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PubMed2004

A chewing gum containing 7.5% sodium hexametaphosphate inhibits stain deposition compared with a placebo chewing gum.

The 2-period, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study compared the stain-prevention and stain-removal benefit of a chewing gum containing 7.5% sodium hexametaphosphate (measured by digital image analysis) with a placebo chewing gum. The results of this study support that sodium hexametaphosphate delivered from a chewing gum prevents dental stain formation and facilitates stain removal, which leads to a perceptible whitening benefit. The long-term clinical benefits of sodium hexametaphosphate delivered from chewing gum have not been reported in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Maintenance of whitening with a power toothbrush after bleaching treatment.

A randomized, parallel, examiner-blind clinical study was conducted to examine the ability of 2 toothbrushes to maintain teeth whitening after at-home bleaching. Forty subjects used a 15% carbamide peroxide tray bleaching system at home for 2 weeks per the manufacturer's instructions and then were randomly assigned to use either the Sonicare Advance power toothbrush or a manual toothbrush as part of their home oral hygiene routine for 6 months. The color of the labial surfaces of the subjects' maxillary anterior dentition was assessed before bleaching and immediately, 2 months, 3 months, and 6 months after bleaching. Color was assessed by comparison with Vita Classical shade tabs and by digital image analysis in the CIE L*a*b* color space. Both groups demonstrated a rebound effect at the 2-month visit and beyond, with mean Vita shade scores significantly higher than immediately after bleaching. At the 6-month evaluation, a significant difference in the amount of rebound in each group was observed. Specifically, the rebound of the Sonicare brush group was on average 1.12 Vita shades less than that of the manual brush group. The 6-month difference was confirmed through digital image analysis, with the Sonicare brush group 4.8 L* units lighter, corresponding to 2 Vita shades, and 2.1 b* units less yellow than the manual brush group. This clinical trial demonstrates that the Sonicare Advance toothbrush better maintains whitening after bleaching treatment than a manual toothbrush.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Whitening paradigms revisited: introduction of a thin and concentrated peroxide gel technology for professional tooth whitening.

The introduction of hydrogen-peroxide whitening strips in 2000 contributed to new paradigms for treatment and expanded interest in tooth whitening. Further research on peroxide gels has resulted in a professional-only whitening system (Crest Whitestrips Supreme), a thin 14% hydrogen-peroxide gel on an easy-to-use whitening strip. Characterized as a two variable change (increased peroxide concentration and decreased gel thickness), this professional whitening strip is designed to meet contemporary expectations of better, easier, and faster whitening. These novel strips represent yet another shift in conventional thinking on tooth whitening, combining the efficiencies of strip delivery with thin gel technology to yield a highly effective professional whitening system.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical trial on the safety and efficacy of a low-gel, 14% hydrogen-peroxide whitening strip.

Clinical research was conducted to evaluate the extended-use safety and efficacy of Crest Whitestrips Supreme, a low-gel (100 mg on maxillary strip), 14% hydrogen-peroxide professional tooth-whitening system. The parallel-group study was randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled, and involved 39 healthy adults. During the treatment phase, subjects used the investigational products twice daily (for 30 minutes each) for 6 weeks (42 days). Safety and efficacy measurements were obtained at baseline and at the completion of each 3-week treatment period. Results showed that twice-daily use of Crest Whitestrips Supreme for 3 weeks resulted in a highly significant (P < .0001) improvement in tooth color, with a mean yellowness reduction (delta b*) of -3.3 and a mean brightness improvement (delta L*) of 2.4 relative to placebo. Color improvement continued with extended strip use over 6 weeks for all parameters (P < .0005). Relative to placebo at 6 weeks, color improvement was highly significant (P < .0001), with a mean delta b* of -4.1 and a mean delta L* of 3.2. Mild and transient tooth sensitivity and oral irritation were the most common adverse events. There was no evidence of any meaningful increase in adverse events with extended treatment through 6 weeks. Twice-daily use of Crest Whitestrips Supreme resulted in a highly significant improvement in tooth color after 3 weeks, with color improvement continuing over 6 weeks.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Three-week clinical trial of a 14% hydrogen-peroxide, strip-based bleaching system.

This clinical trial tested the efficacy and safety of a professional strip-based whitening system (Crest Whitestrips Supreme) using the manufacturer's recommended 3-week treatment regimen. These strips have a higher concentration, but a similar amount of hydrogen peroxide relative to Crest Professional Whitestrips, because the thickness of the gel on strips is reduced. Tooth whitening was measured using the value-oriented VITA Classic Shade Guide before and after treatment. Twenty-nine subjects were treated with either Crest Whitestrips Supreme or placebo strips that did not contain hydrogen peroxide. Participants in the experimental group achieved a mean lightening of nearly eight VITA shades relative to placebo, with minimal side effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Clinical trial comparing two daytime hydrogen-peroxide professional vital-bleaching systems.

A randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the whitening effectiveness and tolerability of two daytime, professional, hydrogen-peroxide, vital-bleaching systems. Adults who had never bleached their teeth were randomly assigned to use either 14% hydrogen-peroxide whitening strips or a marketed 9.5% hydrogen-peroxide custom-tray-based system. Maxillary arch treatment was twice daily for 30 minutes for 9 to 21 days, depending on the labeled instructions for use. Whitening response was measured objectively as L*a*b* (which represent three-dimensional tooth color from light to dark, green to red, and blue to yellow, respectively) from digital images of the maxillary anterior teeth, while comparative at-home tolerability was assessed from bleaching tolerability severity days (BTSD) scores. A total of 31 participants aged 18 to 64 were evaluated. At the end of treatment, the adjusted mean (standard deviation [SD]) delta b* was -3.35 (0.37) for the strips and -1.67 (0.344) for the trays. Treatments differed significantly (P < .05) with respect to delta b*, as well as to delta L* and delta W* values at the end of treatment. Overall, at-home strip use was better tolerated, especially with respect to oral irritation. BTSD means (SD) were 0.09 (0.25) and 0.38 (0.49), with treatments differing significantly (P = .036), favoring the strips. This comparative research demonstrated that at the end of treatment, the 14% hydrogen-peroxide whitening strips resulted in a superior, twofold reduction in yellowness and better in-use tolerability compared to the 9.5% hydrogen-peroxide custom-tray system.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Extrinsic tooth stain removal efficacy of a sodium bicarbonate dual-phase dentifrice containing calcium and phosphate in a six-week clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this clinical investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness in removing existing extrinsic tooth stains of a sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), dual-phase dentifrice containing calcium and phosphate (Test Dentifrice), when compared to a commercial hydrated silica dentifrice (Control Dentifrice), during a six-week period of normal, unsupervised use. METHODOLOGY: This investigation was a double-blind comparison of two equivalent, parallel groups of subjects assigned to use different dentifrices for six weeks. A total of 108 adult male and female subjects qualified for the trial based on the presence of existing extrinsic tooth stains and other inclusion/exclusion criteria. The two groups were balanced for gender, tobacco use, and extrinsic tooth stain scores, and randomly assigned the Test or Control dentifrices. All subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily using only the dentifrice and toothbrush provided, and to refrain from using any other oral hygiene products for the duration of the study. Although product usage was unsupervised after the baseline visit, subjects maintained a treatment diary, and product consumption was monitored to estimate compliance. Oral soft and hard tissue and extrinsic stain assessments (Modified Lobene Stain Index) for each subject were conducted at baseline and after two, four, and six weeks of product use. RESULTS: A total of 107 subjects complied with the protocol and completed the six-week study. Compared to baseline, at the two-, four-, and six-week examinations the Test Dentifrice group had statistically significant reductions in extrinsic tooth stain. In contrast, the Control Dentifrice group did not attain significant reductions from baseline at any of the exams. At both the four-week and six-week examinations, the Test Dentifrice group had significantly lower levels of extrinsic tooth stain than the Control Dentifrice group. CONCLUSION: A sodium bicarbonate, dual-phase dentifrice containing calcium and phosphate demonstrated statisically significant efficacy in removing naturally acquired, extrinsic tooth stain, and was significantly more effective for stain removal than a commercially available, hydrated silica dentifrice.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tooth whitening.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Laboratory investigation of Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush and Oral-B indicator toothbrush for the removal of dental stains.

The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the stain-removal efficacy of a newly designed manual toothbrush, the Colgate 360 degrees, relative to a commercially available toothbrush, the Oral-B Indicator. A modification of Stookey et al was used to evaluate the stain-removal effects of toothbrushes instead of dentifrice on bovine teeth. A V.8 mechanical cross-brushing machine equipped with the test toothbrushes and adjusted to 500g to enamel surfaces evaluated stain removal using a dentifrice slurry and water after 800 double strokes. The overall results of this laboratory investigation indicate that the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush is more effective, P < .05, than the commercial Oral-B Indicator toothbrush in removing dental stain and brightening teeth using a standard toothpaste or water.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Traditional oral health practices among Kanuri women of Borno State, Nigeria.

A structured questionnaire was administered on 495 women (urban 339, rural 156) from two LGAs of Borno State, Nigeria, using the interviewer method. The age range of the subjects was 12 to 80 years with a mean age (+/- SD) of 35.7 +/- 13.44 years. Majority (83.5%) did not have any formal education. Oral hygiene tools used by the respondents included toothbrush/paste 36 (7.9%), chewing stick 250 (54.9%), charcoal 159 (34.9%) and ordinary water 10 (2.2%). Of those using chewing sticks; 168 (67.2%) use Salvadora persica, 36 (14.4%) use Azadirachta indica and 46 (18.4%) use Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Forty (8.1%) of the respondents do not clean their teeth at all. Strong association was found between choice of teeth cleaning material and educational level (P=0.000). Three hundred and one (60.8%) of the respondents stain their teeth with flowers of Solanum incanum or Nicotania tabacum while, 218 (44.0%) perform tattooing of lip or gingivae and of this number 213 (97.7%) performed tattooing before marriage. Tattooing is usually performed without local anaesthesia with thorns of Balanites aegyptiaca and a mixture of charcoal & seeds of Acacia nilotica var. tomentosa as pigments. It is concluded that traditional oral health practices still constitute important part of the lifestyle in the study population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of the Hydrabrush powered toothbrush with two commercially-available powered toothbrushes.

