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PubMed2005

Actual versus desired initiation patterns among a sample of college men: tapping disjunctures within traditional male sexual scripts.

Research on men's sexual scripts has tended to overlook that some men do not endorse traditional scripts or that one or both members of a couple might desire a departure from culturally dominant sexual scripts. This study used in-depth interviews with 32 college-aged men from a community college in New York City to examine disjunctures between current and desired sexual initiation patterns. Results show that although men currently practice male-dominated patterns of sexual initiation, many men desire egalitarian patterns of initiation. Men offered clear preference to be an object of desire to their female partners, deployed narratives of wanting to share the "labor" of sexual initiation, and expressed ideologies of sexual egalitarianism. We consider how shifting terrains of gender relations in contemporary U.S. culture may shape masculinities and sexual scripts. We also consider how an examination of disjunctures between current and desired practices might be useful to HIV researchers interested in interviewing across multiple levels of the sexual script.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of age-stereotype priming on the memory performance of older adults.

The effects of age-stereotype priming on the memory performance of older adults were investigated through a conceptual replication and extension of Levy's (1996. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092-1107) study. Sixty young and 60 older adults were subliminally primed with a positive age stereotype, a negative age stereotype, or neutral primes. Memory performance on two tasks (a photo recall task and a dot location task) was measured before and after the priming intervention. Although the study does not provide unequivocal support for Levy's (1996) findings, results did show that priming a negative age stereotype undermined memory performance for a small sample of older adults who were "unaware" of the primes. However, contrary to Levy's findings, priming a positive age stereotype did not increase older adults' memory performance. There were no significant effects of priming positive or negative age stereotypes on the memory performance of young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Susceptibility and resilience to memory aging stereotypes: education matters more than age.

The authors examined whether the memory performance of young, middle-aged, and older adults would be influenced by stereotype versus counterstereotype information about age differences on a memory task. One hundred forty-nine adults from a probability sample were randomly assigned to a control group or to age-stereotype conditions. As predicted, counterstereotype information was related to higher recall compared to stereotype and control groups. This was true across all age groups, but only for those with more education. Both stereotype and counterstereotype information were related to lower recall compared to the control group across age groups for those with lower education. Results suggest those with more education are more resilient when faced with negative age stereotypes about memory and respond positively to counterstereotype information. In contrast, those with less education show greater susceptibility to the detrimental effects of age stereotypes and respond negatively to both stereotype and counterstereotype information about memory aging.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Disease susceptibility genes for autism.

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairment in social interaction accompanied by a delay or lack of language, restricted interests, stereotyped behavior, and repetitive movement. Genetic predisposition to autism is evident from family and twin studies, and heritability in idiopathic autism is estimated at over 90%. Frequency of the disorder is approximately 1:2000 with a male to female ratio of 4:1. Affected individuals look normal at birth, and the symptoms manifest at the first 2-3 years of life. The spectrum of clinical symptoms and the severity of the disorder are variable even among siblings. Family studies and several genome-wide linkage analyses support the hypothesis of complex inheritance with involvement of as many as 10-100 genes of moderate effect. Identification of genes responsible for the phenotype would help to understand the molecular mechanisms of the disorder. Several genes have been proposed to play a role in susceptibility to autism, and this paper will overview those genes and their potential role in the disorder.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2003

Can the pathophysiology of autism be explained by the nature of the discovered urine peptides?

Opioid peptides derived from food proteins (exorphins) have been found in urine of autistic patients. Based on the work of several groups, we try to show that exorphins and serotonin uptake stimulating factors may explain many of the signs and symptoms seen in autistic disorders. The individual symptoms ought to be explainable by the properties and behavioural effects of the found peptides. The data presented form the basis of an autism model, where we suggest that exorphins and serotonin uptake modulators are key mediators for the development of autism. This may be due to a genetically based peptidase deficiency in at least two or more peptidases and, or of peptidase regulating proteins made manifest by a dietary overload of exorphin precursors such as by increased gut uptake.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of the acute toxicities of N-nitrosothiazolidine and N-nitrosomorpholine.

