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PubMed1995

Vessel wall properties of large arteries in uncomplicated IDDM.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Arterial distensibility and compliance are vessel wall properties of large arteries. Altered large artery wall properties can be an early feature of vascular dysfunction. This study investigates vessel wall properties in 30 patients with uncomplicated IDDM and 30 matched healthy control subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Vessel wall properties of the elastic common carotid (CCA) and the muscular femoral (FA) and brachial arteries (BA) were measured with a vessel wall movement detector system. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded simultaneously with a semiautomated device. Aortic pulse wave velocity was estimated from the carotido-femoral transit time. RESULTS: Blood pressure (IDDM patients: 118 +/- 10/69 +/- 5 mmHg), pulse pressure (IDDM patients: 49 +/- 8 mmHg), and heart rate (IDDM patients: 65 +/- 9 beats/min) were similar in IDDM patients and control subjects. No statistically significant changes between IDDM patients and control subjects were found for diameter, distensibility, and compliance of the elastic CCA and the muscular BA. Distensibility (IDDM patients: 16.9 +/- 6.4 10(-3)/kPa; control subjects: 22.4 +/- 11.8 10(-3)/kPa) of the muscular FA was decreased in IDDM (P < 0.05). However, FA compliance (IDDM patients: 0.80 +/- 0.23 mm2/kPa; control subjects: 0.94 +/- 0.41 mm2/kPa) and FA diameter (IDDM patients: 7.87 +/- 1.10 mm; control subjects: 7.57 +/- 1.11 mm) did not differ statistically between IDDM patients and control subjects. Aortic pulse wave velocity was the same in IDDM patients and control subjects (IDDM patients: 5.1 +/- 0.6 m/s). No relation was found between vessel wall properties and duration of disease, actual glucose level, and HbA1c for all three arteries (CCA, BA, and FA). But the groups might have been too small to draw conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study show that in this group of patients with uncomplicated IDDM, vessel wall properties of elastic and muscular large arteries were not obviously reduced when compared with healthy control subjects. However, distensibility of the FA was lower in IDDM patients. Early atherosclerotic changes in IDDM frequently occur at this site. A difference related to the duration of diabetes could not be excluded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Free tensor fasciae latae flap reconstruction of defects of the chest and abdominal wall: selection of recipient vessels.

Reconstruction of a full thickness defect of the abdominal or chest wall requires a combination of a rigid or semi-rigid layer and skin cover. The tensor fasciae latae (TFL) flap is unique in that it provides both of these in substantial quantities, but the most difficult aspect of using this flap in the anterior chest and abdomen is finding suitable recipient vessels. We describe a series of nine cases in which full thickness defects of the chest and abdominal wall were repaired using free vascularised TFL flaps. The recipient vessels included the gastroepiploic vessels (n = 2), the deep inferior epigastric artery (n = 3), the internal mammary artery (n = 2), and the superior thyroid and acromiothoracic arteries (n = 1 each). The gastroepiploic and internal mammary vessels are preferred because of their reliability and because the flap pedicle enters the centre of the deep surface of the flap so that if these vessels are used, circumferential tight closure of the fascial layer can be achieved, with consequent decreased risk of vessel kinking and future herniation.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1998

Introduction of dissolution error as a result of different openings in vessel covers.

Vessel covers are required in dissolution studies to retard solvent evaporation. Sufficient openings on the cover are required by the current United States Pharmacopeia (USP) "to allow ready insertion of a thermometer and for withdrawal of specimens/samples." However, the area of the opening has not been regulated by the USP. The purpose of this work was to measure the loss of the dissolution solvent as a result of openings in vessel covers and to investigate errors caused by the solvent loss. The method used in the study involved measurements of the opening areas in three commercial vessel covers and determinations of solvent loss under a typical dissolution condition. The results showed that the openings in the three covers varied from 75 mm2 to 2285 mm2; this was 1-30% of the total vessel open area for a USP standard vessel. The volume of the dissolution solvent was reduced by 0.6-3.4% for an 8-hr dissolution study, and 1.7-9.7% for a 24-hr study when the three different vessel covers were used. The rate of solvent loss exhibited a linear relationship with the area of the opening in the covers. A slower rate of reduction was found for a smaller initial volume of the solvent. The conclusion was that higher dissolution results were produced if the solvent loss was not considered.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1988

Pial arteriolar vessel diameter and CO2 reactivity during prolonged hyperventilation in the rabbit.

