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At least 1,495 records · Page 83Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Small letter contrast sensitivity: an alternative measure of visual resolution for aviation candidates.

Exceptional vision is needed to maintain high levels of aviation performance. Current standards for helicopter pilot training include superior visual acuity with minimal refractive error. Despite these demanding criteria, it is likely that visual ability varies among those who meet the standards for pilot training. A more complete knowledge of visual capabilities in these individuals will allow us to better correlate vision with performance and to develop more incisive criteria for selection. The purpose of this study was to investigate an alternative test of visual resolution for aviation candidates using small letter contrast sensitivity (SLCS). Computer-generated letter charts were used to measure visual acuity (VA) and SLCS in 16 candidates who had satisfied military vision standards for pilot training. The acuity and contrast charts varied, by line, in equal log steps such that the letter recognition task was comparable for the two types of measurement. VA and SLCS were highly correlated in these subjects, indicating that the two tests measure similar aspects of visual resolution. Scores were distributed across two lines on the acuity chart, but across four lines on the contrast chart, suggesting that SLCS offers a more discriminating test of resolution. This assumption was confirmed in that SLCS was more highly correlated with small amounts of refractive error in the candidates tested. SLCS offers a sensitive, adjunctive measure of visual resolution which may be useful for identifying the unique visual abilities required for aviation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

["Baby Vision", the first steps at the Ophthalmological Clinic in Cluj].

The paper presents a survey done in the Ophthalmological Clinic of Cluj on 140 children, 3 years old, for which the "Baby Vision" was applied. The examination consisted of strabismic angle determination, alternance estimation, visual acuity, stereoscopy, optokinetic nystagmus, refraction and eye fundus investigation. The results, particularities and difficulties in the examination and treatment of those little children are summarized.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1994

[Night driving capacity of pseudophakic patients].

One hundred pseudophakic patients (aged 62.1 +/- 10.8 years) were examined for glare sensitivity and contrast vision, using the Mesoptometer II, 15.8 +/- 9.8 months after implantation of monofocal intraocular lenses. The patients were tested in order to determine whether they met the requirements of the German Ophthalmological Society (DOG) for the granting of a driver's license. The patients were divided into three groups: (1) pseudophakic bilaterally (n = 50), (2) pseudophakic in one eye with phakic contralateral eye (n = 25), and (3) pseudophakic in one eye with cataract in contralateral eye (n = 25). There were no differences between the groups in corrected distance acuity (ANOVA, P = 0.17). Fifty-two percent of the patients did not fulfill the requirements of the DOG (group 1 50%, group 2 24%, group 3 84%). In groups 1 and 2 the binocular results for glare sensitivity and contrast vision were significantly better than the monocular results (P < 0.001). In group 3, however, there was no difference between binocular and monocular results (P > 0.3). In 20% of patients in this group the binocular results were worse than the monocular results. Results for both contrast vision and glare sensitivity were significantly related to age. Overall, this population of pseudophakic patients were 40-50% less suited to night driving than were healthy volunteers with normal eyes.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Evaluation of current guidelines for flying capacity and internationally proposed revisions].

Despite several modifications of medical requirements for German flight personnel, these requirements have often been criticized by ophthalmologists because of their margins of interpretation. In many controversial cases regarding pilot licences, the final decision has to be made by the national aeromedical review board. The progress in ophthalmologic microsurgery, e.g. intraocular lens implantation and refractive surgery, has led to a certain insecurity among surgeons as to how to deal with these developments within the requirements. Besides, new cockpit designs with multiple colour displays have changed the demands on the pilot's visual system, especially with regard to colour perception. New European requirements which will probably become effective in 1994 are compared to the existing German standards.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1994

[Visual information and road safety].