INTRODUCTION: An examiner-blinded, randomized, parallel, three-cell, controlled clinical trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of a new powered toothbrush (Hydrabrush) to that of two presently marketed power brushes (Oral-B and Sonicare) in reducing stain, supragingival plaque, gingivitis and the signs of periodontitis while monitoring safety. METHODS: One hundred ten subjects were randomly assigned to three groups (35--Oral-B group, 36--Sonicare group, and 39--Hydrabrush group). Subjects were instructed to use the assigned powered toothbrush according to the manufacturer's instructions for 2-minutes duration twice per day. Clinical examinations conducted at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12 included the following parameters: (1) oral tissues; (2) staining; (3) plaque index; (4) gingivitis; (5) probing depth; (6) clinical attachment loss; and 7) bleeding on probing. RESULTS: The results showed that the body intensity and extent of stain and the gingival intensity and extent of stain at 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, were significantly less in the Hydrabrush group compared with the Sonicare group. The modified gingival index (MGI) in all groups significantly decreased over the 12 weeks. However, the groups did not differ from each other statistically. At 4, 8 and 12 weeks, the Hydrabrush group had statistically significantly less plaque than the Sonicare group. At 4 weeks, the Hydrabrush group had statistically significantly lower mean probing depth than both the Oral-B and Sonicare groups. At 8 and 12 weeks, the Hydrabrush group had statistically significantly lower mean probing depths than the Sonicare group. With regard to mean percentage of sites with probing depth > or =4 mm, the Hydrabrush group had statistically significantly fewer sites > or =4 mm at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Differences among the groups in clinical attachment loss at 4, 8 and 12 weeks were representative of small imbalances at baseline. No differences were seen among the treatment groups with regard to gingival recession and bleeding on probing. CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of clinical attachment loss, all subject groups were balanced for all measured clinical parameters at baseline. Tooth stain became significantly less in the Hydrabrush group compared with the Sonicare group at 8 and 12 weeks. At all examinations, the Hydrabrush group had statistically significantly less plaque than the Sonicare group. At 4 weeks, the Hydrabrush group had statistically significantly lower mean probing depth than both the Oral-B and Sonicare groups, and at 8 and 12 weeks, the Hydrabrush group had statistically significantly lower mean probing depth than the Sonicare group. With regard to mean percentage of sites with probing depth > or =4 mm, the Hydrabrush group had statistically significantly fewer sites > or =4 mm when compared to the other two tested brushes at all examinations. No differences were seen among the treatment groups with regard to gingival recession and bleeding on probing and none of the tested brushes caused any adverse reactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Tobacco cessation for the dental team: a practical guide part I: background & overview.

Dental professionals are strategically placed to be the leaders in tobacco prevention and cessation as they provide preventive and therapeutic services to a basically healthy population on a regular basis. By expanding the dental exam, diagnosis, and treatment to include tobacco cessation, a potentially life saving element of care is added to an established service. In addition periodontal disease and the potential for oral cancer mandate the inclusion of tobacco cessation services into dental care. Though dental professionals are aware of the health issues associated with tobacco use, they often feel ill prepared or uncomfortable presenting patients with a clear cessation message. In this, the first of a two-part article, the purpose is to provide dental professionals with the foundational knowledge necessary to provide effective tobacco cessation as a normal part of patient care.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2005

Practice implications with an alcohol-free, 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse.

PURPOSE: Behavioral research was conducted to ascertain the relevance of an alcohol-free, 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) therapeutic mouthrinse to contemporary dental practice over a 6-month usage period. METHODS: A randomized, single-blind study was conducted to assess practice-relevant compliance, acceptability and side effects associated with two mouthrinses. The target population was healthy adult mouthrinse users with a history of routine dental prophylaxis and maintenance care. Subjects were randomly assigned to a therapeutic mouthrinse with 0.07% CPC (Crest Pro-Health Rinse) or a cosmetic rinse control (Scope). Other oral hygiene was not standardized. Subjects completed a questionnaire and were examined by dental hygienists at baseline, and again after 3 and 6 months rinsing. At study completion, a dental prophylaxis was administered. RESULTS: Compliance was generally favorable, with 273 subjects (89%) completing the 6-month rinsing study. Rinsing time generally stayed the same or increased relative to baseline. Groups differed among the subset who historically used an essential oils rinse (N=137), where those assigned to the alcohol-free therapeutic rinse exhibited significantly (P= 0.02) longer rinsing times compared to subjects using the alcohol-containing cosmetic rinse. Subject evaluations were generally positive with respect to both rinses. Side effects were minimal, with no between-group differences in hygienist-rated calculus or stain accumulation, or prophylaxis time. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In a 6-month study, a high bioavailable 0.07% CPC therapeutic mouthrinse showed generally high compliance and favorable user acceptability, with similar side effects to those seen with a cosmetic mouthrinse. These findings suggest that the 0.07% CPC mouthrinse may be readily incorporated within the contemporary recall dental practice.

Adolescent↗