Hyperventilation reduces intracranial pressure (ICP) acutely through vasoconstriction, but its long-term effect on vessel diameter is unknown. In seven rabbits with a cranial window implanted 3 weeks earlier, the effect of prolonged hyperventilation on vessel diameter was studied. Anesthesia was maintained for 54 hours with a pentobarbital drip (1 mg/kg/hr). The pH, CO2, and HCO3- levels were measured in arterial blood and cisterna magna cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The diameter of 31 pial arterioles was measured with an image splitter. After baseline measurements, pCO2 was reduced from 38 to 25 mm Hg and allowed to return to 38 mm Hg for 10 minutes every 4 hours. There was an initial vasoconstriction of 13%, which progressively diminished by 3% every 4 hours. Thus, by the 20th hour, vessel diameters at a pCO2 of 25 mm Hg had returned to slightly above baseline values obtained at a pCO2 of 38 mm Hg. The temporary return of pCO2 to 38 mm Hg every 4 hours caused vasodilation: 12% at 4 hours, gradually increasing to 16% at 52 hours. Thus, at 52 hours, the vessel diameters were 105% of baseline at a pCO2 of 25 mm Hg and increased to 122% at a pCO2 of 38 mm Hg. Arterial pH had returned to baseline at 20 hours, and CSF pH had returned at 24 hours. Bicarbonate in blood and CSF remained decreased throughout the experiments. In three control experiments during which normocapnia was maintained, vessel diameter and pH and bicarbonate levels remained unaltered over the same period. The CO2 reactivity, tested by brief periods of hyperventilation every 4 hours, also did not change. These results indicate that hyperventilation is effective in reducing cerebral blood volume for less than 24 hours and that it should be used only during actual ICP elevations. If used preventively, its effect may have worn off by the time ICP starts to rise for other reasons, and further decreases in pCO2 cannot be obtained. Moreover, the reduction in buffer capacity with lower bicarbonate renders the vessels more sensitive to changes in PaCO2. This could lead to more pronounced elevations in ICP during transient rises in PaCO2, such as during endotracheal suctioning in head-injured patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Sirolimus-eluting stents in the canine cerebral vasculature: a prospective, randomized, blinded assessment of safety and vessel response.

OBJECT: Use of the sirolimus-eluting stent has led to a reduction of in-stent stenosis following treatment of coronary atherosclerosis, whereas treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis with bare-metal stents results in excessive restenosis rates of approximately 40%. Neurotoxicity effects and vessel injury are unknown in the cerebral vasculature. To assess the safety profile and vascular effects of sirolimus-coated stents, the authors conducted a prospective comparative study in which drug-eluting and bare-metal stents were implanted in the canine basilar artery (BA). METHODS: Sixteen mongrel dogs were randomized (eight animals per group) to receive either bare-metal 1.5 x 8-mm (six-cell) stents or sirolimus-eluting stents of the same dimensions. Interventionists, histopathologists, and histopathology technicians who participated in the study were blinded to the stent characteristics. Stents were implanted in the canine BA. Serial peripheral blood samples were obtained during the 1st week after implantation to determine the time-dependent serum concentration of sirolimus. Follow-up angiographic studies were performed 30 days after stent implantation to assess the effects of stent placement on the BA and brainstem perforating vessels. Explantation of the stent and BA was performed immediately after angiography by using a pressurized formalin fixation procedure. Histological and computer-assisted morphometric analyses of specimens obtained in each animal were performed. Sirolimus could not be detected in peripheral blood samples obtained later than 24 hours posttreatment. On follow-up angiography, all perforating vessels observed on initial angiograms remained patent, and no evidence of parent vessel damage or pseudoaneurysm formation was observed. Explanted vessels and brainstem sections did not demonstrate evidence of histological neurotoxicity, such as gliosis or infarction. No significant differences were found in the time to endothelialization of bare-metal and sirolimus-coated stents. Smooth-muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, the putative agent for restenosis, was lower in animals receiving sirolimus-coated stents (p = 0.003). Additionally, intimal fibrin density was increased in the dogs treated with sirolimus-coated stents (p < 0.0001). Histological evidence of an inflammatory response demonstrated a trend toward a reduced response in the sirolimus group (mean 0.58) compared with the bare-metal group (mean 0.83, p = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: No neurotoxic effects were observed in the intracranial vessel walls or brainstem tissue in which sirolimus-coated stents were implanted. Compared with bare-metal stents, the sirolimus-coated devices did not impair endothelialization and, furthermore, tended to reduce the proliferation of SMCs. These findings indicate that sirolimus-coated devices may inhibit in-stent stenosis. Further studies with longer-term follow up are required to assess the restenosis rates of sirolimus-coated stents implanted in the intracranial vasculature.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Perihemorheology: the bridge between the vessel-blood organ and the organs it penetrates.

