups (psychiatric nursing and school teaching). Participants completed daily records of drink consumption, together with ratings of anxious and positive moods for 8 weeks. Potential moderators of associations were self-reported drinking to cope, high perceived job demands and social support at work. Day-by-day associations were analysed using Spearman correlations. There were substantial individual-differences in associations between mood and daily alcohol, coffee and tea consumption. Overall, alcohol intake was associated with high positive and low anxious mood. This effect was not present among participants with high drinking to cope ratings. Coffee and tea drinking were not consistently related to mood across the entire sample. However, job demands influenced the association between coffee consumption and anxious mood in men, and those who experienced high job demands drank more coffee on days on which they felt anxious. In contrast, women but not men who enjoyed high social support at work felt more relaxed on days on which they drank more tea. These results indicate that people vary widely in the extent to which mood is related to the drinking of alcohol, coffee and tea. The strength of associations is influenced by gender, motivational factors, and by stress and coping resources.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol drinking is reduced by a mu 1- but not by a delta-opioid receptor antagonist in alcohol-preferring rats.

To assess the roles of opioid receptor subtypes in voluntary alcohol drinking, alcohol-preferring AA (Alko, Alcohol) rats, non-deprived of food or water, were used in a paradigm where access to 10% alcohol solution was limited to 1-4-h sessions on every 2nd working day. The delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole (1-5 mg/kg i.p. 15 min before the session) had no effect on alcohol drinking, while it attenuated the delta-opioid receptor agonist [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin-induced locomotor stimulation. The mu1-opioid receptor antagonist naloxonazine (1-15 mg/kg i.p. 20 h before the session), at the largest dose, decreased alcohol drinking. It also decreased food intake. When naltrindole (1 mg/kg) and naloxonazine (15 mg/kg) were given prior to 3 consecutive sessions, the former had no effects at any session. Naloxonazine decreased alcohol consumption only in the 1st session, although the reduction of daily water intake became stronger during repeated administration. 4 days after the last drug administration, naloxonazine-treated animals consumed alcohol nearly twice as much as in the control session before any drug treatment. These data suggest that delta-opioid receptors are not involved in the regulation of alcohol drinking in AA rats. mu1-Opioid receptors may be involved in alcohol drinking, although the data suggest that even their prolonged blockade alone is insufficient to induce a sustained decrease in alcohol drinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1975

Pattern of drinking and feeding produced by hypothalamic norepinephrine injection in the satiated rat.

Injection of norepinephrine into the perifornical region of the anterior hypothalamus elicited both drinking and feeding in satiated rats. Analysis of these behaviors revealed the following: (1) Both responses were dose-dependent, occurring at doses at least as low as 0.5 mug. (2) The drinking response (1-4 ml) had a latency of around 1.5 min and a duration of 2-3 min. It was followed within a minute or two by eating (2-4 g) that lasted approximately 20 min. It was also followed by a period of drinking suppression that lasted approximately 60 min. (3) Satiation from the ingestion process appeared to be a primary factor in terminating the elicited feeding response, whereas a time-related factor was important in terminating the elicited drinking. (4) These ingestive responses produced by noradrenergic stimulation of the anterior perifornical hypothalamus were found to bear striking similarities to the rat's natural feeding behavior and premeal component of his natural food-associated drinking behavior. (5) These noradrenergically elicited responses could not be observed with lateral hypothalamic stimulation, while only feeding was elicited by ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation. (6) The drinking induced by central noradrenergic stimulation, in contrast to that induced by peripheral beta-adrenergic stimulation, was unaffected by nephrectomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of a high NaCl diet on eating and drinking patterns in pygmy goats.

Eating and drinking patterns of eight pygmy goats were recorded under two diets with different NaCl content. A 3% NaCl diet in comparison to a 0.5% NaCl diet caused a long lasting depression of food intake, whereas water intake did not change. Therefore, the ratio between cumulative water and food intake increased significantly. Feeding the 3% NaCl diet mainly decreased food intake through a decrease in the size (31%) and frequency (16%) of meals which were not associated with drinking. Size and frequency of meals associated with drinking were not substantially affected by the 3% NaCl diet. Size and frequency of drafts were not altered. Size of meals associated with drinking was generally bigger than that of meals not associated with drinking. These findings can best be explained by control of feeding through osmolality of rumen fluid. Ruminal osmolality seems to be less important for control of drinking.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Mouse inbred strain differences in ethanol drinking to intoxication.