The effects of N-nitrosothiazolidine (NNT) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) on different biological parameters were investigated and compared. The oral LD50 value of NNT (1950 +/- 85 mg/kg) showed that it was about 6 times less toxic than NNM (LD50 = 320 mg/kg, po; Druckrey et al., 1967). Lethal and near-lethal doses (greater than or equal to 1500 mg/kg, po) of NNT caused central nervous system depression (reduced spontaneous motor activity, loss of righting and pain reflexes, without loss of consciousness), stereotypical behavior such as, purposeless chewing jaw movements lasting more than one hour, muscular rigidity, and in some rats, rare and brief clonic convulsions, 3 to 24 h after dosing. These neurotoxic signs, as a whole, were reminiscent of opioid intoxication. Rats that died after NNT-treatment had kidney necrosis in the distal tubules, but all survivors had normal kidneys. NNT (500 and 1000 mg/kg, sc) had no effect on the relative liver weights, but it inhibited liver mitosis at 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. NNM (100 mg/kg, sc) decreased the relative liver weights on 3 posttreatment days; it inhibited liver mitosis after 24 h and enhanced it after 48 h in male rats. Both NNT and NNM increased the relative adrenal weights, but only NNM enhanced adrenocortical mitosis. In general, NNT had no effect on serum enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, LDH, HBDH), but it increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine 24 h after administration. Pretreatment of rats with 3 doses of NNT (150 mg/kg X d, po) increased the pentobarbital-induced sleep (PST) by 26% (not significant), while 3 doses of NNM (50 mg/kg X d, po) increased PST by 188%. In addition, NNM caused a severe centrilobular liver necrosis and glycogen depletion, associated with a marked rise in serum enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, LDH, HBDH) and fall in serum glucose. Compared with NNM, NNT, which was found in fried bacon (Kimoto et al., 1982; Gray et al., 1982), seemed to be a relatively nontoxic nitrosamine.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2005

Replication of autism linkage: fine-mapping peak at 17q21.

Autism is a heritable but genetically complex disorder characterized by deficits in language and in reciprocal social interactions, combined with repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. As with many genetically complex disorders, numerous genome scans reveal inconsistent results. A genome scan of 345 families from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) (AGRE_1), gave the strongest evidence of linkage at 17q11-17q21 in families with no affected females. Here, we report a full-genome scan of an independent sample of 91 AGRE families with 109 affected sibling pairs (AGRE_2) that also shows the strongest evidence of linkage to 17q11-17q21 in families with no affected females. Taken together, these samples provide a replication of linkage to this chromosome region that is, to our knowledge, the first such replication in autism. Fine mapping at 2-centimorgan (cM) intervals in the combined sample of families with no affected females reveals a linkage peak at 66.85 cM, which places this locus at 17q21.

Alleles↗
PubMed1982

Efficacy of neuroleptic medication in pervasive developmental disorders of childhood.

A number of studies pertaining to the use of antipsychotic medication in the treatment of pervasively disordered children are reviewed. The drugs examined are chlorpromazine, haloperidol, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine, lithium, and other miscellaneous agents. Medication side effects are also reviewed with particular attention to extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. Although methodological problems complicate the interpretation of the studies, the results support the use of antipsychotic medication in this population. The agents do not have the specificity for psychotic ideation that is seen in adult patients, but are useful for symptoms such as hyperactivity, stereotyped behavior, aggressiveness, impulsivity, self-abusive behavior, and social adaptation.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1987

Effects of dopamine antagonists and apomorphine on regional energy metabolism in rat CNS.

Alterations in 2-[14C]deoxyglucose uptake were studied in 154 brain regions from animals acutely challenged with a dopamine (DA) agonist or antagonist. Doses of apomorphine inducing locomotion and stereotypic behavior produced increased uptake in the subthalamic nucleus, the substantia nigra reticulata, and the ventroanterior and ventrolateral nuclei of the thalamus while decreased uptake was observed in the lateral habenula and several midline thalamic nuclei. The six centrally active DA antagonists studied produced uniform increases in uptake in the lateral habenula and the anterior regions of both the n. accumbens and striatum whereas decreased uptake was observed in the mesencephalic reticular formation and the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Low doses of apomorphine that produced behavioral hypoactivity resulted in a pattern of metabolic alterations that resembled those associated with DA antagonists more closely than metabolic alterations seen with DA agonists. These results suggest that unique alterations in neuronal activity in several brain regions, including the traditional dopaminergic projection areas, are associated with the expression of specific DA-mediated behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Computerized measurement of MK-801-elicited popping and hyperactivity in mice.

MK-801, a high-affinity phencyclidine (PCP) analogue, is a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subclass of glutamate receptor that elicits hyperactivity, stereotypic behaviors, and "popping," an explosive episodic jumping behavior, in mice. The schizophreniform psychosis precipitated by PCP in humans has stimulated interest in studying MK-801-elicited mouse behaviors for their potential development as animal models of idiopathic psychosis. We describe a computerized method for measuring popping and hyperactivity elicited by MK-801 in mice, based on vertical displacements of a platform. This computerized procedure allows for the automatic measurement of discrete "pops" per individual episode of popping behavior, the force of each one of the explosive jumps, and the duration of discrete episodes of popping; these latter measures could not be easily ascertained by visual inspection alone. Moreover, the computerized measurements facilitate quantitative evaluation of the effects of pharmacological manipulations on MK-801-elicited popping. For example, the antipsychotic haloperidol was shown to reduce significantly both MK-801-induced popping and hyperactivity. Ideally, MK-801-elicited mouse popping and hyperactivity will serve as a useful preclinical screening paradigm for potential antipsychotic medications. Additionally, it is hoped that the use of this automated system will contribute to a greater understanding of the mechanisms of MK-801-induced popping and hyperactivity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Review of fenfluramine in the treatment of the developmental disabilities.