Perihemorheology concerns the rheology of fluids and structures in the perivascular spaces. Furthermore, the term refers to the exchanges of rheological processes between the vessel-blood organ and its surrounding tissues, as well as in reverse. In 1960, the vessel wall and the circulating blood were considered by the author as an entity which in 1981 he postulated as an organ, named the 'vessel-blood organ', penetrating all other organs. This communication is not a survey but is intended to stimulate biomedical thinking regarding the importance of perihemorheology. The significance of the endoendothelial fibrin(ogenin) lining (EEFL) and fibrin(ogenin) as constituent of the interendothelial cement and the basement membrane in relation to perihemorheology is stressed. The role of albumin in the exchanges between hemorheology and perihemorheology is discussed. The protein content, as found by Witte, in the perivascular spaces as compared to the blood is emphasized regarding the importance of interrelations between the vessel-blood organ and rheological processes in the perivascular spaces. Recent studies, particularly by Laurent and his group, pertaining to hyaluronan in perivascular spaces and the blood demonstrate also the importance of the interrelationship between hemorheology and perihemorheology. The term 'blood-brain barrier', considered no longer to be adequate, is replaced by the term 'basement membrane-brain barrier'. It is proposed that the basement membrane of the vessel-blood organ penetrating the brain may contain certain constituents, unknown thus far, and may have a different structure from the basement membrane of the vessel-blood organ penetrating organs other than the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Implications for pathogenesis of patterns of injury in small- and medium-sized-vessel vasculitis.

The different pathologic features of different types of necrotizing vasculitis indicate that there are different pathogenic mechanisms causing the injury. The pathogenic mechanisms for medium-sized-vessel vasculitis are most effective at causing injury in arteries and are not effective at causing injury in smaller vessels. The predilection of medium-sized-vessel vasculitis for bifurcations may relate to the increased expression of adhesion molecules and increased numbers of intimal macrophages at these sites. The preferential involvement of small vessels by small-vessel vasculitis may relate to the requirement for close apposition between leukocytes and endothelial cells for the pathogenic mechanisms to be operational. The pathology of the necrotizing vasculitis of Kawasaki disease is most consistent with a primary role for monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes in the acute injury. The pathology of the necrotizing vasculitis of polyarteritis nodosa and small-vessel vasculitis, including ANCA-vasculitis, is most consistent with a primary role for neutrophils and monocytes in the acute injury.

Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease↗
PubMed1999

VEGF via VEGF receptor-1 (Flt-1) mimics preeclamptic plasma in inhibiting uterine blood vessel relaxation in pregnancy: implications in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. There is accumulating evidence that this is a disease of the endothelium, with an as-yet unidentified circulating factor, or factors, causing the observed alteration in vascular function. We previously reported that the function of myometrial vessels is altered on exposure to plasma from women with preeclampsia. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic growth factor that acts via two high-affinity receptors (KDR and Flt-1), and its production is increased in preeclampsia. Here we report that VEGF and its Flt-1 receptor may play a pivotal role in the altered vascular function of preeclampsia. Myometrial resistance vessels were obtained at the time of cesarean section. Using the Mulvany wire myograph, the endothelium-dependent behavior of these vessels was studied. Incubation of vessels from pregnant women with VEGF resulted in a reduction of endothelium-dependent relaxation that mimicked the reduction induced by plasma from women with preeclampsia. The altered function that occurred upon exposure of vessels to VEGF or plasma from women with preeclampsia did not occur when plasma was incubated with antibodies to VEGF before vessel incubation. The presence of an anti-KDR receptor antibody had no effect on VEGF response. However, in the presence of an anti-Flt-1 receptor antibody, VEGF or plasma from women with preeclampsia no longer attenuated the endothelium-dependent relaxation (p < 0.05). The changes observed with VEGF and plasma from women with preeclampsia and their subsequent blockade with anti-VEGF antibody and anti-Flt-1 receptor antibody strongly suggest that VEGF acting through the Flt-1 receptor is pivotal in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Left main coronary artery disease. Clinical and angiographic features. A retrospective study regarding two groups of patients with left main coronary artery disease and three-vessel disease.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the ability of clinical and instrumental features to identify patients with left main coronary artery disease (LMCD) compared with a three-vessel coronary artery disease group. METHODS: A cohort of 70 patients with LMCD was matched with another one of 66 patients with three-vessel disease. A history of angina before angiography was similar in both groups; the higher degrees of stable angina and the forms of unstable angina were moderately prevalent in the group with LMCD. RESULTS: In the last subgroup a significantly reduced incidence of previous acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was observed (p < 0.05). The resting electrocardiogram (ECG) showed higher incidence of atrial fibrillation (fa) and left bundle branch block (BBS) in the subjects with LMCD, with a statistic value (p < 0.05). The exercise test performed by a lot of patients appeared equally positive for inducible ischemia in the 2 groups. Significantly higher exercise peak load was achieved by the patients with three-vessel disease (p < 0.05). The coronary angiography showed a prevalence of right dominant circulation in the 2 groups; significantly the collateral circulation was more represented in the subjects with three-vessel disease (p < 0.05). Most patients with LMCD underwent a bypass coronary artery graft surgery (CABG surgery) more frequently than the ones with three-vessel disease (p < 0.01). In the former group the cardiovascular mortality within an average 2-year follow-up proved higher as to the latter group even if without statistic significance. CONCLUSIONS: Nevertheless this retrospective study showed some limitations. Particularly the incidence of clinical and instrumental variables and their capacity to differentiate LMCD patients from those with three-vessel disease were not demonstrated.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between vessel density and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in small cell lung cancer in vivo and in vitro.

In 21 human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, we determined the expression of mRNA and secreted protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The VEGF expression was highly variable between cell lines, with a > 100-fold variation, under identical in vitro conditions. The bFGF expression in cell lines was generally very low. Nine of the cell lines were further analyzed during growth as solid tumor xenografts in nude mice (in vivo). A more uniform VEGF protein expression was present in vivo. Compared with the variable in vitro expression, VEGF was relatively up-regulated in the tumor lines CPH 54A and CPH 54B and down-regulated in GLC 3. One line, DMS 79, had a high VEGF expression in vivo as well as in vitro. The vessel density was determined by Chalkley point counting on CD31 immunostained cryosections of tumors of each of the nine SCLC lines. We found a strong positive correlation between vessel density and tissue VEGF protein expression (r(s) = 0.75; P = 0.02) and a comparatively strong negative correlation (r(s) = -0.80; P = 0.01) between vessel density and tissue bFGF expression. No significant correlation was present between vessel density and in vitro VEGF expression. We conclude that VEGF and bFGF expression is dependent on microenvironmental conditions, as well as cell line-specific factors, and that a strong positive correlation exists between in vivo VEGF expression and vessel density, whereas high tissue levels of bFGF are not correlated with higher vessel densities in SCLC xenografts.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Combined carotid endarterectomy with transluminal angioplasty and primary stenting of the supra-aortic vessels.

