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PubMed2005

Smoking, a weak predictor of periodontitis in older adults.

BACKGROUND: The impact of smoking habits on periodontal conditions in older subjects is poorly studied. AIMS: To assess if a history of smoking is associated with chronic periodontitis and medical history in older subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical and dental history was collected from 1084 subjects 60-75 years of age. Smoking history information was obtained from self-reports. Periodontal variables [clinical probing depth (PD)>/=5.0 mm, clinical attachment levels (CALs) >/=4.0 mm], and radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss were assessed. RESULTS: 60.5% had never smoked (NS), 32.0% were former smokers (FS) (mean smoke years: 26.1 years, SD+/-13.1), and 7.5% were current smokers (CS) (mean smoke years 38.0 years, (SD+/-12.1). The proportional distribution of CAL >/=4.0 mm differed significantly by smoking status (NS and CS groups) (mean difference: 12.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5-22.6, p<0.02). The Mantel-Haenszel common odds ratio between smoking status (CS+FS) and periodontitis (>20% bone loss) was 1.3 (p<0.09, 95% CI: 0.9-2.0) and changed to 1.8 (p<0.02, 95% CI: 1.3-2.7) with 30 years of smoking as cutoff. A weak correlation between number of years of smoking and CAL>/=4.0 mm was demonstrated (r(2) values 0.05 and 0.07) for FS and CS, respectively. Binary logistic forward (Wald) regression analysis demonstrated that the evidence of carotid calcification, current smoking status, gender (male), and the number of remaining teeth were explanatory to alveolar bone loss. CONCLUSIONS: A clinically significant impact on periodontal conditions may require 30 years of smoking or more. Tooth loss, radiographic evidence of carotid calcification, current smoking status, and male gender can predictably be associated with alveolar bone loss in older subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Interrelationships of dental maturity, skeletal maturity, height and weight from age 4 to 14 years.

The correlations of dental mineralization stages, skeletal mineralization, body-height and weight were determined for each year between age 4 and 14 for 121 boys and 111 girls of the serial experimental group of the Burlington Growth Centre. Dental development related more strongly to morphological development than to skeletal development in both sexes, and skeletal age was more strongly related to morphological age than to dental stage. The relationship of individual teeth to skeletal age, height and weight were different but consistent in a sex-specific pattern. In males, both skeletal mineralization and dental mineralization, particularly of the first molars, were more closely related to height than to weight. In the females, skeletal and dental mineralization, especially of the second molars, were more closely related to weight from age 7 than to height. These relationships were significant in both pre-adolescent and adolescent years. In both these periods, skeletal age and body size related most strongly to late stages of tooth formation. Hence, from an early age, the stages of dental, skeletal and morphological maturation were significantly interrelated in a pattern that was specific for individual teeth and for sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Unusual cervical resorption after reinjury.

The root canal of a maxillary central incisor apparently completely calcified after an injury. Eight years later, this tooth was injured again and massive resorption developed. The resorption began as an unusual pattern of cervical destruction, and ultimately the entire root apparently was destroyed. However, the tooth was still serving satisfactorily without other symptoms seven years after the reinjury--15 years after the original injury. Calcification of the pulp space can develop in a tooth and the root structure can be resorbed in a tooth after an injury. Therefore a similar stimulus can produce opposite responses, in this instance in the same tooth at different times. Luxation of teeth is a treatable injury, and replantation of luxated teeth is an acceptable technique that can result in long-term retention of the replanted tooth. Replantation of the patient's own tooth is usually preferred to artificial replacement of the luxated tooth at the time of injury. Interceptive endodontic care for a tooth that has been traumatized and in which the pulp space appears on the radiograph to be calcifying is probably best for the patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The effect of wear on the cheek teeth and associated dental tissues of the lizard Uromastix aegyptius (Agamidae).

Serial coronal sections of the teeth and their surrounding tissues in the agamid lizard, Uromastix aegyptius, were examined with the light microscope in order to determine how these structures change as the teeth wear. Because new teeth are added only at the posterior end of the tooth row and older teeth are not replaced, the series of sections included the youngest as well as the oldest teeth. Two types of changes occur as the teeth become older: bone under the teeth changes from cancellous to compact, and the pulp chamber of the tooth is obliterated. Although the labial surface of the dentary lacks a periosteal covering and some of the bone lacks any covering at all, it remains functional throughout the life of the animal.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effect of TGF-beta 2 on dentin apposition and hardness in transgenic mice.