Fenfluramine, a serotonin reducing agent, has been the subject of intense research effort in recent years. A variety of biochemical studies summarized suggest that some autistic children and many nonautistic severely retarded individuals have elevated blood serotonin concentrations. The research on fenfluramine's clinical efficacy is thoroughly reviewed from a methodological perspective. All studies assessing the drug's effects on blood serotonin have observed reductions in whole blood serotonin to about 50% of baseline concentrations. Although there were early reports of drug enhancement of IQ, there is no good evidence that this is the case. However, there are data to suggest that fenfluramine may enhance social relatedness, reduce stereotypic behavior, lessen overactivity, and improve attention span in some autistic children, although these results do not appear consistently across studies. The animal literature on the neurotoxicity of fenfluramine is reviewed, and a number of limitations in this research are identified that raise questions about its relevance to the pharmacotherapy of children.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1992

Clomipramine side effects.

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Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1996

Language level and nonverbal social-communicative behaviors in autistic and language-delayed children.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of general expressive language delay to nonverbal social-communicative deficits and repetitive behaviors associated with autism in preschool children. METHOD: Interviews of the parents of 51 autistic and 43 nonautistic 3- to 5-year-olds with language impairments were compared. RESULTS: Main effects of the children's language level occurred for the majority of social and nonverbal communication items but not for restricted, repetitive behaviors or showing and directing attention, socially directed gaze, or range of facial expression. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the specific impairments of autism, a broader conceptualization of communication handicap is urged for preschool children with developmental delays.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

Rostrocaudal localization of cardiovascular responses induced by intrathecal administration of apomorphine in conscious, freely moving rats.

In conscious freely moving rats, administration of apomorphine (179 nmol), a dopamine receptor agonist, into the intrathecal (i.t.) space decreased mean aortic blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR). Both the magnitude and the time of appearance of the response varied according to the spinal level of administration. The largest and immediately appearing effect was observed after the injection at the upper thoracic site, whereas the magnitude of the responses was smaller with an immediate or slightly delayed (0.5-1.5 min) onset at lower thoracic and midcervical levels. More caudal responses appeared to be due to spreading of the drug along the spinal axis (onset in 1-2 min after administration). Behavioral responses (stereotyped movements) were observed within 2-3 min after administration and were nearly the same whatever the site of administration. These results corroborate, as do those provided by i.t. injections of tritiated apomorphine, the spinal origin of cardiovascular effects of i.t. apomorphine. Furthermore, spinal transection at the T5-T7 level did not change the magnitude and duration of decreases in MBP and HR elicited by i.t. apomorphine injected at the T2-T4 level. Moreover, this procedure enhanced responses to i.t. administration at the T9-T10 level. In conclusion, these results favor the existence of a spinal site of action for the cardiovascular effects of apomorphine. Furthermore, they indicate that spinal transection is accompanied by development of a hypersensitive phenomenon (of a mechanism to be determined).

Analgesics↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of visual function in autistic children.

Children with autism demonstrate "atypical" gaze or social "looking" and frequently manifest such sterotypies as eye pressing, hand flicking, and light gazing. This study's purpose was to evaluate autistic children for visual dysfunction that may be related to the manifested visual signs and symptoms. Thirty-four autistic children, ages 2 to 11 years (median age = 7 years, 6 months) were evaluated for ocular alignment, refractive error, visual acuity, oculomotility skills, and stereopsis. None of the children manifested ocular disease, known seizure disorders, or dysmorphic features. Their developmental levels ranged from average intelligence to severely retarded. Binocular visual acuity was measured with the acuity card procedure. Monocular visual acuity was not obtained. Refractive errors ranged from -4.25 to +3.25 D; the median was plano with the near retinoscopy technique. Of the 34 children, 21% were strabismic at far and 18% were strabismic at near. Lang stereo testing was attempted on all children and completed on 17. Of the 17, all but 3 exhibited 550 sec arc. Only 14.7% of the children exhibited voluntary pursuit movements, and all the children demonstrated saccadic fixations. Thirty-one children had atypical optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) responses such as delayed onset, short duration, gaze avoidance, or stereotypic behavior. Repeated testing revealed consistent visual responses on OKN and visual acuity. Given these findings, research with this population should be pursued further.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1989

Are all neonatal seizures true epileptic seizures?

The study of neonatal seizures, using time-synchronized video and electroencephalographic/polygraphic monitoring, has challenged the concept that all abnormal stereotypic behavior and motor activities in neonates should be considered epileptic. The use of anticonvulsants for the treatment of nonepileptic phenomena is inappropriate. In recent years, the etiologic distribution has changed: cerebrovascular accidents are recognized more often, whereas the percentage of seizures of unknown origin has significantly decreased.

Age Factors↗