BACKGROUND: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the standard of care for patients with high-grade carotid artery stenosis who are acceptable surgical candidates. Focal occlusive lesions of the origin of aortic arch vessels can be effectively and safely treated with balloon angioplasty and primary stenting. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review results of carotid endarterectomy for high-grade carotid bifurcation stenosis combined with intraoperative retrograde transluminal angioplasty and primary stenting of a hemodynamically significant stenosis at the origin of a proximal ipsilateral aortic arch vessel. METHODS: Between October 1994 and August 1998, 592 patients underwent CEA. Six patients were found to have hemodynamically significant tandem lesions affecting one of the aortic arch vessels and the ipsilateral ICA for an overall incidence of 1%. Age ranged from 63 to 78 years (mean 74.7). Four of 6 (67%) patients had asymptomatic lesions, and 2 of 6 (33%) had symptoms of cerebral ischemia. Five patients had tandem lesions affecting the proximal left common carotid artery and the left ICA. One patient had a tandem lesion affecting the innominate artery and the right ICA. Carotid duplex imaging and arch and cerebral arteriography was performed in all six patients. Arteriography confirmed high-grade stenoses in both the ICA and ipsilateral proximal aortic arch vessel. The range of stenoses in the ICA was 70 to 95% (mean 80.8%) measured arteriographically. The range of stenoses at the origin of the aortic arch vessels was 75-90% (mean 79.2%). All six patients underwent combined retrograde transluminal balloon angioplasty and primary stenting of the ipsilateral CCA or innominate artery with temporary occlusion of the ICA for cerebral protection. The endovascular procedure was then followed with standard surgical endarterectomy using an inline shunt. RESULTS: All six procedures were successfully completed. There were no periprocedural strokes or other morbidities. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 43 months (mean 23.6) and showed no evidence of recurrent stenosis by carotid duplex imaging. No TIAs or strokes related to the surgically corrected lesions were noted during the follow-up period. One patient suffered a right hemispheric stroke secondary to a high-grade right carotid stenosis which occurred two months after her procedure surgically correcting tandem lesions on the opposite side. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid endarterectomy with balloon angioplasty and primary stenting of an ipsilateral hemodynamically significant aortic arch trunk vessel stenosis can be safely and successfully accomplished and avoids the need for an intra/extrathoracic bypass procedure.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[Multislice spiral CT angiography in the evaluation of the anatomy of splanchnic vessels: preliminary experience].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to optimize the protocol for multislice spiral CT angiography and to assess the ability of the technique to detect the anatomy of splanchnic vessels, using volume rendering as reconstruction algorithm. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The anatomy of splanchnic vessels was studied in 19 patients (11 men, 8 women, age range 38-83 years) undergoing CT of the abdomen and pelvis. All examinations were performed with a multislice spiral CT scanner (Somatom Plus 4 Volume Zoom; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using the following parameters: collimation, 1 mm; slice width, 1 mm; table feed, 8 mm/sec; reconstruction interval, 1 mm; mAs, 120; kVp, 120. Before the study, the patients received 800 ml of water as oral contrast agent to opacify the stomach and small bowel. A nonionic contrast medium (130-140 ml; Xenetix 350, Guerbet, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France) was infused intravenously at a rate of 3-5 ml/sec. Two scans of the abdomen and pelvis were obtained at 20-25 sec (arterial phase) and 60-65 sec (venous phase) after starting contrast medium injection. Image elaboration was performed using Vitrea 2.2 (Vital Images; Minneapolis, Minn., USA), a software with volume-rendering capabilities. RESULTS: All major arterial (celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery) and venous (portal vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and splenic vein) vessels could be evaluated with excellent detail in all patients. Side branches, including small collaterals, could also be easily visualized. Volume rendered images always provided better understanding of the 3D anatomic relationships among splanchnic vessels and surrounding organs. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Multislice spiral CT angiography allows for optimal depiction of the anatomy of splanchnic vessels. It can be anticipated that the clinical applications of this imaging modality in the study of splanchnic vessels will be greatly expanded. However, further studies are necessary to rigorously compare the results of multislice spiral CT angiography with conventional angiography in terms of diagnostic accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Clinical effect of femoral cannulation via artificial vessel in operation for aortic dissection].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of femoral cannulation via artificial vessel in operation for aortic dissection. METHODS: Operation through femoral cannulation via artificial vessel was performed upon 159 patients with aortic dissection, 89 of Stanford type A and 70 of Stanford type B. An artificial vessel was anastomosed end-to-side to the femural artery. Femoral catheter was inserted via this artificial vessel. Cardiopulmonary bypass was performed in 90 patients, among which 31 had deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Left heart bypass was performed in 69 patients. RESULTS: False lumen perfusion was detected during cardiopulmonary bypass in 7 patients (4.4%). Cerebral events occurred in 7 patients (two patients with diffused cerebral anoxia with one death, and five patients with cerebral embolism with three deaths). 12 patients suffered from prolonged incision recovery (9.0%), and two from local infection (1.5%). No lower extremity ischemia or femoral thrombosis was found in the cannulation side. CONCLUSION: Femoral cannulation via artificial vessel effectively reduces the incidence of structure of femoral artery, thrombosis, and lower extremity ischemia. Operation through femoral cannulation via artificial vessel is very effective in treatment of aortal dissection. Only a few cases of cerebral events caused by retrograde perfusion through femoral cannulation occurred in this group, however, with high mortality.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in female cancer: mechanisms, clinical impact and possible implications for anti-lymphangiogenic therapies (Review).