Transforming growth factor beta, TGF-beta, is expressed during tooth formation and can induce pre-odontoblast differentiation and formation of functional odontoblast-like cells in vitro. In addition, exogenous TGF-beta can increase reparative dentin formation, presumably by acting on odontoblasts. In this study, we examined the tooth phenotype of transgenic mice, in which TGF-beta 2 expression is directed by the osteocalcin promoter. Previous studies have shown that these mice have a bone phenotype that resembles that of human osteoporosis, including the existence of spontaneous fractures. Microhardness testing of the enamel and dentin showed no differences in the molars of these transgenic mice as compared with those of their wild-type littermates. Consistent with the increase in bone mineral apposition rate previously reported in these mice, the dentin apposition rate appeared to be increased in the TGF-beta 2-overexpressing mice. Thus, in teeth, as in bone, TGF-beta 2 appears to stimulate the synthesis and deposition of matrix. Further studies are needed to understand the effect of TGF-beta 2 on distinct mineralized tissues (bone, dentin, and cementum) and to determine whether exogenous TGF-beta 2 may be useful for tooth repair.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Calcific metamorphosis: a challenge in endodontic diagnosis and treatment.

Calcific metamorphosis (CM) is seen commonly in the dental pulp after traumatic tooth injuries and is recognized clinically as early as 3 months after injury. Calcific metamorphosis is characterized by deposition of hard tissue within the root canal space and yellow discoloration of the clinical crown. Opinion differs among practitioners as to whether to treat these cases upon early detection of CM or to observe them until symptoms or radiographic signs of pulpal necrosis are detected. In this review, the clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic appearance of CM is described; a review of the literature is presented to address these issues in an attempt to establish a sound rationale for treatment. Approximately 3.8% to 24% of traumatized teeth develop varying degrees of CM. Studies indicate that of these, approximately 1% to 16% will develop pulpal necrosis. Most of the literature does not support endodontic intervention unless periradicular pathosis is detected or the involved tooth becomes symptomatic. It may be advisable to manage cases demonstrating CM through observation and periodic examination.

Dental Pulp Calcification↗
PubMed1991

[Aging of the dental pulp].

During life, the modifications of the dental pulp are important mostly in the root portion. This area, more than the coronal part of the tooth is submitted to involution and histologic dedifferentiation. Fibrosis and calcification occur leading to severe difficulty in performing endodontic treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Structure and histogenesis of tooth plates in Sagenodus inaequalis Owen considered in relation to the phylogeny of post-Devonian dipnoans.

The histology of tooth plates of Sagenodus inaequalis has been investigated to obtain information on the histogenesis of the tissue. The histological mechanisms of growth and replacement of the tooth plate are described in terms of an increase in area of the tooth plate by addition of denticles to the lateral margins of the ridges, replacement of worn dentine at the tritoral surface by basal growth of dentine and invasive growth of dentine into the surrounding bone at the anterior and medial margins. The histogenesis of a specialized character for dipnoans is described, namely hypermineralized dentine, or petrodentine, within the tooth plates. This has placed an advanced character further back in the phylogenetic organization of dipnoans than was previously recognized. The implications of these observations are discussed in relation to proposed phylogenies and previous observations on tooth plates of other dipnoans. It is concluded that Sagenodus inaequalis shared a common ancestor with both the ceratondontids and the lepidosirenids. A sequence is proposed for the phyletic relationship of tooth plate-bearing dipnoans. From a consideration of the features of histogenesis of this specialized dentine, the alternative terminologies are reviewed and petrodentine (Lison 1941) chosen for the hypermineralized dentine and syndentine (Thomasset 1928) as the collective term for the entire mass of dentine in the tooth plate.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

In vivo recalcification of dentin demineralized by citric acid.

Acid-treatment of root surfaces as adjunct to periodontal reconstructive surgery may have deleterious effects on that part which remains in a supragingival location after healing. The present experiment aimed to examine whether recalcification of such root surfaces may occur. Cylindrical blocks of root dentin were prepared for 10 premolars, treated with citric acid and mounted in acrylic specimen holders which were worn in the mouth continuously for 14 d by two test subjects. The specimens were then sectioned and microradiographs produced. The citric acid had produced a completely demineralized surface zone in the root dentin and the subjacent hard tissue showed a zone of partially reduced mineral content. Following exposure to the oral cavity, the demineralized surface layer appeared unchanged in width. The subjacent zone, however, had been reduced in width in all instances when compared with control specimens from the same teeth.

Citrates↗