Recently, we described a simple procedure, Drinking in the Dark (DID), in which C57BL/6J mice self-administer ethanol to a blood ethanol concentration (BEC) above 1 mg/ml. The test consists of replacing the water with 20% ethanol in the home cage for 4 h early during the dark phase of the light/dark cycle. Three experiments were conducted to explore this high ethanol drinking model further. In experiment 1, a microanalysis of C57BL/6J behavior showed that the pattern of ethanol drinking was different from routine water intake. In experiment 2, drinking impaired performance of C57BL/6J on the accelerating rotarod and balance beam. In experiment 3, 12 inbred strains were screened to estimate genetic influences on DID and correlations with other traits. Large, reliable differences in intake and BEC were detected among the strains, with C57BL/6J showing the highest values. Strain means were positively correlated with intake and BEC in the standard (24 h) and a limited (4 h) two-bottle ethanol vs. water test, but BECs reached higher levels for DID. Strain mean correlations with other traits in the Mouse Phenome Project database supported previously reported genetic relationships of high ethanol drinking with low chronic ethanol withdrawal severity and low ethanol-conditioned taste aversion. We extend these findings by showing that the correlation estimates remain relatively unchanged even after correcting for phylogenetic relatedness among the strains, thus relaxing the assumption that the strain means are statistically independent. We discuss applications of the model for finding genes that predispose pharmacologically significant drinking in mice.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

Voluntary ethanol drinking during the first three postnatal weeks in lines of rats selectively bred for divergent ethanol preference.

BACKGROUND: Using a procedure first developed by Hall (1979), we examined ethanol self-administration in preweanling pups from Wistar rats and in lines of rats selectively bred for divergent ethanol preference (alcohol-preferring P, alcohol-nonpreferring NP, high-alcohol-drinking HAD-1 and -2, and low-alcohol-drinking LAD-2) to determine if factors contributing to high and low alcohol intakes are present early in development. METHODS: From postnatal days 5 to 20, nondeprived male and female rat pups received 30 min daily access to either water or a 15% (v/v) ethanol solution. In each daily session, pups were placed in a heated chamber containing Kimwipes soaked with a water or ethanol solution. Pups were weighed before and after each session, and intake levels were calculated as a percentage of body weight change. RESULTS: Similar to previous reports, Wistar pups exhibited over a 2-fold higher level of ethanol ingestion than water on postnatal days 9 through 14, with ethanol intakes approaching 3 g/kg body weight. When the drinking patterns of the selected lines were examined, only the HAD replicate lines showed a comparable preference for ethanol versus water during the preweanling period. The ethanol consumption of P, NP, and LAD lines was not consistently distinguishable from water intake levels. To reveal whether early ethanol exposure would influence later ethanol drinking behavior, a subset of HAD and LAD rat pups received free-choice ethanol access upon weaning. Although the divergent ethanol preference between high- and low-alcohol-drinking lines was evident within the first 4 days of access (>4 g/kg/day for HAD; <2 g/kg/day for LAD), preweanling ethanol exposure did not alter the acquisition or maintenance of ethanol drinking in either line. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results suggest that (a) the enhanced ethanol ingestion observed during the middle portion of the preweanling period is a robust phenomenon and generalizes across nonselected strains of rats, (b) selective breeding for divergent alcohol preference has arrested this age-specific effect in all but the HAD lines of rats, and (c) early ethanol exposure does not alter genetic dispositions for later high or low alcohol preference.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

[Description of drinking water intake in French communities (E.MI.R.A. study)].