The French authorities have recently decided that an eye-sight examination should be required for the delivery of a driving licence and also at a later date for confirmed drivers. This appeared to be necessary, because the impairment of driver's visual capacity is sometimes the cause, either directly or indirectly, of accidents. The visual information relies on the visual acuity but also on contrast sensitivity, the spatial perception, the color vision, the depth appreciation and the visual recovery after a glare. During twilight and during normal night driving with dipped-beam headlights, the luminance of the roadway is very low and reduces the efficiency of the functions indicated above. Other factors also appear to be unfavorable such as: old age, being tired and unreasonable drinking and use of drugs. The visual information of the drivers depends on the technical equipment of the road and more precisely on the general lighting of the most dangerous spots of heavy traffic roads. In order to reduce both the frequency and gravity of accidents, standards covering the minimal efficiency of each eye function are required, such as the choice of the specifications covering the eye examinations.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1994

[What visual information does the automobile driver need for safe driving in street traffic?].

In daytime traffic the driver experiences a tremendous input of visual information: His problem is to extract the relevant stimuli in order to have an adequate reaction. Traffic at dusk or nighttime, however, is characterized by the fact that even a driver with full visual function approaches his physiological limit. By assessing real traffic situations under various circumstances of weather and illumination (daytime, dusk, nighttime, city traffic, country road) limits of adaptation luminance, object size, object contrast and color are demonstrated. In addition, typical distributions of luminance in the visual field of the driver and the distributions of size and location of relevant objects are quantified. For glare situations typical values of glare angle and corneal illuminance of the glare light and the induced reduction of contrast are determined. Our data demonstrate the type of visual information required by the driver in order to drive safely in road traffic. These data allow conclusions to be made with respect to minimum requirements of visual function for car drivers.

Automobile Driver Examination↗
PubMed1994

Age-related vision changes: a primary care guide.

Visual impairment becomes more prevalent with age. A person has "low vision" when legally blind or partially sighted. In addition, many older patients have functional visual impairment that affects their ability to read, even with corrective lenses. Normal visual changes that occur with aging include presbyopia, decreased contrast sensitivity, decreased dark/light adaptation, and delayed glare recovery. The four most prevalent age-related ocular diseases are macular degeneration, open-angle glaucoma, cataract, and diabetic retinopathy. The primary care practitioner can identify patients with visual problems with a careful history and in-office tests of visual acuity. Patients with visual impairments should be referred to an eye care practitioner for a more comprehensive ocular evaluation.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Troubleshooting ophthalmic nursing problems in the geriatric clinic population.

1. Future problems of the ophthalmic geriatric patient may be avoided by including in the complete history all medical problems, medications, as well as present and past ocular conditions. 2. Each visit should include corrected and uncorrected visual acuity, both distance and near and pinhole when indicated. Tonometry also should be included. 3. Producing reliable visual fields requires time and patient teaching. 4. Family and friends can be helpful in the care of the eye patient and become an important part of their postoperative care.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Ocular vascular disease: in-office primary care diagnosis.

Central retinal artery occlusion occurs most commonly between the ages of 50 and 70 years, and nearly one-half (45%) of patients also have carotid artery disease. Other causes of vision-threatening vascular disease include atherosclerosis, embolism, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and valvular disease. Symptoms vary, depending on the ocular structures involved. The patient's symptoms are an important clue to the diagnosis of peripheral or posterior retinal vascular occlusion, macular blood vessel disease, intravitreal hemorrhage, optic nerve ischemia, and ocular ischemic syndrome. The patient's ocular symptoms should lead to investigation for clinical signs of ocular vascular disease (eg, hemorrhage, "hard" or "soft" exudates, neovascularization, retinal edema, pallor, emboli, vessel narrowing, or atriovenous crossing changes).

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Use of ophthalmologic services by diabetic patients in Nova Scotia.