Lymphatic vessels play a crucial role in a variety of human cancers, since invasion of lymphatic vessels by tumor cells and subsequent development of lymph node metastases significantly influences prognosis of cancer patients and therefore represent an integral part of tumor staging. Recent evidence on the important influence of lymphangiogenetic growth factors on intralymphatic cancer growth and metastasis raises hopes that lymphatic vessels and factors inducing their growth could serve as an additional target for tumor therapy. Nevertheless, in contrast to blood vessel angiogenesis, the mechanisms of new lymphatic vessel formation in human cancers, i.e. lymphangiogenesis, are still relatively unclear. In addition, only little data exist so far on the quantification and impact of this lymphangiogenesis, evident by lymphatic microvessel density (LMVD), on the prognosis of cancer patients. With expectation of possible anti-lymphangiogenic therapies, this review focuses on the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis in general, and especially on the role of lymphatic vessels in gynecological and breast cancer, which are the so far most detailed investigated malignancies with regard to lymphangiogenesis.

Endothelial Growth Factors↗
PubMed2002

Increased expression of NOS and ET-1 immunoreactivity in human colorectal metastatic liver tumours is associated with selective depression of constitutive NOS immunoreactivity in vessel endothelium.

The absence of perivascular nerves in tumour vessels suggests that endothelium derived vasoactive substances [nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1)] may be key factors in controlling tumour blood flow during tumour growth and metastasis. We have studied the ultrastructural distribution and immunoreactivity of different NO synthase (NOS) isoforms and ET-1 in human colorectal metastatic liver tumour tissues using pre-embedding peroxidase-anti-peroxidase and post-embedding immunoelectron microscopic triple gold labelling techniques. Dramatically lower NOS 1 immunoreactivity was observed in tumour vascular endothelium (1-3% and 15-20% in tumour and normal groups, respectively). As compared to control groups there were significantly less NOS3 immunopositive EC in metastatic tumour vessels (45-50% and 1-3% in normal and tumour groups, respectively). A striking rise in NOS2 was observed in tumour vessel endothelium (< 1% in normal and 65-70% in tumour vessel endothelium). ET-1 immunoreactivity levels were also significantly higher in tumour vessel endothelium (85-90% in tumour, 15-20% in normal group). This increased expression of NOS2 and ET-1 immunoreactivity was accompanied by the increased expression of three NOS isoforms and ET-1 immunoreactivity in liver parenchymal cells. These data suggest that metastatic tumour vessel endothelium is characterized by increased expression of NOS2 and ET-1 and by decreases in NOS1 and NOS3. These characteristics are associated with the overexpression of all three NOS isoforms and ET-1 immunoreactivity in non-vascular cells.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Observation of the ovary development and its blood vessels in 185 fetuses at different ages.