BACKGROUND: Assessment of risks associated with waterborne pollutants requires a good characterization of the exposure of individuals and populations. This characterization implies knowledge of pollutants' levels in water and their time variability, and also estimation of drinking water consumption. Several studies were conducted, mostly in North America, on levels of chemical contaminants or prevalence of pathogens. Few studies were conducted on drinking water intake of the general population. METHODS: This work, included within the E.MI.R.A study which was set up to assess waterborne infectious risks, describes in details daily drinking water consumption of 544 French volunteers. Data were collected by self-questionnaires. RESULTS: RESULTS differ according to the season. Tap water usage for food follows a normal distribution (arithmetic mean in winter=1.55 l/j, 95% CI [0.20-2.90]; arithmetic mean in spring=1.78 l/j, [0.13-3.43]). Total drinking water intake follows a log-normal distribution (geometric mean in winter=1.60 l/j, standard deviation=1.73 l/j; geometric mean in spring=1.92 l/j, standard deviation=1.70 l/j). Tap water intake amounts to more than 80% of total drinking water consumption, and pure tap water (i.e not added, modified nor boiled) amounts to 42% of total drinking water. RESULTS are also displayed by age, and compared to other data available in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides data that can be used to develop risk assessment and epidemiological studies in the field of chemical or infectious risks in the context of France.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Cessation of alcohol drinking and risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx.

A strong, dose-dependent association exists between alcohol consumption and risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx. The impact on risk of temporal aspects of drinking habits has been inadequately evaluated. Our case-control study included 754 individuals with incident cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (median age 57) and 1,775 controls (median age 57) in the hospital for acute, non-neoplastic diseases who were interviewed in 2 Italian areas and in the Swiss Canton of Vaud between 1992 and 1997. The questionnaire included lifetime drinking and smoking habits. No influence of age at starting or duration of alcohol drinking was found. Risk increased substantially with the increase of weekly alcoholic drinks [Odds Ratios (OR) for >/= 91 drinks/week vs. never drinkers = 11.6]. Risk in former compared with current drinkers was 1.9-fold elevated. However, among individuals who had also stopped smoking, former drinkers showed lower ORs than current drinkers. The persistence of risk elevation several years after drinking cessation suggests that the role of alcohol is complex and it probably affects more than one stage of oral carcinogenesis. It remains to be clarified which impact prevention-driven drinking cessation may have on the excess of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx due to elevated alcohol intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Determinants of suckling versus drinking in weanling albino rats: influence of hydrational state and maternal contact.

Preferences of weanling albino rats (15, 20, and 25 days of age) for nonnutritive suckling or drinking were determined using a Y-maze. Age, hydrational state, and the opportunity to contact the mother all influenced choice behavior. When tested in a maze that allowed continuous maternal contact in the "drinking-goal box," dehydrated rats chose to drink, while nondehydrated rats chose to suckle. Testing dehydrated rats in a maze that precluded maternal contact in the "drinking-goal box" eliminated drinking preference at all ages. These observations identify maternal presence as an important condition for the expression of drinking behavior during the weaning period and confirm our previous demonstration of dehydration's inhibition of suckling behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Development of a Controlled Drinking Self-Efficacy Scale and appraising its relation to alcohol dependence.

There is no specific self-efficacy measure that has been developed primarily for problem drinkers seeking a moderation drinking goal. In this article, we report the factor structure of a 20-item Controlled Drinking Self-Efficacy Scale (CDSES; Sitharthan et al., 1996; Sitharthan et al., 1997). The results indicate that the CDSES is highly reliable, and the factor analysis using the full sample identified four factors: negative affect, positive mood/social context, frequency of drinking, and consumption quantity. A similar factor structure was obtained for the subsample of men. In contrast, only three factors emerged in the analysis of data on female participants. Compared to women, men had low self-efficacy to control their drinking in situations relating to positive mood/social context, and subjects with high alcohol dependence had low self-efficacy for situations relating to negative affect, social situations, and drinking less frequently. The CDSES can be a useful measure in treatment programs providing a moderation drinking goal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Father's drinking and infant birth weight: report of an association.

Parents' drinking in the month prior to conception was ascertained for 377 infants born to members of a health maintenance organization. If the father had an average of two or more drinks daily, or had at least five drinks on one occasion, a decrease of 137 gm in infant birth weight was predicted, by means of regression analysis. This result was independent of maternal drinking, although infants whose mothers were regular drinkers weighed less at birth. The lower mean birth weights of infants of regular-drinking fathers was not due to parents' smoking, maternal use of caffeine, marijuana, or other drugs, or 21 other measured variables. This is the first report of an association in humans between father's drinking prior to conception and decreased infant birth weight. However, interpretation of this finding is difficult because the biological mechanisms that might underlie it are obscure.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1979

The effect of neuroleptic drugs on drinking induced by central administration of angiotensin or carbachol.