To evaluate the possible public health consequences of diabetic retinopathy in Nova Scotia, we investigated the number and frequency of ophthalmologic examinations in patients with diabetes mellitus. A total of 36,683 people (4.2%) were identified from the administrative database of the provincial health department as having a diagnostic code of diabetes during the period March 1987 to February 1990. All billings by ophthalmologists for these patients during the same period were then identified. Of the 36,129 patients aged 10 years or more, 17,518 (48.5%) had seen an ophthalmologist at least once during the study period, and 5218 (14.4%) had seen an ophthalmologist approximately annually. Increased age and being female were associated in univariate logistic regression analysis with higher use of ophthalmologic services. The medical insurance system is free of direct costs to patients, and there are enough ophthalmologists to meet patient needs (4.35 per 100,000 population). The findings indicate that most diabetic patients in Nova Scotia are not seen at least once a year, as recommended by the Expert Committee of the Canadian Diabetes Advisory Board, despite ready availability of ophthalmologic care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Diabetes-related eye disorders.

Ocular complications from diabetes represent a significant public health problem. Diabetic retinopathy alone represents a leading cause of new blindness each year in the United States. Neovascular glaucoma from diabetes, although not nearly as common, inflicts devastating consequences on vision. Together with the more frequent occurrence of other ocular disorders that cause visual impairment, the visual toll of diabetes is staggering. Much of this blindness is preventable with early detection and timely treatment.

Blindness↗
PubMed1996

Eyeglass MEDRETE: practical considerations (a user's guide).

This article presents the experiences of two independent practitioners who participated in eyeglass-dispensing medical readiness training exercises (MEDRETEs) in Central America. It explains the importance of defining personnel policies, having the proper equipment, utilizing the retinoscopists optimally, and having an adequate supply of eyeglasses with plus lens power for indigenous persons in this geographic area. To maximize the effectiveness of a MEDRETE, a dispensing optician and two teams of translators are needed. Triage of patients will permit the optimal number of refractions and distribution of corrective lenses to those most in need. Fitting indigenous patients with corrective lenses in one of the more tangible and lasting effects of a MEDRETE. It contributes not only to patient satisfaction but possibly to improved relationships with the host nation.

Central America↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computers and eyestrain.

Computer video display terminals have revolutionized the home and office work habits of millions of people. Although no verifiable organic ocular diseases have been shown to derive from computer monitors, symptoms related to eyestrain are very common. Some 10% to 15% of patients presenting for routine eye exams complain of computer-related headache and eyestrain. Comprehensive ocular examination including distance, intermediate and near refraction, as well as uncovering evidence of ergonomic and lighting inadequacy, often is clinically quite helpful. A careful eye exam with particular attention to middle and near range refraction, oculomotor balance, the workstation, lighting, and seating comfort will assist measurably in alleviating eyestrain.

Asthenopia↗
PubMed1996

Pediatric growth and development.

Most children with congenital anomalies, teratogenesis, inborn errors of metabolism, and acquired toxicity or injury will have abnormal growth and development during the first few years of life. Many of the conditions are treatable, and early intervention is associated with improved prognosis. Developmental and growth assessment should be part of any routine visit to a primary care clinician. An overview of normal growth and development is outlined, and some common abnormalities are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1996

[Refractive errors and strabismus in premature infants].

AIM: We aimed to investigate the incidence of refractive errors and strabismus in premature infants relative to their individual birth weight. METHODS: We investigated 107 premature infants with birth weight < 1250 g (group A, n = 54) and > 1250 g (group B, n = 53). All children were evaluated at the ages of 6 and 24 months for their spherical equivalent and the presence of high myopia (< or = 6.0 D) and strabismus. RESULTS: At 6 months the spherical equivalent was -0.93 +/- 4.2 D in group A and 1.09 +/- 1.9 D in group B, at 24 months -0.75 +/- 5.0 D vs 1.44 +/- 1.9 D (P < 0.01). At 6 months the incidence of high myopia was 10% in group A and 0% in group B, at 2 years 12% vs 2% (P < 0.01). Low birth weight and a long period of artificial ventilation correlated with the development of high myopia. At 6 months 21% of group A and 8.5% of group B showed strabismus, at 2 years 25% vs. 8.5% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Because of the increased incidence of high myopia and strabismus we recommend routine retinoscopy and orthoptic evaluation at the age of 6 months in every child weighing less than 1250 g at birth.

Birth Weight↗