OBJECTIVE: To collect evidences for selecting the donors and optimal approaches for ovary transplantation. METHODS: Fetal ovaries were sliced for microscopic examination and the number of primary oocytes and primordial follicles therein was observed. The volume of the ovaries and the external diameter of their vessels were measured and the origin of the vessels also observed. RESULTS: Primary oocytes and primordial follicles were observed in almost equal abundance in the ovaries of the fetuses 21 weeks or older of age. The diameter of the vessels supplying the ovaries were less than 2 mm, and in 40.54% of the cases, both of the ovary vessels originated from the renal artery, with 35.14% from the aorta; in the 24.32% cases left, the vessels supplying the right ovaries started from the aorta and the other from the renal artery. CONCLUSION: The ovaries of the fetuses 21 weeks or older of age can be used as donors for transplantation, preferentially for implantation, but the vessels are too thin for uneventful anastomosis.

Female↗
PubMed1992

[Two-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography of mediastinum and pulmonary hilar vessels: initial clinical experiences].

Two-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (2D TOF MRA) of mediastinal and pulmonary hilar vessels was performed in 10 patients, seven men and three women with a mean age (range) of 65.7 (48-88) years. The rate of visualization of the vessels and the diagnostic ability of 2D TOF MRA were assessed in comparison with contrast-enhanced CT. A radiofrequency-spoiled gradient echo sequence (SPGR) was used during repeated breath-holding (8-27 seconds) in coronal (8 patients) and axial (2 patients) imaging planes on a 1.5 Tesla superconducting scanner under the following conditions: repetition time/echo time/flip angle/excitation: 25-33/7-8 ms/45 degrees/1, field-of-view: 30 x 30 cm, slice thickness: 2.5 mm, 32 slices, 256 (frequency) x 192 (phase) matrix, with gradient moment nulling technique. Visualization sufficient to enable diagnosis of the vascular lesion was obtained in 95 (52%) vessels, mere visualization in 63 (35%), and non-visualization in 24 (13%) of the 182 evaluable vessels. The rates of good visualization of pulmonary hilar vessels (26/86, 30%) and veins (26/48, 54%) were significantly lower than that of arteries (43/48, 90%, p < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of 2D TOF MRA were 77% (10/13) and 100% (83/83), respectively, in 96 evaluable vessels of nine patients. 2D TOF MRA of mediastium and pulmonary hili is clinically feasible, and may be useful because of its high specificity.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Surgical strategy for combined wounds of vessels and internal organs.

Surgical strategy and outcomes were analysed for 51 patients with combined wounds of internal organs and major blood vessels, with total 87 organ and 65 vessel injures. In 29 cases intracavity vessels were injured, in 22 - peripheral ones. In 47 cases (92.1%) traumas were gunshot. On admission 43 patients were in poor clinical condition with III-IV grade shock. The delay of surgical intervention did not exceed 30-40 min, all patients were operated in emergency, regardless of complete preoperative preparation. Blood reinfusion was used for all intracavity bleedings. The consequence of surgical steps was determined by localization of vascular trauma, bleeding intensity and severity of organ injuries. In order to decrease invasiveness and duration of surgery, conventional wound suturing was used for 53 organs, vascular plasty and sutures - in 35 cases, ligation of vessels - in 27. Lobectomy was executed in 1 case, intestinal resection and anastomosis - in 8, ileo-and colostomy - in 7 patients. Total 73 internal organs and 62 vessels were reconstructed. Postoperative complications have developed in 30 patients (58.8%), lethal outcome occurred in 3 patients during operation and in 10 (25.4%) - postoperatively. The majority of complications and deaths were observed for thoracoabdominal traumas. High postoperative mortality was also seen for patients with combined injuries of abdominal organs and vessels (13.7%).

Abdominal Injuries↗