The effect of a series of neuroleptic drugs on the drinking response elicited by intracerebroventricular injection of either angiotensin or carbachol into conscious rats was studied. The i.p. injection of haloperidol, cis-flupenthixol, or fluphenazine antagonized both angiotensin-induced and carbachol-induced drinking. When injected into the lateral ventricles, the neuroleptics haloperidol, fluphenazine, cis-fluphenthixol and sulpiride were potent inhibitors of angiotensin-induced drinking, but had little effect on the dipsogenic action of carbachol. Clozapine, administered centrally, antagonized drinking caused by both angiotensin and carbachol. Pimozide and chlorpromazine were also potent inhibitors of angiotensin-induced drinking, while trans-flupenthixol was inactive. Our results support the concept of an involvement of dopamine in angiotensin-induced drinking.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1988

Risk status of adolescent children of problem-drinking parents.

These studies assessed the risk status of children of untreated alcoholics. In Study 1, a cross-sectional survey of 208 high school students identified 18% as having serious concern about their parents' drinking. In Study 2, 32 children of problem-drinking parents and 39 others who participated in self-help groups were surveyed. Children of problem-drinking parents were more at risk of depression, low self-esteem, and heavy drinking than their peers in the general high school population. Within self-help groups, however, children's symptomatology was not related to their parents' drinking status. The results support the need for preventive intervention for children of problem-drinking parents and for developing strategies for improving the participation rate of such children in the intervention programs that are available.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol drinking patterns and medical care use in an HMO setting.

The objective of this study was to examine the association of medical care use (outpatient visits and hospitalization) with alcohol drinking patterns in a large health maintenance organization (HMO). Data were gathered from a random sample of 10,292 adult respondents through a telephone survey conducted between June 1994 and February 1996. Findings indicate that current nondrinkers with no past history of drinking had higher rates of outpatient visits and hospitalizations than current drinkers. Among current drinkers, medical care use declined slightly as drinking levels increased. Among nondrinkers, those with a drinking history exhibited significantly higher use of outpatient visits and hospital care than nondrinkers with no drinking history and current drinkers. Controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors, health status, and common medical conditions in multivariate analyses suggests that nondrinkers with a drinking history use more services because they are sicker than other nondrinkers or current drinkers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Calcium channel agonist (-)-BAY k 8644 suppresses free and limited access intake of alcohol in genetic drinking rats.

Drugs which possess selective actions on a given voltage operated calcium (Ca2+) channel (VOCC) are reportedly involved in the pharmacological actions of alcohol. Recently it was shown that the 1,4-dihydropyridine (-)-BAY k 8644, an L-type VOCC agonist, reduces alcohol intake relatively selectively in the genetic drinking AA rat. This study determined whether (-)-BAY k 8644 would alter volitional alcohol drinking in two other genetic models of alcoholism, male P rats and a new strain of male and female high ethanol preferring (HEP) rats. By use of a standard 10-day preference test for water versus 3 to 30% alcohol, the maximally preferred concentration of alcohol was first determined for each rat individually, i.e. 9%, 13% or 15%. Then the rats were allowed free access over 24 h or limited access to alcohol for only 2 h, during which time the intakes of water and preferred solution of alcohol were recorded. After the drinking patterns stabilized for 4 days, saline, a solutol vehicle solution or (-)-BAY k 8644 was administered: (1) in a dose of 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg given intraperitoneally twice daily for 4 days during free access to alcohol; and (2) for 3 days in a dose of 0.125 or 0.25 mg/kg given subcutaneously 30 min prior to 2 h of limited access to alcohol. Fluid intakes were recorded for either 4 or 8 days after limited and free access conditions, respectively. Whereas the control solutions were without effect during 24 h access, (-)-BAY k 8644 caused a significant dose-dependent suppression of up to 80% in absolute g/kg and proportion of alcohol to total fluid consumed; this decline persisted in the post drug period. During the limited access paradigm, (-)-BAY k 8644 similarly reduced alcohol drinking maximally within the first 15 min of presentation of alcohol; again, this reduction persisted over the remaining 105 min of alcohol access. Also, individual levels of blood alcohol declined concurrently with the suppression of drinking. These results demonstrate that (-)-BAY k 8644 possesses a short latency of action on alcohol intake and that its salutary effects on drinking persist after the drug is terminated. Finally, the hypothesis that L-type calcium channel agonists may be useful as a therapeutic adjunct in the treatment of alcoholism is extended.

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy↗
PubMed2005

Effect of water drinking on sympathetic nervous activity and blood pressure.

Recent studies suggest that water drinking elicits acute changes in human physiology. Water drinking profoundly increases blood pressure in patients with autonomic failure. Water drinking also increases blood pressure in quadriplegic patients, cardiac transplant recipients, and older healthy subjects, but to a lesser extent. Blood pressure does not change in healthy young subjects. More recently, water drinking was shown to increase energy expenditure. The acute changes in cardiovascular regulation and in energy expenditure with water drinking appear to be mediated through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic activation may involve a spinal reflex-like mechanism. The stimulus that causes the sympathetic activation is not known. The acute water pressor response can be exploited in the treatment of patients with impaired orthostatic tolerance caused by autonomic failure, postural tachycardia syndrome, or, perhaps, neurocardiogenic (vasovagal) syncope. The increase in energy expenditure with water drinking should be recognized as an important confounding variable in metabolic studies and may hold some promise as an adjunctive measure in the prevention or treatment of obesity.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1989

The T-ACE questions: practical prenatal detection of risk-drinking.

Heavy maternal alcohol intake is a major perinatal risk but, unfortunately, is difficult for obstetricians and gynecologists to detect. To develop a brief questionnaire appropriate for office detection of "risk-drinking," that is, alcohol intake potentially sufficient to damage the fetus, defined here as greater than or equal to 1 ounce of absolute alcohol per day, we obtained a quantitative drinking history at the first prenatal visit from 971 consecutive gravid women who admitted ever having drunk alcohol. In addition, we administered the 25-question Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and the four CAGE questions (C = cut down, A = annoyed, G = guilt, E = eye opener), a screening test previously unstudied in pregnancy, and sought evidence of tolerance to the inebriating effect of alcohol, a question which does not appear to trigger psychologic denial. The patient was considered tolerant if it took greater than 2 drinks to make her feel "high." Among 42 (4.3%) risk-drinkers and 929 women who did not report drinking at risk levels, four questions were found to contribute to reliably differentiating risk-drinkers from non-risk-drinkers (R2 = 14.6%, p less than 0.0001). The probability of risk-drinking increased from 1.5% for those responding negatively to 62.7% for those responding positively to all four questions (T = tolerance, A = annoyed, C = cut down, E = eye-opener; odds ratio = 109X). A simple scoring scheme (2 points for T and 1 each for A, C, or E, with a total score of greater than or equal to 2 considered positive) correctly identified 69% of the risk-drinkers (sensitivity) with a positive predictive value of 23%). The T-ACE questions take about 1 minute to ask and represent the first validated sensitive screen for risk-drinking appropriate for routine use in obstetric-gynecologic practice. If validated in further samples, broad application might contribute to better risk identification, secondary prevention efforts, and improved pregnancy outcomes for offspring at risk from heavy prenatal alcohol exposure.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1976

The effect of subfornical organ lesions and ventricular blockade on drinking induced by angiotensin II.

The role of the subfornical organ (SFO) as the unique receptor site for the drinking behavior induced by intracranial injections of angiotensin II (AII) was investigated. It was found that: (1) drinking in response to intraventricular (IVT) injections of AII was reduced in 6 rats but was unchanged after 80-100% damage of the SFO in 4 cases; (2) reduction of drinking to lateral ventricular application of AII was seen with no apparent SFO damage in 4 rats; (3) recovery of the AII induced drinking deficit was consistently observed within a short time interval (14 days), even in those animals with complete SFO lesions: (4) the presence of ventricular debris was correlated with deficits in water intake to IVT angiotensin injections. In a second experiment artificial blockade of the ventricular space was produced by a plugging technique. Plugging the anterior third ventricle simulated the effects of SFO lesioning. It was concluded that the SFO is not a unique receptor area since the ventral anterior third ventricle is also sensitive for AII (IVT) induced drinking. If the SFO is a receptor site for AII circulating in the CSF it is probably not the only periventricular receptor site. Access of AII to the anterior ventral third ventricle appears to be essential for inducement of drinking.

Angiotensin II↗